The IEEE standard
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1 The IEEE standard Imad Aad INRIA, Planete team IN Tech, January 24th, 2002 IEEE p.1
2 Outline WLANs vs. Wired LANs History Working modes MAC sub-layer The PHY layer (1997) The PHY Extensions (1999) Security IEEE p.2
3 Outline WLANs vs. Wired LANs History Working modes MAC sub-layer The PHY layer (1997) The PHY Extensions (1999) Security IEEE p.2
4 WLANs vs. Wired LANs No wires Mobility IEEE p.3
5 WLANs vs. Wired LANs No wires Mobility Scarse bandwidth (?) IEEE p.3
6 WLANs vs. Wired LANs No wires Mobility Scarse bandwidth (?) Multipath, pathloss, interference / noise BER Obstacle 1 s1 Tx s0 Rx s s2 s0 + s1 + s2 Obstacle 2 IEEE p.3
7 WLANs vs. Wired LANs No wires Mobility Scarse bandwidth (?) Multipath, pathloss, interference / noise LOS BER No LOS Average received power α =2 α =4 Average received power α = db drop α =4 6 Distance Distance IEEE p.3
8 WLANs vs. Wired LANs IEEE p.3
9 WLANs vs. Wired LANs No wires Mobility The hidden node problem Scarse bandwidth (?) Multipath, pathloss, interference / noise Protection / Privacy BER IEEE p.3
10 WLANs vs. Wired LANs IEEE p.3
11 WLANs vs. Wired LANs Application layer Network layer LLC sub layer MAC sub layer PHY layer IEEE IEEE IEEE IEEE p.3
12 Outline WLANs vs. Wired LANs History Working modes MAC sub-layer The PHY layer (1997) The PHY Extensions (1999) Security IEEE p.4
13 History 1970s: ALOHA IEEE p.5
14 History 1970s: ALOHA 1972: Slotted ALOHA IEEE p.5
15 History 1970s: ALOHA 1972: Slotted ALOHA 1975: Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA) IEEE p.5
16 History 1970s: ALOHA 1972: Slotted ALOHA 1975: Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA) non persistent IEEE p.5
17 History 1970s: ALOHA 1972: Slotted ALOHA 1975: Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA) non persistent p-persistent IEEE p.5
18 History 1970s: ALOHA 1972: Slotted ALOHA 1975: Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA) non persistent p-persistent CSMA with collision detections (CD): Ethernet (1976) IEEE p.5
19 History 1970s: ALOHA 1972: Slotted ALOHA 1975: Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA) non persistent p-persistent CSMA with collision detections (CD): Ethernet (1976) CSMA w/ coll. avoidance (CA): IEEE (1997) IEEE p.5
20 Outline WLANs vs. Wired LANs History Working modes MAC sub-layer The PHY layer (1997) The PHY Extensions (1999) Security IEEE p.6
21 Working modes Ad-hoc mode vs. Infrastructure mode (IS) IEEE p.7
22 Working modes Ad-hoc mode vs. Infrastructure mode (IS) Independent BSS (IBSS), Basic Service Set (BSS), Extended Service Set (ESS) IEEE p.7
23 Working modes Ad-hoc mode vs. Infrastructure mode (IS) Independent BSS (IBSS), Basic Service Set (BSS), Extended Service Set (ESS) IBSS IEEE p.7
24 Working modes Ad-hoc mode vs. Infrastructure mode (IS) Independent BSS (IBSS), Basic Service Set (BSS), Extended Service Set (ESS) Acess Point (AP) BSS IEEE p.7
25 Working modes Ad-hoc mode vs. Infrastructure mode (IS) Independent BSS (IBSS), Basic Service Set (BSS), Extended Service Set (ESS) AP1 AP2 AP3 ESS Distribution System (DS) IEEE p.7
26 Working modes Ad-hoc mode vs. Infrastructure mode (IS) Independent BSS (IBSS), Basic Service Set (BSS), Extended Service Set (ESS) AP1 AP2 AP3 ESS Distribution System (DS) Handoff on the MAC sub-layer IEEE p.7
27 Outline WLANs vs. Wired LANs History Working modes MAC sub-layer The PHY layer (1997) The PHY Extensions (1999) Security IEEE p.8
28 MAC sub-layer DCF: Distributed Coordination Function (ad-hoc, IS modes) PCF: Polling Coordination Function (in IS mode, optional) IEEE p.9
29 MAC sub-layer DCF: Distributed Coordination Function (ad-hoc, IS modes) PCF: Polling Coordination Function (in IS mode, optional) IEEE p.9
30 MAC sub-layer DCF: Distributed Coordination Function (ad-hoc, IS modes) - Basic machanism ( ) DIFS Time Source (Tx) Destination (Tx) CW Data SIFS ACK DIFS Other NAV Contention Window Defer access = NAV+DIFS Backoff IEEE p.9
31 MAC sub-layer DCF: Distributed Coordination Function (ad-hoc, IS modes) - The hidden node problem A B C IEEE p.9
32 MAC sub-layer DCF: Distributed Coordination Function (ad-hoc, IS modes) - RTS/CTS mechanism ( ) DIFS SIFS Time Source (Tx) RTS SIFS Data SIFS Destination (Tx) CTS ACK DIFS Other NAV (RTS) NAV (CTS) CW NAV (data) Defer access Backoff IEEE p.9
33 MAC sub-layer DCF: Distributed Coordination Function (ad-hoc, IS modes) - Fairness?... YES IEEE p.9
34 MAC sub-layer DCF: Distributed Coordination Function (ad-hoc, IS modes) - Fairness?... YES - QoS?... not yet IEEE p.9
35 MAC sub-layer DCF: Distributed Coordination Function (ad-hoc, IS modes) PCF: Polling Coordination Function (in IS mode, optional) IEEE p.9
36 MAC sub-layer PCF: Polling Coordination Function (in IS mode, optional) B IEEE p.9
37 MAC sub-layer PCF: Polling Coordination Function (in IS mode) CFP B PCF IEEE p.9
38 MAC sub-layer PCF: Polling Coordination Function (in IS mode) CFP repetition interval CFP CP B PCF DCF IEEE p.9
39 MAC sub-layer PCF: Polling Coordination Function (in IS mode) CFP repetition interval CFP repetition interval CFP CP CFP CP B PCF DCF B PCF DCF IEEE p.9
40 MAC sub-layer PCF: Polling Coordination Function (in IS mode) CFP repetition interval CFP repetition interval CFP CP CFP CP B PCF DCF B PCF DCF PIFS IEEE p.9
41 MAC sub-layer PCF: Polling Coordination Function (in IS mode) CFP repetition interval CFP repetition interval CFP CP CFP CP B PCF DCF B PCF DCF SIFS B D1+Poll PIFS IEEE p.9
42 MAC sub-layer PCF: Polling Coordination Function (in IS mode) CFP repetition interval CFP repetition interval CFP CP CFP CP B PCF DCF B PCF DCF SIFS B D1+Poll U1+ACK PIFS SIFS IEEE p.9
43 MAC sub-layer PCF: Polling Coordination Function (in IS mode) CFP repetition interval CFP repetition interval CFP CP CFP CP B PCF DCF B PCF DCF SIFS SIFS B D1+Poll D2+ACK+Poll U1+ACK U2+ACK PIFS SIFS SIFS IEEE p.9
44 MAC sub-layer PCF: Polling Coordination Function (in IS mode) CFP repetition interval CFP repetition interval CFP CP CFP CP B PCF DCF B PCF DCF SIFS SIFS SIFS B D1+Poll D2+ACK+Poll D3+ACK+Poll U1+ACK U2+ACK PIFS SIFS SIFS IEEE p.9
45 MAC sub-layer PCF: Polling Coordination Function (in IS mode) CFP repetition interval CFP repetition interval CFP CP CFP CP B PCF DCF B PCF DCF SIFS SIFS SIFS PIFS B D1+Poll D2+ACK+Poll D3+ACK+Poll D4+Poll U1+ACK U2+ACK U4+ACK PIFS SIFS SIFS SIFS IEEE p.9
46 MAC sub-layer PCF: Polling Coordination Function (in IS mode) CFP repetition interval CFP repetition interval CFP CP CFP CP B PCF DCF B PCF DCF SIFS SIFS SIFS PIFS SIFS CP B D1+Poll D2+ACK+Poll D3+ACK+Poll D4+Poll CF End U1+ACK U2+ACK U4+ACK PIFS SIFS SIFS SIFS IEEE p.9
47 MAC sub-layer Packet fragmentation Fragment burst Time SIFS SIFS SIFS SIFS SIFS SIFS DIFS Src. (Tx) Fragment 0 Fragment 1 Fragment 2 CW Dest. (Tx) ACK0 ACK1 ACK2 Other NAV (CTS) NAV (fragment 0) NAV (fragment 1) NAV(fr.2) Other NAV (ACK0) NAV (ACK1) IEEE p.9
48 Outline WLANs vs. Wired LANs History Working modes MAC sub-layer The PHY layer (1997) The PHY Extensions (1999) Security IEEE p.10
49 The PHY layer (1997) Application layer Network layer LLC sub layer MAC sub layer PHY layer 3 PHY types: DSSS (most products) FHSS (less products) IR (unknown products) IEEE p.11
50 The PHY layer (1997) the EM spectrum allocation Gamma rays X rays UV Visible Infrared! Freq. 1 KHz 1 MHz 1 GHz 1 THz 1 PHz 1 EHz IEEE p.11
51 ,,, : : : * * * ( ( ( $ $ $ " " " & & & The PHY layer (1997) the EM spectrum allocation Gamma rays X rays UV Visible Infrared /,- Freq. 1 KHz 1 MHz 1 GHz 1 THz 1 PHz 1 EHz :; (SW radio) (FM radi TV) (TV Cell.) HF VHF UHF SHF 89 *+ () $% (AM radio) LF MF "# &' 30 KHz 300 KHz 3 MHz 30 MHz 300 MHz 3 GHz 30 GHz Freq. IEEE p.11
52 P P P N N N L L L J J J H H H F F F T T T R R R D D D B B B > > > < @ X X X V V V The PHY layer (1997) the EM spectrum allocation Infrared Visible UV X rays Gamma rays JK FG HI NO LM PQ 1 KHz 1 MHz 1 GHz 1 THz 1 PHz 1 EHz Freq. (AM radio) MF <= (SW radio) (FM radi TV) (TV Cell.) HF VHF UHF SHF >? BC DE RS TU 30 KHz 300 KHz 3 MHz 30 MHz 300 MHz 3 GHz 30 GHz Freq. XY VW 902 MHz 928 MHz Freq. Cordless phones Baby monitors (old) Wireless LANs IEEE p.11
53 n n n l l l j j j h h h f f f d d d r r r p p p b b b ` ` ` \ \ \ Z Z Z ^ ^ ^ z z z x x x v v v t t t The PHY layer (1997) the EM spectrum allocation Infrared Visible UV X rays Gamma rays hi de fg lm jk no 1 KHz 1 MHz 1 GHz 1 THz 1 PHz 1 EHz Freq. LF ^_ (AM radio) MF Z[ (SW radio) (FM radi TV) (TV Cell.) HF VHF UHF SHF \] `a bc pq rs 30 KHz 300 KHz 3 MHz 30 MHz 300 MHz 3 GHz 30 GHz Freq. tu vw ISM xy z{ 902 MHz 928 MHz 2.4 GHz GHz Freq. Cordless phones Baby monitors (old) Wireless LANs IEEE (b) Bluetooth Microwave ovens IEEE p.11
54 Ž Ž Ž Œ Œ Œ Š Š Š ˆ ˆ ˆ ~ ~ ~ š š š ž ž ž œ œ œ The PHY layer (1997) the EM spectrum allocation Infrared Visible UV X rays Gamma rays Š ˆ Ž Œ 1 KHz 1 MHz 1 GHz 1 THz 1 PHz 1 EHz Freq. LF (AM radio) MF } (SW radio) (FM radi TV) (TV Cell.) HF VHF UHF SHF ~ ƒ 30 KHz 300 KHz 3 MHz 30 MHz 300 MHz 3 GHz 30 GHz Freq. ISM œ žÿ U NII š 902 MHz 928 MHz 2.4 GHz GHz GHz GHz Freq. Cordless phones Baby monitors (old) Wireless LANs IEEE (b) Bluetooth Microwave ovens IEEE a Hiperlan II IEEE p.11
55 The PHY layer (1997) DSSS (Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum) FHSS (Freq. Hopping Spread Spectrum) IR (Infra Red) IEEE p.11
56 The PHY layer (1997) DSSS: principle 1 bit period Scrambled 1 0 Data chips Periodic 11 Bit Barker code mod 2 adder Carrier modulator Note: single code (11-chips) multiple access?... no security?... no IEEE p.11
57 The PHY layer (1997) DSSS: principle Transmitter baseband signal before spreading 1 bit period Scrambled 1 0 Data chips Periodic 11 Bit Barker code mod 2 adder Carrier modulator Transmitter baseband signal after spreading IEEE p.11
58 The PHY layer (1997) DSSS: Receiver before spreading IEEE p.11
59 The PHY layer (1997) DSSS: Receiver before spreading after spreading IEEE p.11
60 The PHY layer (1997) DSSS: Receiver before spreading after spreading before despreading IEEE p.11
61 The PHY layer (1997) DSSS: Receiver before spreading after spreading before despreading after despreading IEEE p.11
62 The PHY layer (1997) DSSS: Receiver before spreading after spreading before despreading after despreading narrowband interference IEEE p.11
63 The PHY layer (1997) DSSS: Receiver before spreading after spreading before despreading after despreading narrowband interference IEEE p.11
64 The PHY layer (1997) PSK (Phase Shift Keying) Data x spreading code S 0 time S(t) = A sin ( 2πω t + ϕ(t)) ϕ = 0 IEEE p.11
65 The PHY layer (1997) PSK (Phase Shift Keying) Data x spreading code 0 S 0 time S(t) = A sin ( 2πω t + ϕ(t)) ϕ = 0 IEEE p.11
66 The PHY layer (1997) PSK (Phase Shift Keying) Data x spreading code 0 0 S 0 time S(t) = A sin ( 2πω t + ϕ(t)) ϕ = 0 IEEE p.11
67 The PHY layer (1997) PSK (Phase Shift Keying) Data x spreading code S 0 time S(t) = A sin ( 2πω t + ϕ(t)) ϕ = 180 IEEE p.11
68 The PHY layer (1997) PSK (Phase Shift Keying) Data x spreading code S 0 time S(t) = A sin ( 2πω t + ϕ(t)) ϕ = 180 IEEE p.11
69 The PHY layer (1997) PSK (Phase Shift Keying) Data x spreading code S 0 time S(t) = A sin ( 2πω t + ϕ(t)) ϕ = 0 IEEE p.11
70 The PHY layer (1997) DPSK (Differential PSK): no reference signal needed Data x spreading code S 0 time S(t) = A sin ( 2πω t + ϕ(t)) IEEE p.11
71 ª ª ª ª ª The PHY layer (1997) DSSS: modulation DBPSK DQPSK 90 (11) ª (0) (1) (00) (01) «« (10) Mbps 2Mbps IEEE p.11
72 The PHY layer (1997) DSSS: modulator output 0dBr 30dBr 50dBr fc 22MHz fc 11MHz fc fc + 11MHz fc + 22MHz IEEE p.11
73 The PHY layer (1997) in France: allowed channels (ch.10) MHz (ch.11) MHz (ch12) MHz (ch13) MHz IEEE p.11
74 The PHY layer (1997) in France: maximum channel separation (ch.10) MHz (ch13) MHz IEEE p.11
75 The PHY layer (1997) in Europe (except France and Spain) (ch.1) MHz (ch13) MHz IEEE p.11
76 ² ± ² ± The PHY layer (1997) Transmission power GSM wave IEEE oven Typical 100 mw mw 0.2mW/ 2.5 mw Regulations 1-5 mw/ 100 5cm (Eur.) IEEE p.11
77 ² ± ² ± The PHY layer (1997) Transmission power GSM wave IEEE oven Typical 100 mw mw 0.2mW/ 2.5 mw Regulations 1-5 mw/ 100 5cm (Eur.) IEEE p.11
78 The PHY layer (1997) DSSS (Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum) FHSS (Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum) IR (Infra Red) IEEE p.11
79 È ËÌ Ç Â Å The PHY layer (1997) FHSS Modulation: GFSK binary 0/1: (for 1 Mbps) 00, 01, 10, 11: (for 2 Mbps) sequence = : tables : 3 sets ³ ¾ ¼½ ¹ ³µ ¹ º ³µ ¾À ¼½ ³µ» ¾Äà ¼½ ÁÂ Æ ± Å Fast-FH vs. Slow-FH: min 2.5 hops/s Bluetooth interference?... YES ¾Äà ¼ÉÊ (France) IEEE p.11
80 The PHY layer (1997) DSSS (Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum) FHSS (Freq. Hopping Spread Spectrum) IR (Infra Red) IEEE p.11
81 Í Í Ñ Ï ÐÑ ÎÏ ÐÑ ÎÏ Ð Î The PHY layer (1997) Infra Red (IR) Pulse Position Modulation (PPM) 1 Mbps: 4 data bits 2 Mbps: 2 data bits 16-PPM symbol 4-PPM symbol Data bits 4 PPM symbol Data Î Ï Ð Ñ Txed Pulse IEEE p.11
82 Outline WLANs vs. Wired LANs History Working modes MAC sub-layer The PHY layer (1997) The PHY Extensions (1999) Security IEEE p.12
83 PHY Extensions (1999) IEEE b: 2.4 GHz. 1Mbps, 2Mbps, 5.5Mbps 11 Mbps. High Rate DSSS Modulation: (backward compatible)dbpsk, DQPSK Complementary Code Keying (CCK) + DQPSK, (opt.) Packet Binary Convolutional Coding (PBCC) + (BPSK,QPSK) Currently the most widely used one IEEE p.13
84 Í PHY Extensions (1999) IEEE a: 5.7 GHz, 6 Mbps 54 Mbps!! OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) Principle: High-rate data is devided into several lower rate binary signals. Each low-rate signal modulates a different sub-carrier (48) Sub-carrier sets are orthogonal. Modulation: BPSK, QPSK, 16QAM and 64QAM FEC: Convolutional encoding needed (Viterbi) Close to Hiperlan 2 specs. coming soon IEEE p.13
85 Outline WLANs vs. Wired LANs History Working modes MAC sub-layer The PHY layer (1997) The PHY Extensions (1999) Security IEEE p.14
86 Security WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy) IEEE p.15
87 Security WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy) Plaintext IEEE p.15
88 Security WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy) Plaintext Encryption IEEE p.15
89 Security WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy) Key Plaintext Encryption IEEE p.15
90 Security WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy) Key Plaintext Encryption Cyphertext IEEE p.15
91 Security WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy) Key Plaintext Encryption Cyphertext Eavesdropper IEEE p.15
92 Security WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy) Key Plaintext Encryption Cyphertext Decryption Eavesdropper IEEE p.15
93 Security WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy) Key Key Plaintext Encryption Cyphertext Decryption Eavesdropper IEEE p.15
94 Security WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy) Key Key Plaintext Encryption Cyphertext Decryption Original Plaintext Eavesdropper IEEE p.15
95 Security WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy) Plaintext IEEE p.15
96 Security WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy) Plaintext Integrity Algo. IEEE p.15
97 Security WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy) Plaintext Integrity Algo. Integrity Check Value (ICV) IEEE p.15
98 Security WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy) Secret Key Plaintext Integrity Algo. Integrity Check Value (ICV) IEEE p.15
99 Security WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy) Initialization Vector (IV) Secret Key Plaintext Integrity Algo. Integrity Check Value (ICV) IEEE p.15
100 Security WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy) Initialization Vector (IV) Secret Key Seed Plaintext Integrity Algo. Integrity Check Value (ICV) IEEE p.15
101 Security WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy) Initialization Vector (IV) Secret Key Seed WEP PRNG Key Sequence Plaintext Integrity Algo. Integrity Check Value (ICV) IEEE p.15
102 Security WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy) Initialization Vector (IV) Secret Key Seed WEP PRNG Key Sequence XOR Plaintext Integrity Algo. Integrity Check Value (ICV) IEEE p.15
103 Security WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy) Initialization Vector (IV) Secret Key Seed WEP PRNG Key Sequence XOR Plaintext Integrity Algo. Integrity Check Value (ICV) IEEE p.15
104 Security WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy) IV Initialization Vector (IV) Secret Key Seed WEP PRNG Key Sequence XOR Ciphertext Plaintext Message Integrity Algo. Integrity Check Value (ICV) IEEE p.15
105 Security WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy) default keys / established keys bit key Algorithm: RC4 (symmetric stream cypher) Cracking tools: WEPcrack, AirSnort: if 100MB-1GB of data can be gathered then one can guess the encryption password in less than a second!! IEEE p.15
106 Security WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy) default keys / established keys bit key Algorithm: RC4 (symmetric stream cypher) Cracking tools: WEPcrack, AirSnort: if 100MB-1GB of data can be gathered then one can guess the encryption password in less than a second!! Access control table?... inefficient IEEE p.15
107 Security WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy) default keys / established keys bit key Algorithm: RC4 (symmetric stream cypher) Cracking tools: WEPcrack, AirSnort: if 100MB-1GB of data can be gathered then one can guess the encryption password in less than a second!! Access control table?... inefficient Network ID?... inefficient IEEE p.15
108 Conclusion it works! looks just like ethernet to higher layers no QoS support... yet. limited security management. Planete team: Imad AAD: IEEE p.16
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