Energy Allocation in Future Heterogeneous Networks Based on Game Theory and Auction Theory. Ye ZHONG

Transcription

1 2017 2nd International Conference on Wireless Communication and Network Engineering (WCNE 2017) ISBN: Energy Allocation in Future Heterogeneous Networks Based on Game Theory and Auction Theory Ye ZHONG Dresden University of Technology, Germany Keywords: Energy allocation, Game theory, Action theory, 5G, Heterogeneous networks. Abstract. Energy allocation has become one of the most significant issues in the future dense heterogeneous networks, such as the 5G system. In this paper, we surveyed the literatures about how to make use of game theory and microeconomic theory (e.g., action theory) based approaches to resolve the issue of resource allocation. Several key points have been addressed in the discussion section, from system modelling and the studies in C-RAN and HetNets. Introduction & Background Nowadays, there has been a significant advance in design of cellular networks, ranging from physical-layer algorithm development, medium-access control layer protocol design, to network and system-level optimization. Due to the demands of various applications, many wireless standards with different design specifications are proposed, aiming at different service goals. For instance, one cellular network can be severely energy sensitive and power constrained, whereas the other can be bandwidth limited or throughput hungry. Therefore, different users at different time and locations may suffer from different channel conditions, and thus may have different demands and capability. In general, multiple users without considering the limited resource supply can simply waste system resources, that reduces not only user equipment s performances, but also the network performances. It is very important to optimally allocate resources in future cellular communication networks, for users and operators. Since the fact above (e.g., the limited resource supply and the user heterogeneity) and different complex heterogeneous networks (HetNets), it leads to a series of resource allocation problems. As a significant scenario of 5G system (Huawei, 5G: A Technology Vision, online: therefore, the future dense HetNets deployment based on cloud radio access networks (C-RAN) should be considered, with the study focusing on fronthaul and backhaul links. An example of the C-RAN and HetNets based scenario is illustrated in Figure 1. Recently, due to the quick development of technologies in mobile systems, there is an explosive growth of high-data-rate applications, like watching online videos or making video chats on the move, that leads to require not just ubiquitous high data- rate connections, but also more and more energy in wireless networks, especially on various mobile terminals with limited power capability. However, it occurs frequently that the battery-powered mobile equipment have large energy demands, even with advanced software for saving energy. Additionally, the sole direct transmission is sometimes too week to support a user s quality of service (QoS) with powerful batteries, e.g., for cell-edge users. Nevertheless, sometimes users still expect to send important messages while batteries are running out or signals are poor. Due to these issues, in multi-user cellular environment, each user desires to selfishly increase its QoS, but not by increasing its own transmit power. Besides, the global mobile communication industry is growing rapidly. There are more than four billion mobile phone subscribers worldwide, more than half of the entire population of the planet. Obviously, this growth is accompanied by increased energy consumption of mobile networks. However, the objective of the Energy Aware Ratio and network technologies (EARTH) project [1] was to address the global environmental challenge by identifying effective mechanisms to substantially reduce energy wastage and to improve energy efficiency of mobile communication systems, without compromising network coverage and user s perceived QoS. 243

2 Figure 1. An example of future cellular networks. Therefore, energy efficiency in future cellular networks is very important for both users and network operators in the global communication industry. There are several significant research questions which we should pay attention, such as: How to allocate the limited energy supply in access network, fronthaul and backhaul links, respectively? How to apply pricing for energy allocation with purpose of increasing efficiency? Energy Allocation Based on Game Theory and Auction Theory Research into energy allocation problems in wireless networks by using game theory and microeconomic theory (e.g., auction theory) has become increasing popular in recent years, which are shown in Table 1, where the first four studies focus on the game theory and the microeconomic theory is investigated in the last four papers in this table. Different game theory based approaches have been employed in many previous studies. For instance, the study [2] employs a Stackelberg game to optimize the relay selection and power allocation without acquiring knowledge about Channel State Information (CSI) in advance. Shi et al in [3] propose a game-theoretic framework to study the issue of the multi-user power control in a multi-cell multi-hop wireless network. A multiuser single-relay network is presented in [4], where the interaction between a relay and multiple users is modeled as a two-level Stackelberg game and the Kailai-Smorodinsky bargaining solution (KSBS) is employed for the fair relay power allocation. In [5], the Nash bargaining solution (NBS) as a well-known cooperative solution concept is employed to get an optimal signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Additionally, the microeconomic theory based methods have been investigated recently. For investigating the relay power allocation among users two auction mechanisms, the SNR auction and the power auction, are addressed in [6], where the existence and uniqueness of a Nash equilibrium is proved in both of the auctions. A power trading game with QoS constraints for single source multi-relay system is studied in [7]. In [8], a Vickery-Clarke-Groves (VCG) based truthful auction 244

3 mechanism is developed, where the relay nodes as producers to sell their services to source nodes, and the base station as an auctioneer determines winners and clearing prices. However, it is assumed that each relay only serves a single user and a user only selects a single relay. A distributed ascending-clock auction-based algorithm for multi-user multi-relay power allocation problem is deployed in [9], where each user reports its optimal power demand to each relay node in response to the price announced by the relay. Moreover, it is proved that the proposed distributed algorithm enforces truthful power demands and converges in a finite number of time steps to the unique Walrasian Equilibrium (WE). Besides, there are also some studies about resource allocation problems by using game/ microeconomic theory in the emerging field of cognitive radio networks (e.g., [10], [11] and [12]). For instance, the authors in [11] have proposed a novel Nash Equilibrium (NE) based on Variational Inequality (VI) to solve the resource allocation problem in cognitive radio systems. Spectrum trading in cognitive radio networks is studied in [12], where a non-cooperative game is formulated to model the competition among users and an iterative algorithm is proposed to obtain the NE of the game. However, none of the above methods are proposed in the future cellular networks, for example, specifically for the future dense heterogeneous networks as well as the mobile edge cloud scenario with access fronthaul and backhaul links. Table 1. Related works about resource allocation in wireless networks. Literature System Model Method CSI [Wang,2009] SUMR Stackelberg game local Game [Shi, 2009] MUMR Gaussian interference relay game local Theory [Zhang, 2009] Two users NBS global [Cao, 2012] MUSR Bargaining game global [Huang, 2008] MUMR SNR- & Power-auction local Auction [Kandeepan, 2012] SUMR Auction game global Theory [Yang, 2011] MUMR VCG global [Baidas, 2012] MUMR ascending-clock auction local Discussions Resource allocation (e.g., energy allocation) across various networking layers encounters different design constraints and parameters, and different formulations of resource allocations need to be studied by employing different optimization tools. In a future study four challenges should be considered, from building system models to verifying the proposed approaches. Building System Models Due to the increasing mobile-broadband traffic and the raising expectation on new applications for higher data rates in the uplink and the downlink of mobile networks, creating a heterogeneous network by adopting low power nodes is an attractive approach to satisfy these traffic demands, performance expectations, energy and cost requirements. Resource Allocation in C-RAN It is important to deal with the resource allocation in C-RAN architecture network from the perspective of game theory and microeconomic theory. It should focus on studying how to allocate the 245

4 limited resources in the fronthaul link between C-RAN and a number of RRHs, as well as the allocations between RRHs and user equipment (UEs). Resource Allocation in HetNets It should study the methods of resource allocation between base stations (BSs) and UEs in a heterogeneous network, also from a game/microeconomic theory perspective. Several game theory and auction theory based approaches should be studied for resource allocation in C-RAN and HetNets networks, for instance: Optimization theory (e.g., [13]): including linear [14], convex, non-convex (global) methods. Game theory (e.g.,[15]-[21]), including non-cooperative game, Stackelberg game, bargaining game, cooperative game and variational inequality (VI) approach. Microeconomic theory (e.g., [22]-[24]), including VCG auction, ascending-clock auction, adaptive clinching auction and proportional share auction. Comparison and Assessment in a Hybrid Architecture Network Base on the studies for the resource allocation in C-RAN and HetNets networks, it should compare the performances of proposed approaches in a hybrid architecture network from different aspects [25]-[30]. Summary In the future dense heterogeneous networks, like the ongoing 5G networks, the issue of resource allocation has become one of the most significant ones. In this paper, we surveyed the literatures about how to make use of game theory and microeconomic theory (e.g., action theory) based approaches to resolve the issue of energy allocation. We also discussed several key in the paper, while using game theory and microeconomic theory based approaches, from system modelling and the studies in C-RAN and HetNets, that might inspire researchers in this field. Acknowledgement The author thanks the Sachsen State scholarship, funded by Sächsischen Staatsminsteriums für Wissenschaft und Kunst (SMWK), and appreciates the discussions with Prof. Eduard Jorswieck. References [1] M. Gruber, O. Blume, D. Ferling, D. Zeller, M. A. Imran, and E. C. Strinati, Earth-energy aware radio and network technologies, In 2009 IEEE 20th International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications, pp. 1-5, [2] B. Wang, Z. Han, and K.J. R. Liu, Distributed Relay Selection and Power Control for Multiuser Cooperative Communication Networks Using Stackelberg Game, In IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, vol. 8, no. 7, pp , July [3] Y. Shi, J. Wang, K. B. Letaief, and R. K. Mallik, A Game-Theoretic Approach for Distributed Power Control in Interference Relay Channels, In IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, vol. 8, no. 6, pp , June [4] Q. Cao, H. V. Zhao, and Y. Jing, Power Allocation and Pricing in Multi-user Relay Networks Using Stackelberg and Bargaining Games, In IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, vol. 61, no. 7, pp , September [5] G. Zhang, H. Zhang, L. Zhao, W. Wang, and L. Cong, Fair Resource Sharing for Cooperative Relay Networks Using Nash Bargaining Solutions, In IEEE Communications Letters, vol. 13, no. 6, pp , June

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