Practical, Real-time Centralized Control for CDN-based Live Video Delivery

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1 Practical, Real-time Centralized Control for CDN-based Live Video Delivery Matt Mukerjee, David Naylor, Junchen Jiang, Dongsu Han, Srini Seshan, Hui Zhang

2 Combating Latency in Wide Area Control Planes Centralization can provide major benefits e.g., better performance, reliability, policy management, Scalability is hard on WAN due to latency

3 Control Planes in the 4D* Model CENTRAL CONTROLLER DECISION DISCOVERY DISSEMINATION DATA HTTP Server HTTP Server ROUTERS, etc. *Yan, Hong, et al. "Tesseract: A 4D Network Control Plane." NSDI. Vol

4 WAN Control Plane Latency CENTRAL CONTROLLER DECISION DISCOVERY DISSEMINATION DATA HTTP Server HTTP Server ROUTERS, etc.

5 WAN Control Plane Latency CENTRAL CONTROLLER DECISION DISCOVERY DISSEMINATION DATA HTTP Server HTTP Server ROUTERS, etc.

6 WAN Control Plane Latency CENTRAL CONTROLLER DECISION DISCOVERY DISSEMINATION DATA HTTP Server HTTP Server ROUTERS, etc.

7 WAN Control Plane Latency CENTRAL CONTROLLER DECISION DISCOVERY DISSEMINATION DATA HTTP Server HTTP Server ROUTERS, etc.

8 WAN Problems and Decision Planes Low Latency Decision Plane Traffic Engineering Solve with LP Live Video Delivery Solve with ILP? High Latency Decision Plane!

9 Attacking Decision Plane Latency Central Optimization Distributed Control Hybrid Control Quality and cost management Responsiveness to joins and failures

10 Outline Centralized Control Problems with Live Video Today Hybrid Control Putting it all Together Distributed Control

11 CDN Live Video Delivery Background Video Sources Reflector C A D B Data Control HTTP RESPONSE HTTP GET Legend Requests: Video 2 Responses: Video 2 Edge E F G Video Requests

12 CDN Live Video Delivery Background Video Sources Reflector Edge K C A D B K 2K Data 300 E F G Control DNS Link Cost Link Capacity Clients H I J

13 CDN Live Video Delivery Background Video Sources Edge 3K A B Data Link Cost Reflector Maximize C service D quality Link Capacity DNS E F G Control Objective: 2K K 300 & 0 Minimize 1 10 delivery 1 cost Clients H I J

14 Outline Centralized Control Problems with Live Video Today Hybrid Control Putting it all Together Distributed Control

15 Motivating Centralized Optimization Video Sources 3K A K B Data Control Reflector C D K 300 DNS Link Capacity Edge E F G Clients H I J

16 Motivating Centralized Optimization Video Sources 3K A K B Data Control Reflector Edge C D K 300 E F G Congestion! DNS Link Capacity Clients 300 H I J

17 Motivating Centralized Optimization Video Sources 3K A K B Data Control Reflector C D K 300 DNS Link Capacity Edge E F G Clients H I J

18 Motivating Centralized Optimization Video Sources 3K A K B Data Control Needs global view to coordinate Reflector Link Capacity videos C and network D resources DNS K 300 Edge Clients E F G H I J

19 Motivating Centralized Optimization Video Sources 3K A K B Data Control Reflector C D K 300 DNS Link Capacity Edge E F G Clients H I J

20 Motivating Centralized Optimization Video Sources 3K A K B Data Control Reflector C D K 300 Central Controller Link Capacity Edge E F G Clients H I J

21 Solving Centralized Optimization MAXIMIZE MINIMIZE SUBJECT TO SERVICE QUALITY DELIVERY COST DON T EXCEED LINK CAPACITY SENDER MUST HAVE RECEIVED VIDEO

22 Solving Centralized Optimization w s Pl SERVICE QUALITY max 2L AS,o2O Priority o Request l,o Serves l,o w c Pl P 2 2L,o2O Cost(l) Bitrate(o) Serves l,o 2 subject to: P DELIVERY, 2 COST 2, subject to: P 8l8 2 L, o 2 O : Serves l,o 2{0, 1} 2{ } 8 2 8l L : P DON T EXCEED LINK CAPACITY apple o Bitrate(o) Serves l,o apple Capacity(l) 8l 2 L, o 2 O : P l 0 2InLinks(l) Serves l 0,o Serves l,o SENDER MUST HAVE RECEIVED VIDEO

23 Centralized Optimization Avg. Bitrate (Kbps) Service Quality Optimal CDN # of Videos (Thousands) Simulation using Conviva traces, modeling user-generated content Delivery Cost (per request) CDN 2.0x OPTIMAL 1.0x Simulation using Conviva traces, modeling large sports events

24 Effects of Latency in Decision Plane Join Time (Seconds) Light Load Med. Load Hvy. Load Fully Centralized Slow join times! # of videos Experiments on EC2 nodes with a centralized controller at CMU across the Internet

25 Problems with Centralization Video Sources A B Data Control Legend Data Requests: HIGH LATENCY Reflector C D Central Controller Control Traffic: HIGH LATENCY Edge E F G The Internet Clients H I J

26 Outline Slow join times Centralized Control Problems with Live Video Today Hybrid Control Putting it all Together Distributed Control

27 Alternate Approach: Distributed Video Sources 3K A 2K B Data Control Legend Data Requests: Responses: Reflector Edge C D 200 2K? E F G Central Controller Link Capacity Clients H I J

28 Alternate Approach: Distributed Video Sources 3K A 2K B Data Control Legend Data Requests: Responses: Reflector Build distance-to-video tables Link Capacity C D at each cluster, for each Central video 200 2K 2K Controller Edge? E F G Clients H I J

29 Alternate Approach: Distributed Video Sources Reflector Edge 3K C A 2K D B 200 2K Data E F G Control Central Controller Legend Data Requests: Responses: 1; (B, 2K) Link Capacity? DISTANCE AT CLUSTER F VIDEO 1: Clients H I J

30 Alternate Approach: Distributed Video Sources Reflector Edge 3K C A 2K D B 200 2K Data E F G Control Central Controller Legend Data Requests: Responses: 1; (B, 2K) Link Capacity? DISTANCE AT CLUSTER F VIDEO 1: VIA C: 2; (B, ) Clients H I J # OF HOPS TO VIDEO PATH BOTTLENECK

31 Alternate Approach: Distributed Video Sources Reflector Edge 3K C A 2K D B 200 2K Data E F G Control Central Controller Legend Data Requests: Responses: 1; (B, 2K) Link Capacity? DISTANCE AT CLUSTER F VIDEO 1: VIA C: 2; (B, ) VIA D: 1; (D, ) Clients H I J

32 Alternate Approach: Distributed Video Sources Reflector Edge 3K C A 2K D B 200 2K Data E F G Control Central Controller Legend Data Requests: Responses: 1; (B, 2K) Link Capacity? DISTANCE AT CLUSTER F VIDEO 1: VIA C: 2; (B, ) VIA D: 1; (D, ) Clients H I J PICK SHORTEST PATH WITH ENOUGH CAPACITY

33 Alternate Approach: Distributed Video Sources 3K A 2K B Data Control Legend Data Requests: Responses: Reflector Edge C D 200 2K E F G Central Controller Link Capacity DISTANCE AT CLUSTER F VIDEO 1: VIA C: 2; (B, ) VIA D: 1; (D, ) Clients H I J PICK SHORTEST PATH WITH ENOUGH CAPACITY

34 Alternate Approach: Distributed Video Sources 3K A 2K B Data Control Legend Data Requests: Responses: Reflector Distributed decisions fast (ms) Link Capacity C D Central 200 2K Controller Edge but sub-optimal E F G DISTANCE AT CLUSTER F VIDEO 1: VIA C: 2; (B, ) VIA D: 1; (D, ) Clients H I J PICK SHORTEST PATH WITH ENOUGH CAPACITY

35 Alternate Approach: Distributed Video Sources 3K A 2K B Data Control Legend Data Requests: Responses: Reflector Edge Combine approaches? C D 200 2K E F G Central Controller Hybrid Control Link Capacity DISTANCE AT CLUSTER F VIDEO 1: VIA C: 2; (B, ) VIA D: 1; (D, ) Clients H I J PICK SHORTEST PATH WITH ENOUGH CAPACITY

36 Outline Slow join times Centralized Control Problems with Live Video Today Low bitrate Distributed Control Hybrid Control Putting it all Together

37 Combining Approaches: Hybrid Video Sources 3K A 2K B Data Control Legend Data Requests: HIGH LATENCY Responses: Reflector Edge C D 200 2K? E F G Central Controller HIGH LATENCY Clients The Internet H I J

38 Combining Approaches: Hybrid Video Sources 3K A 2K B Data Control Legend Data Requests: HIGH LATENCY Responses: Reflector C D 200 2K Central Controller HIGH LATENCY Edge E F G Clients The Internet H I J

39 Combining Approaches: Hybrid Video Sources Reflector Edge 3K C A 2K B D 200 2K Data E F G Control Legend Data Requests: HIGH LATENCY Responses: Control Traffic: Central Controller HIGH LATENCY Clients H I J The Internet

40 Challenges of Hybrid Control Forwarding loops Always forward requests upwards TRIVIAL State transitions Versioning and shadow FIBS PRIOR WORK Avoid bad control loop interactions CHALLENGING

41 Challenges of Hybrid Control Avoid bad control loop interactions CHALLENGING 1. Centralized decision has priority 2. Distributed uses residual after centralized 3. Distributed has no impact on current/future centralized decisions 4. Distributed s changes don t propagate

42 Hybrid Control and Responsiveness Join Time (Seconds) Light Load Med. Load Hvy. Load Hybrid Control Fully Centralized Fully Distributed Slow join times! # of videos Experiments on EC2 nodes with a centralized controller at CMU across the Internet

43 Hybrid Control and Responsiveness Join Time (Seconds) Light Load Med. Load Hvy. Load Hybrid Control Fully Centralized Fully Distributed Slow join times! Not stable # of videos Experiments on EC2 nodes with a centralized controller at CMU across the Internet

44 Hybrid Control and Responsiveness Join Time (Seconds) Light Load Med. Load Hvy. Load Hybrid Control Fully Centralized Fully Distributed Slow join times! Not stable # of videos Experiments on EC2 nodes with a centralized controller at CMU across the Internet Great join times and more stable

45 Conclusion We present a possible solution for combating decision plane latency Central Optimization Distributed Control Hybrid Control Quality and cost management Responsiveness to joins and failures

46 Conclusion Traffic Engineering Live Video Delivery Solve with LP Solve with ILP? Solve with X? Solve with X?

47 Practical, Real-time Centralized Control for CDN-based Live Video Delivery Matt Mukerjee, David Naylor, Junchen Jiang, Dongsu Han, Srini Seshan, Hui Zhang

48 Backup slides

49 Problems with Traffic Engineering Video Sources 3K A B 1.5K 1.5K 2K Data Control Even Split () Reflector Edge C D K 300 E F G Link Capacity Clients H I J

50 Problems with Traffic Engineering Video Sources Reflector Edge 3K C A D B 1.5K 1.5K 2K K 300 Data E F G Control Uneven Split (1.5K / 500) Link Capacity Clients 1.5K H I J 200

51 Distributed: Example of Sub-optimal Video Sources 3K A 2K B Data Control Wasting bandwidth Legend Data Requests: Responses: Reflector C D 200 2K 2K Link Capacity Edge E F G Clients H I J

52 Distributed: Example of Sub-optimal Video Sources 3K A 2K B Data Control Legend Data Requests: Responses: Reflector C D 200 2K 2K Coordination difficult without centralization Link Capacity Edge E F G Clients H I J

53 Trace-Driven Eval 3 Traces Avg Day: raw trace of music video provider Large Event: synthesized basketball game Heavy Tail: synthesized twitch/ustream like workload 4 Systems Everything Everywhere: all vids to all servers Overlay Multicast: globally optimal; no coordination CDN: greedy distribution scheme w/ DNS VDN: our system

54 Trace-Driven Eval

55 Existing Solutions Traffic Engineering (SWAN, B4, ) Works on aggregates at coarse timescales Overlay Multicast (Overcast, Bullet, ) Not designed for coordinating across streams Modern CDNs Previous work shows a centralized system could greatly improve user experience but would be difficult to design over Internet

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