EECS 228a Lecture 1 Overview: Networks. Jean Walrand
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1 EECS 228a Lecture 1 Overview: Networks Jean Walrand Fall 2002
2 Course Information Instructor: Jean Walrand n Office Hours: M-Tu 1:00-2:00 Time/Place: MW 2:00-3:30 in 285 Cory Home Page: n EECS228a - Walrand 2
3 Topics Overview [1 week] Economics of Networks [4] Routing [4] Congestion Control [2.5] Traffic Models [2.5] Review [1] Theoretical background State of the art EECS228a - Walrand 3
4 Details Grading: n In class presentations: 50% n Project: 50% - Original research on selected topic Material: n Lecture Slides and Notes n Research Papers EECS228a - Walrand 4
5 Overview Network Examples Network Components Internetworking Internet Other Networks Packets Transport Web Browsing Telephone Call Resource Sharing Multiplexing Protocols IETF EECS228a - Walrand 5
6 Network Examples Teleglobe Communications Corporation Fiber + Satellite EECS228a - Walrand 6
7 Network Examples Global Crossing Corporation EECS228a - Walrand 7
8 Network Examples KPNQWEST EECS228a - Walrand 8
9 Network Examples Williams Communications EECS228a - Walrand 9
10 Network Examples Palo Alto Network EECS228a - Walrand 10
11 Network Components Link: carry bits from one place to another (or maybe to many other places) Switch/router: move bits between links, forming internetwork Host: communication endpoint (workstation, PDA, cell phone, toaster, tank) EECS228a - Walrand 11
12 Network Components Links Coaxial Cable Fibers Cat5 Unshielded Twisted Pairs Wireless EECS228a - Walrand 12
13 Network Components Ethernet Network Interface Card EECS228a - Walrand 13
14 Network Components Ethernet EECS228a - Walrand 14
15 Network Components Link: Ethernet Ethernet is a broadcast-capable, multiaccess LAN EECS228a - Walrand 15
16 Network Components Telephone Switch Large Router EECS228a - Walrand 16
17 Network with Routers LANs interconnected by routers LAN2 LAN1 R1 R2 LAN3 R3 R4 Internet EECS228a - Walrand 17
18 Internetworking Provides message delivery between multiple networks: ISP 1 ISP 2 Subnet 1 Subnet 2 Example: Subnet 1 = network of LANs of previous slide ISP 1 = Sprint, ISP 2 = MCI Subnet 2 = UCB network EECS228a - Walrand 18
19 The Internet A global network of networks all using a common protocol (IP, the Internet Protocol) Focus of this class A challenge to understand: n large scale (10 s of millions of users, 10 s of thousands of networks) n heterogeneity, irregular topology, decentralized management EECS228a - Walrand 19
20 Scale of Internet Data from EECS228a - Walrand 20
21 Other Networks The Telephone Network Processor Interconnection Networks ATM Networks Cable-TV Networks EECS228a - Walrand 21
22 Packets A B... B A B... 1 A B A B port 2 EECS228a - Walrand 22
23 Packets: Main Ideas The switches have no memory of packets: scalability The network is independent of the applications: flexibility The packet formats and addresses are independent of the technology: extensibility EECS228a - Walrand 23
24 Transport Packets ACKs EECS228a - Walrand 24
25 Web Browsing Example Locating Resource: DNS Connection End-to-end Packets Bits Points to remember EECS228a - Walrand 25
26 Web: Example Click Link or URL get content from local or remote computer URL: Specifies - Protocol: http - Computer: - String Computer (server) selects contents based on string EECS228a - Walrand 26
27 Web: Locating Resource is the name of a computer Network uses IP addresses To find the IP address, the application uses a hierarchical directory service called the Domain Name System com IP = a.b.c.d host local EECS228a - Walrand 27 IP = a.b.c.d
28 Web: Connection The protocol (http) sets up a connection between the host and cnn.com to transfer the page The connection transfers the page as a byte Host stream, without errors: pacing + error control cnn.com connect OK get page page; close EECS228a - Walrand 28
29 Web: End-to-end The byte stream flows from end to end across many links and switches: routing (+ addressing) That stream is regulated and controlled by both ends: retransmission of erroneous or missing bytes; flow control host End-to-end pacing and flow control Routing EECS228a - Walrand 29
30 Web: Packets The network transports bytes grouped into packets The packets are selfcontained and routers handle them one by one The end hosts worry about errors and flow control: n Destination checks packet for errors (using error detection code CKS) and sends ACKs with sequence number # Source retransmits Host IP address: B A B #,CKS bytes EECS228a n - Walrand 30 C IP address: A Destination B C Next Hop
31 Web: Bits Equipment in each node sends the packets as a string of bits That equipment is not aware of the meaning of the bits Transmitter Physical Medium Receiver Optical Copper Wireless EECS228a - Walrand 31
32 Web: Points to remember Separation of tasks n n n n n n send bits on a link: transmitter/receiver [clock, modulation, ] send packet on each hop [framing, error detection, ] send packet end to end [addressing, routing] pace transmissions [detect congestion] retransmit erroneous or missing packets [acks, timeout] find destination address from name [DNS] Scalability n n routers don t know about connections names and addresses are hierarchical EECS228a - Walrand 32
33 Telephone Call Telephone Network Dialing a Number Setting up a Circuit Phone Conversation Releasing the Circuit EECS228a - Walrand 33
34 Telephone Network 5ESS (Lucent) DMS100 (Nortel) EECS228a - Walrand 34
35 Telephone Network EECS228a - Walrand 35
36 Telephone Network Logic Diagram: EECS228a - Walrand 36
37 Dialing a Number S1 B A A Off-Hook S1 Listens A dials S1 Registers EECS228a - Walrand 37
38 Setting Up a Circuit ring B A Circuit = capacity to carry one phone call (shown by thin lines) Circuit is allocated to the call between A and B Circuits are not shared; they are dedicated. EECS228a - Walrand 38
39 Phone Conversation B A Voice signals use the reserved circuits EECS228a - Walrand 39
40 Release Circuits B A A or B goes Off-Hook Circuits get released EECS228a - Walrand 40
41 Resource Sharing - Multiplexing Networks are shared resources Sharing via multiplexing Fundamental Question: how to achieve controlled sharing EECS228a - Walrand 41
42 Multiplexing Methods for sharing a communication channel Tradeoff between utilization and predictability Common Approaches: n TDM (time-division multiplexing) n Statistical Multiplexing EECS228a - Walrand 42
43 Time Division Multiplexing (also called STDM --Synchronous Time Division Multiplexing) n links rate r bps each Multiplexer 1 link, rate nr bps Frame: bps = bits per second Time slots are reserved EECS228a - Walrand 43
44 Statistical Multiplexing n links any rate Multiplexer 1 link, any rate Trace Excerpt: Variable-sized packets of data are interleaved based on the statistics of the senders EECS228a - Walrand 44
45 Analysis of STDM/FDM TDM, FDM (frequency division multiplexing), and WDM (wavelength) may under-utilize channel with idle senders Applicable only to fixed numbers of flows Requires precise timer (or oscillator and guard bands for FDM) Resources are guaranteed EECS228a - Walrand 45
46 Analysis of Statistical Mux ing Traffic is sent on demand, so channel is fully utilized if there is traffic to send Any number of flows Need to control sharing: n n packets are limited in size prevents domination of single sender Resources are not guaranteed EECS228a - Walrand 46
47 Protocols Agreement dictating the form and function of data exchanged between two (or more) parties to effect a communication Two parts: syntax and semantics n syntax: where bits go n semantics: what they mean and what to do with them EECS228a - Walrand 47
48 Protocol Example Internet Protocol (IP) n if you can generate and understand IP, you can be on the Internet n media, OS, data rate independent TCP and HTTP n if you can do these, you are on the web EECS228a - Walrand 48
49 Protocol Standards New functions require new protocols Thus there are many (e.g. IP, TCP, UDP, HTTP, RIP, OSPF, IS-IS, SMTP, SNMP, Telnet, FTP, DNS, NNTP, NTP, BGP, PIM, DVMRP, ARP, NFS, ICMP, IGMP) Specifications do not change frequently Organizations: IETF, IEEE, ITU EECS228a - Walrand 49
50 The IETF Specifies Internet-related protocols Produces RFCs ( Quotation from IETF T-shirt: We reject kings, presidents and voting. We believe in rough consensus and running code. --- David Clark EECS228a - Walrand 50
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