Design and Implementation of Voice Networks Contents. Preface...1
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1 Contents Preface...1 Prerequisites...1 Who Should Study This Course?...2 Key Topics...2 Course Objectives...3 How Do I Use This Course?...4 Real-World Scenarios...4 Pedagogy...4 Key Terms...4 Resources Available in Instructor-Led Settings...4 Why Choose WestNet?...5 Introduction...7 Course Overview...8 Module 1 Telecommunications Concepts and Components...9 Lesson 1 Local Exchange Components...16 The Telephone System Hierarchy...17 Class 5 Central Office: The Local Exchange...18 Class 4 Central Office...20 Tandem Central Offices...22 Class 1 Office...23 Class 5 Central Office Components...24 Switching and Routing...25 Semipermanent Circuit Connections...25 IXC POP...26 Billing...27 Customer Premises...27 Local Exchange Calling Options...27 LEC Does It All...27 CLEC Serves as Reseller...28 i
2 CLECs Switch and ILECs Wire...28 CLEC Does It All...29 Activities...30 Lesson 2 Central Office Switching...32 The Talking Path...32 Evolution of Telephone Switching...34 Manual Switching...35 Step-by-Step Switching and Rotary-Dial Telephones...37 Crossbar Switching...39 Later Electro-mechanical Switching...40 Digital Switches...41 Touch-Tone Signaling...41 How a Call is Made...43 Dial Tone...43 Entering a Telephone Number...43 Call Routing...43 Ringing...46 Ending the Call...46 Long Distance Voice Routing...46 Signaling...47 In-Band vs. Out-of-Band Signaling...47 SS Telephone Numbering System...48 The Dwindling Supply of Numbers...49 LNP...50 Assigning Telephone Numbers...51 Special Area Codes...51 Special NXX Codes...51 Special Information: Hearing-Impaired Services: Service Codes, or N11 Numbers...52 Toll-Free: 800, 888, Premium: International: Follow-You: Activities...54 Lesson 3 Trunks, Lines, and Loops...56 Telecommunications Terms...57 Loops...58 Lines...58 Trunks...59 Trunk Direction...59 Trunk Capacity...59 ii
3 Contents Analog Transmission...60 Channels and Bandwidth...61 Digital Transmission...62 PCM...64 Multiplexing...64 Digital Bandwidth...66 Special Access Trunks...66 Tie Lines...66 Private Lines...67 FX...67 Ring Down...68 Trunk Pricing...68 Activities...69 Lesson 4 Central Office Exchange...71 Centrex...71 Centrex Benefits...72 Technical Requirements for Centrex...73 Distance From CO Switch...73 Allocation of Call Paths...74 CPE...74 Centrex Features...74 Centrex vs. PBX...75 Activities...76 Lesson 5 Key Systems...78 Key System Components...78 Cordless Key Systems...80 Limitations of Key Systems...81 Hybrid Systems...81 Activities...83 Lesson 6 Buying a Telephone System...84 Planning: First steps...85 Analyze Current Traffic Flow...85 Identify Needs and Desires...85 Choosing a Switching System...85 Digital vs. Analog...86 Sizing a Telephone System...86 System Features...87 Selecting the Telephones...87 Multiline vs. Single-Line...87 Trunk Requirements...88 Cost...88 Features...89 Physical Issues...89 iii
4 Switch Capacity...89 Number Portability...90 Determining Required Applications...90 ACD Systems...91 Messaging Systems...91 Wireless Systems...92 CTI...92 IP Telephony...92 Finding the Right Vendor...93 Qualifying the Vendors...93 Submitting an RFP...93 Selecting the Vendor...94 Pricing...94 Vendor Experience...95 Shopping for Service and Support...95 System Setup...95 Warranty...96 Service Level Commitment...96 Technical Support...96 System Security...97 Preventive Maintenance...97 Activity...98 Summary...99 Quiz Module 2 PBX and ACD Systems Lesson 1 PBX Fundamentals PBX Components Trunks Extension Lines Equipment Cabinet Telephones and Attendant Console Administrative Terminal Making a Call on a PBX Call Routing Supplementary PBX Features DID DISA Station Set Features Attendant Console Services Administration and Management Reports Call Detail Reports Test Reports Busy-Hour Studies iv
5 Contents PBX Enhancements Voice Response Voice Recognition Call Following ACD Other Auxiliary Equipment PBX Costs and Requirements Activities Lesson 2 PBX Features and Functions Call Accounting Authorization Codes Account Codes Voice Mail Systems FRL Design Factors Unified Messaging Broadcasting Voice Mail Security Automated Attendants CoR Call Pickup Call Park Call Forwarding Call Announcement Call Waiting DAU Facility Test Call Activities Lesson 3 PBX Configurations Overall Connectivity Avaya DEFINITY Server with ACM System Components Digital Networking PN PPN EPN CSS SN ATM SN Main System Configurations PN Components TDM Bus Packet Bus Port Circuits Interface Circuits SPE v
6 ACM Software Architecture DEFINITY DCS Private Networks LAN Gateway IP Trunking DCS Private Networks DCS Switch Components for DCS Networking IP-Enabling DEFINITY Servers IP Media Processor CLAN Upgrading DEFINITY Servers to S8700 Multi-Connect Stage 1: Processor Replacement Stage 2: IP Enable the PNs Stage 3: Server Consolidation Upgrade the Data Network Activities Lesson 4 DEFINITY Server Hardware System Cabinets Carriers CMC1 Media Gateway SCCI Media Gateway MCC1 Media Gateway Floor Area and Load Floor Area Floor Load Floorplan Guidelines CMC1 Configuration Guidelines SCC1 Configuration Guidelines MCC1 Configuration Guidelines MDF Environmental Conditions Temperature Altitude and Air Pressure Humidity Air Purity Lighting Radio Frequency Noise Cabinet Power Requirements AC Power DC Power Power Conditioning Cabinet Power Components DC Power Relay Ring Generator Fuses vi
7 Contents Power Backup UPS Activities Lesson 5 IP Telephony Avaya Communication Manager Media Servers S8700 Media Server Availability/Reliability Multi-Connect vs. IP-Connect Interoperability S S8300 Media Server with G700 Gateway Survivability S Media Gateways G G G IP Office Supported Telephones Analog Digital IP Wireless Activities Extended Activities Lesson 6 PBX Networking Private Communications Networks Cost Savings Improved Efficiency Enhanced User Satisfaction Tandem Trunks and Tandem Switching Network Configurations Series Star Three-System Star PBX Security IP PBX Security Activities vii
8 Lesson 7 Basics of Automatic Call Distributor Agents and Splits What an ACD Does Automatic-In Processing DID Processing Split Queue Processing Announcements Answer Supervision Abandoned Call Search Intraflow and Interflow Call Distribution Methods Vectors Vector Flow Vector Management Call Flow Problems Activities Summary Quiz Module 3 Point-to-Point Telecommunications Protocols Lesson 1 Physical and Logical Circuits Circuits and Virtual Circuits PVCs and SVCs SVC Information Transfer Connecting to WAN Circuits DCE and DTE DTE-to-DCE Protocols Layer Upon Layer Activities Lesson 2 Summary of Data Rates Point-to-Point Links Analog Lines DDS SW High-Speed Services Various Data Rates and Associated Applications Bandwidth Activities viii
9 Contents Lesson 3 Dial-Up and Leased Lines Dial-up Connections Leased Lines DDS Activities Lesson 4 T-Carriers Digitizing Voice T-Carriers DS0 or Fractional T T T3 and North American Digital Signal Hierarchy Circuit Costs Activities Lesson 5 Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line Digital Subscriber Lines and Internet Access Options for Local High-Speed Internet Access DSL Physical Requirements ADSL Activity Lesson 6 Cable Modems Cable Modem Technology ADSL or Cable Modem? The Subscriber s Perspective Activities Lesson 7 Synchronous Optical Network The SONET Standard SONET Advantages SONET Protocol Architecture Path Layer Line Layer Section Layer Photonic Layer SONET Multiplexing SONET Frame Format Virtual Tributaries Clock Synchronization SONET Network Elements Add/Drop MUX/Demultiplexer Broadband Digital Cross-Connect Wideband Digital Cross-Connect ix
10 Terminating MUX Regenerator Activities Summary Quiz Module 4 Switched Telecommunications Protocols Lesson 1 Circuit- and Packet-Switched Networks Data Link Layer Protocols Reliable WAN Networks Packet-Switched Networks Circuit-Switched Networks Activities Lesson 2 Serial Line Internet Protocol and Point-to-Point Protocol SLIP SLIP Frame Delimiters Drawbacks to SLIP Compressed SLIP PPP Information Frames Link Control Frames Network Control Frames Zero Bit Insertion Activities Lesson 3 Integrated Services Digital Network Integrated Digital Networks ISDN Services Call-by-Call Service Channel Bonding and NFAS ISDN Signaling DSS PSS Q.SIG and ISDN Supplementary Services Activities Lesson 4 Asynchronous Transfer Mode The Need for ATM Transfer Modes STM x
11 Contents PTM ATM Connection-Oriented Mode Fixed-Length Data Cells Header Details B-ISDN and ATM AAL Convergence Sublayer (CS) Segmentation and Reassembly (SAR) Sublayer ATM Layer Physical Layer TC Sublayer TC Cell Rate Decoupling Physical Medium-Dependent Sublayer Activities Lesson 5 Frame Relay What is Frame Relay? Frame Relay Terms Permanent and Virtual Circuits Frame Relay Operation Frame Relay Frame Information Field Frame Relay Header Field Flow Control Congestion Management Frames Frame Relay Addressing Interconnecting LANs Using Frame Relay Frame Relay Implementation Options Private Frame Relay Public Frame Relay Hybrid Frame Relay End-User Access to Frame Relay Networks The Extra Hop Problem Frame Relay vs. Private Line Networking Frame Relay Services Public Frame Relay Services Bandwidth on Demand Conditional Bursting VoIP over Public Frame Relay Services Cost Considerations Carrier Choice Considerations CIR Congestion Control Reports and Statistics Frame Relay Network Requirements Activities xi
12 xii Lesson 6 Switched Multimegabit Data Service SMDS Operation Switched Multimegabit SNI SMDS Protocols SMDS Interface Protocol SIP SIP SIP DXI Router Functions DSU Functions Advantages and Disadvantages Activity Lesson 7 X X.25 Services Addressing X.25 Protocols Layer 3: PLP Layer 2: LAPB Layer 1: X.21 and X.21bis PAD PLP Overhead and Performance Limitations Activity Summary Quiz Module 5 Traffic Engineering Lesson 1 Traffic Engineering Concepts Carried Load Conversation Time Operating Time Holding Time Constant Distribution Exponential Distribution Probability GOS Trunk Usage CCS Erlang...428
13 Contents The Erlang B Traffic Formula Erlang C and Poisson Tables Poisson: Immediate Redial Erlang C: Infinite Queue No Formula is Perfect Estimating Total System Capacity Outbound Trunk Capacity Tie Trunks Voice Mail Capacity Ports Storage Time PBX Processing Capacity Adjusting to Changes Activities Lesson 2 Traffic Data Sources Data Sources Gathering Data Experiments Experimental Conditions Number of Experiments Sampling Bias Sample Size Sample Spread Planning a Study Activities Lesson 3 Busy-Hour Engineering The Busy Hour Constant Busy Hour Bouncing Busy Hour Grade of Service vs. Cost Potential PBX Bottlenecks Tone Detectors Processor Occupancy Time Slots Modules Consider All Traffic, All Paths Activities Summary Quiz Course Quiz Glossary xiii
14 Index Overall Course Evaluation Survey xiv
Contents. Introduction... xv
Introduction... xv Welcome to IP Telephony Principles and Applications... xvi About This Course... xvii Unit 1 VoIP Services...1 Packet Telephony... 13 The Present: Separate Networks... 14 How Packet Telephony
Contents. Preface... xvii. Introduction... xxiii
Preface... xvii Prerequisites...xviii Who Should Study This Course?...xviii Key Topics...xviii Course Objectives...xix How Do I Use This Course?...xix Real-World Scenarios...xx Pedagogy...xx Key Terms...xx
Introduction to Telecommunications Introduction to Telecommunications Contents. Preface... xvii
Introduction to Telecommunications Contents Preface... xvii Prerequisites...xvii Who Should Study This Course?...xvii Key Topics...xviii Course Objectives...xviii How Do I Use This Course?...xix Real-World
voice-enabling.book Page 72 Friday, August 23, :19 AM
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