A Semi-Distributed Load Balancing Architecture and Algorithm for Heterogeneous Wireless Networks

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1 A Sem-Dstrbuted oad Balancng Archtecture and Algorthm for Heterogeneous reless Networks Md. Golam Rabul Ala Choong Seon Hong * Kyung Hee Unversty, Korea rob@networkng.khu.ac.kr, cshong@khu.ac.kr Abstract At present, dssmlar wreless access networks ncludng AN, UMTS and MAX coexst n the moble computng envronment. Resource management, load balancng, relablty and QoS are the most sgnfcant research ssues on heterogeneous wreless networksonsderng the hgh speed features of thrd and fourth generaton heterogeneous wreless networks, an effcent sem-dstrbuted load balancng archtecture and a soft load balancng algorthm s proposed n ths paper. Fnally, a smulaton result shows the mproved load balancng rate and lower call blockng probablty. 1. Introducton oad balancng s one of the key technologes n the convergence of heterogeneous wreless networks. It s a way to acheve the resource sharng over heterogeneous wreless networks, and t mproves resource utlzaton, enlarge system capacty as well as provde better servces for users [1]. oad balancng depends on network archtecture and load balancng algorthm. In ths paper, frstly we provde effcent network archtecture so that entre system load can be properly balanced. Network archtecture can be classfed as centralze, dstrbuted and sem centralze and sem dstrbuted [2][3]. There are some problems n the frst two mechansms: the centralzed one s relatvely low relablty, whle the dstrbuted one has a huge overhead [4]. To overcome the lmtatons of network archtecture, we have used a Sem-Dstrbuted Archtecture (SDA [5] for heterogeneous network that effcently reduce sgnal overhead, mproves relablty [6]. oad balancng algorthm s also requred to balance loads effcently among the dfferent access technologes of heterogeneous wreless envronment. Tradtonal hard load balancng should not be the soluton of the hgh speed features of the future wreless network traffc. So, soft load balancng wll be the soluton, whch can take full advantage of resources when dealng wth hgh speed traffc over the heterogeneous wreless networks (HN. In ths paper, we proposed a load balancng algorthm based on dvdng IP flow for speedy traffc over the HN. Consderng mult-path and path loss n multple networks, optmal flow dvdng rato s obtaned through numercal analyss. Based on the load balancng algorth rado access selecton and vertcal handovers s realzed for parallel transmsson, whch ncreases resource utlzaton and reduces call blockng probablty The rest of the paper s organzed as follows. Secton 2 revews some of the related work found n the lterature. The load balancng archtecture s elaborately depcted on secton 3. The protocol descrpton and a soft load balancng algorthm are presented n secton 4. In secton 5 a smulaton result s llustrated. Fnally we conclude the paper n secton 6 wth dscusson. 2. terature Revew ots of research had done n oad balancng specally n wred homogeneous network. But oad balancng n wreless network s the present research ssue as wreless communcatons are expanded day by day and multple wreless networks works on the same grd. In the paper [7], authors ntroduced herarchcal sem centralzed archtecture for heterogeneous wreless network. In ths archtecture, t creates a huge message passng overhead and partally centralzed nature may have the probablty of central pont of falure. Reference [8] proposed an adaptve soft handover schema for multmeda cellular communcaton system. Dependng upon the loads of the neghborng cells, the soft handover thresholds and tme hysteress are adapted by usng fuzzy prncpals. The concept of soft load balancng was ntroduced by the authors of paper [9] and [1]. In those papers they suggested to dvde the IP traffc of a user nto sub flows of dfferent access networks. They have shown that the utlzaton of resources of heterogeneous wreless network s ncreased sgnfcantly. But both of the paper smulated the optmal load balancng rato ether n certan envronment or n deal channel condton. So, the method may not work well n real stuaton.e the method have the defcency n generalzaton. Reference [11] desgned a load balancng algorthm based on dvdng IP flow for hgh speed traffc (BDH, where they use the herarchcal sem-centralzed archtecture as ther network structure. Though ther algorthm performs well n traffc blockng probablty, but 12

2 ther algorthm has the problem of defntenesshen an MS reaches at the boundary lne of basc grds, t s not clear n the algorthm that who wll (RS or IS take the responsblty of balancng loads usng dvdng IP flow. So, there les the possblty of frequent handover for balancng loads among dfferent access networks. As they use herarchcal sem-centralzed network structure stll t s vulnerable for total system falure. 3. Detals of the Sem-dstrbuted Archtecture A dstrbuted archtecture for wreless network s appealng due to the sngle pont falure of centralzed desgn. The archtecture s partally/sem dstrbuted n nature whch s free from the huge overhead and delay problem of fully dstrbuted desgn. In the archtecture, a number of adacent hexagonal cells create a basc grd. Snce the system s heterogeneous, each cell may consst of dfferent access network. For smplcty three types of access networks (UMTS, AN and Max are shown n Fg 1. MM 1 MM 4 MM 3 MM n Grd 1 MM 2 Grd 4 Grd 3 Grd n UMTS AP Max AP AN AP Grd 2 Fgure 1. Sem-dstrbuted archtecture In each grd a load and moble agent management unt (MMU s ntroduced. MMU consst three unts; one unt s responsble for mantanng resource nventory for each type of avalable access network n each cell, whch s called Resource Inventory (RI. Another unt moble agent (MA [12] n each cell s accountable for balancng load among varous access networks wthn each cell. The thrd unt of MMU s load and moble agent manager (MM, whch s responsble for balancng loads among adacent cells n each grd and among adacent grds wth the help of moble agents. To ensure relablty, each MM s assocated wth ts two neghborng MM so that f any of the MM s goes down or broken then the backup MM can take the responsblty for the faled one. In ths proposed scheme f one MM s goes down then only that network management s mantaned by backup MM and the whole system s not hampered. 4. Protocol Descrpton to Support Soft oad Balancng To manage control sgnal from dfferent access networks, a general lnk layer s employed n MMs to support a soft load balancng algorthm shown n Fg. 2. After the common lnk layer, two ndvdual medum access control (MAC and physcal layers are assocated wth each access network. RI s located n the MAC layers [9]. MAC protocol for dfferent access network contnuously nforms ts channel status to the upper layer that s n common lnk layer. Based on the nformaton on attaned channel status and load condton, lnk layer then calculates the flow-dvdng rato. If the moble subscrber not resdes n the boundary lne of two or more MMs, after recevng packets from the MAC layer, the common lnk layer orders ncomng packets on the bass of sequence number and then forwards them to ether the Transmsson Control Protocol (TCP or the User Datagram Protocol (UDP layer through the IP layer. On the other hand f the moble subscrber resdes n the boundary lne of two or more MMs, then moble agent communcates wth the correspondng MMs, after recevng packets from the MAC layer, the moble agent rearranges ncomng packets n order of packet number and then forwards them to ether the TCP or UDP layer through the IP layer. In the case of heterogeneous network, t s necessary to run the MAC and the physcal protocols together, advanced processng speed s requred for hardware. So, we ntroduce a moble agent to mnmze the loads of hardware by rearrangng packets of common lnk layers by ncorporatng moble agent. 121

3 A. Protocol Descrpton In our wreless heterogeneous network we consder that there are M (for smulaton purpose M=3 knds of varous wreless access networks whch are fully overlayed. And for smplcty we assume that the transmt power of every AP n one network s fxed and they share the whole avalable frequency band equally. Here we consder multpath and path loss and use Raylegh fadng channel model. The channel gan, transfer characterstcs of the physcal medum [13] of MS located at the th cell of system m s: 2 g,. A. d, here, α represents an exponental dstrbuted random varable wth mean of 1; A.d -β defnes path loss, A s a constant determned by antenna heght and carrer frequency, β s a damped exponental, d, s the dstance between MS and AP n system m. Handover requred/new call ntated (1 e defne the transmsson effcency C,, (bps/hz accordng to Shannon Informatcs as the maxmum transmsson rate got by MS located n the th cell of system m (consderng the nterference from other APs n the same syste 1 1 g,. P, m C,, log Nm 2 (2 g, k. P, m N,, m k 1 here, N,,m s the nose power MS receved; Γ s a constant sgnal-to-nose rato gap [13] (SNR gap related wth the requred bt error rate and the transmt power of system m allocated n unt bandwdth s P,m. e take three wreless access systems (such as UMTS, Max and AN to calculate the optmal flow dvdng rato. After MS s accepted, the dfference of the relatve load among the wreless access systems Determne channel gan and transmsson effcency,1,2 1,,,1 2,,,2 (3 No MS resdes n the boundary lne of two or more MMs Yes,2,3,3,1 2,, 3,,,2,3 3,, 1,,,3 here,,m s bandwdth requrement of MS n the system m and, s the load of the th cell n system m.,1 (4 (5 Calculate the optmal flow dvdng rato by MM Common lnk layer rearranges the packets Calculate the optmal flow dvdng rato through moble agent. Common lnk layer packets of dfferent grds are rearranged by moble agent To gan the best load balancng effect, the optmal flow dvdng rato, ω*,m of user n system m s derved by * * *,1,,2,,3 arg mn, x, y here x={1,2,3} and y={1,2,3} but x y. et = Δ, on the bass of (3 to (6, the optmal flow dvdng rato can be obtaned by the followng three equatons (6 Forward packets ether usng Transmsson Control Protocol (TCP or User Datagram Protocol (UDP through the IP layer. Fgure 2. Flow dagram of proposed load balancng algorthm R,1 R,2 R,3,,1,,,2,,,3, C,,1, C C,,1,,,1,,,2,,,3,,,1,,,1, C,,2,,,3,,,1, C,,2,,,3, C.( 2..,,2,.( 1.. C,,2,.( 2.. C,,2,,,3,,,3, C,,3, here, R be the requred rate of MS (7 (8 (9 122

4 Normalzed oad Call Blockng Probablty B. oad Balancng Algorthm Step 1: hen MS requres to access to the system or needs to handover ntra-system or nter-system durng to the factors such as the movement of MS and the declne of servce qualty, RI lsts the avalable APs. Step 2: RI measures the channel gans g, between MS and each avalable AP accordng to (1, calculates the transmsson effcency C,, of user n system m on the bass of (2, and delvers the results to MM. Step 3: If MS resde wthn the basc grd then MM calculates the optmal flow-dvdng rato for MS accordng to (7, (8 and (9. Step 4: If MS reached at the border of basc grd then moble agent communcates wth neghborng MMs and calculates the optmal flow-dvdng rato for the MS accordng to (7,(8 and (9. Step 5: MM makes MS access to or handover to the relevant network(s accordng to the optmal flow-dvdng rato. 5. Smulaton Study The call blockng probablty and load balancng unformty s smulated for study and comparson purpose. MATAB smulator s used to smulate the proposed SDA based load balancng algorthm and extng HSCA [7] based BDH [11], the latest flourshng archtecture of heterogeneous wreless network over sem-centralzed and sem-dstrbuted archtecture SCSDA [3]. A. Smulaton Scenaro For smulaton purpose and smplcty we consder that all three types of APs (UMTS, Max and AN are present n each basc grd. The APs of center cell of the three access technologes are overlayed and the subscrbers are randomly dstrbuted n the overlapped area, where as the subscrber locatons are updated n every 1ms. The smulaton parameters are summarzed n Table 1. Table 1. Smulaton parameters Parameters Cellular System 1 Cellular System 2 Cellular System 3 Radus.38km.75km 1.5km Carrer 2.GHz 2.GHz 3.5GHz frequency Bandwdth 5MHz 1MHz 2MHz TX power of 24dBm 43 dbm 46 dbm AP Nose Power -118 dbm/hz -17 dbm/hz -174 dbm/hz Requred BER 1-3 Subscrber 12km/h speed Traffc rate Follows unform dstrbuton from 5 kb/s to 1 kb/s Traffc Follows poson dstrbuton wth mean of generaton 1s tme nterval B. Smulaton Result A smulaton result regardng call blockng probablty s shown n Fg. 3. Here, number of new arrvals represents the number of actvated subscrber n the cell of cellular system 1. The call blockng probablty s ncreasng wth the number of subscrbers ncrement. But the call blockng probablty of the proposed algorthm s always lower than the blockng probablty of exstng benchmark.e herarchcal sem-centralzed archtecture (HSCA based algorthm (BDH. Because, n exstng archtecture, when subscrber reached at the border lne of the basc grd, load balancng algorthm based on HSCA tres to make a handover and otherwse drop the packet. On the other hand the proposed load balancng algorthm based on SDA try to balance loads usng moble agents and by determnng flow dvdng rato among the avalable nodes of adacent grds Exstng BDH Proposed SDA Number of new arrvals Fgure 3all blockng probablty BDH(1 SDA(1 BDH(2 SDA(2 BDH(3 SDA( Number of new arrvals Fgure 4. Balanced loads of dfferent access technologes 123

5 Average Resource Utlzaton The load status of dfferent access technologes s shown n Fg. 4. Here, the normalzed loads of the dfferent cellular systems are becomes more balanced wth ncrement number of users (number of new arrvals. The fgure shows that SDA based load balancng algorthm dstrbutes loads more unformly than the exstng BDH. Because the proposed algorthm always try to balance loads among the avalable access technologes, whereas exstng approach concentrate on load sharng Exstng BDH Proposed SDA Number of new arrvals Fgure 5. Overall heterogeneous system utlzaton Fg. 5 presents the average resource utlzaton of heterogeneous system of exstng BDH and proposed SDA based load balancng algorthm. The overall resource utlzaton of heterogeneous system usng the proposed algorthm s hgher than that of the BDH algorthm. The maor cause of the hgher resource utlzaton s ts balance dstrbuton of loads among dfferent wreless network access technologes, so t can be served more number of arrval calls. 6oncluson The proposed load balancng algorthm deployed on the SDA archtecture reduces call blockng probablty sgnfcantly. The smulaton result also artculates ts unform dstrbuton of loads among dfferent access technologes. Obvously the proposed load balancng archtecture and algorthm ntroduce an effcent load balancng method n heterogeneous wreless networks. Resource utlzaton, uplnk-downlnk power consumpton, handoff requrements, nterference and QoS parameters are stll subect to study n the proposed method. Acknowledgement Ths research was supported by Next-Generaton Informaton Computng Development Program through the Natonal Research Foundaton of Korea(NRF funded by the Mnstry of Educaton, Scence and Technology ( *DrS Hong s correspondng Author. References [1] B.,. X. Sh and N., A Herarchcal semcentralzed archtecture for load balancng of heterogeneous wreless networks, Second Internatonal Conference on Networks Securty reless Communcatons and Trusted Computng (NSCTC, vol.2, Apr. 21, pp [2] Y. R. an and T. Yu, A dynamc central scheduler load balancng mechans IEEE Fourteenth Annual Internatonal Phoenx Conference on Computers and Communcatons, Mar. 1995, pp [3] G. Q. Nng and G. X. Zhu, oad balancng based on traffc selecton n heterogeneous overlappng cellular networks, Journal of Chnese Computer Systems, vol.27, no.11, Nov. 26, pp [4] G. Q. Nng, G. X. Zhu,. X. Peng and X. F. u, oad balancng based on traffc selecton n heterogeneous overlappng cellular networks, The Frst IEEE and IFIP Internatonal Conference n Central Asa on Internet, Sept. 25. [5] M. G. R. Ala C. Bswas and N. Nower "A Relable and Sem-dstrbuted oad Balancng Archtecture of Heterogeneous reless Networks, Proceedngs of 14th Internatonal Conference on Computer and Informaton Technology (ICCIT 211, December, 211, Dhaka, Bangladesh. [6] M. G. R. Ala C. Bswas, N. Nower and M. S. A. Khan "A Relable and Sem-dstrbuted oad Balancng Archtecture of Heterogeneous reless Networks, Internatonal Journal of Computer Networks & Communcatons (IJCNC, Vol. 4, No.1, January 212, pp [7]. Sh, B., N. and C. Xa, A Network archtecture for load balancng of heterogeneous wreless network, Journal of Networks, Volume 6, No 4, Apr. 211, pp [8] K. Yang, B. Qu and. S. Dooley, An Adaptve Soft Handover Schema usng Fuzzxy oad-balancng for CDMA Systems, IASTED Internatonal Conference on Networks and Communcaton Systems, Thaland, March 26. [9] H. Son, S. ee, S. K Y. S. Shn, Soft load balancng over heterogeneous wreless networks, IEEE Transactons on Vehcular Technology, vol. 57, no. 4, pp , July 28. [1]. Kuhel, J. J. Hyun, D. P. Agrawal, Explorng load balancng n heterogeneous networks by rate dstrbuton, IEEE Internatonal Performance, Computng and Communcatons Conference, 28. IPCCC 28, pp , December 28. [11] B.,. X. Sh and Y. Zhao, A oad Balancng Algorthm Based on Dvdng IP Flow for Hgh-speed Traffc over Heterogeneous reless Networks, 3rd Internatonal Congress on Image and Sgnal Processng (CISP, 21, pp [12]. X. and Z. Q. Qang, The analyss of the applcaton about MA n E-Commerce, Internatonal Conference on E-Busness and E- Governance, 21, pp [13] J. Hulng, Access selecton and call admsson control n heterogeneous wreless networks, Ph.D Thess, Zheang Unversty, Aprl

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