A Route Selection Scheme for Multi-Route Coding in Multihop Cellular Networks

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1 A Route Selection Scheme for Multi-Route Coding in Multihop Cellular Networks Hiraku Okada,HitoshiImai, Takaya Yamazato, Masaaki Katayama, Kenichi Mase Center for Transdisciplinary Research, Niigata University, 8050, Ikarashi 2-no-cho, Niigata, , Japan, Graduate School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, , Japan, EcoTopia Science Institute, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, , Japan, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, 8050, Ikarashi 2-no-cho, Niigata, , Japan, Abstract In the multihop cellular networks, multiple routes from a user station to a base station can be established because of the flexibility of network topology. In order to reduce packet errors of wireless transmissions, we proposed the multi-route coding scheme, in which packets are encoded and divided into subpackets, and they are transmitted on several routes from the user station to the base station. In order to improve the performance of the multi-route coding, a route selection scheme is very important issue. In this paper, we propose the route selection scheme for the multi-route coding in multihop cellular networks. The proposed scheme is based on the bit error rate of wireless links. We also apply the proposed route selection scheme to a hybrid routing protocol and evaluate its performance. Keywords multihop cellular network, route selection scheme, multi-route coding I. INTRODUCTION For the future generation cellular systems, it is required to realize much higher data rate transmission. One of the ways to satisfy this requirement is to have smaller cell size such as a micro or pico cell. But it is difficult to construct a large number of wired base stations for its high cost. Multihop cellular networks using wireless multihop transmissions are useful strategy to solve this difficulty, and have much attention among a lot of researches [1] [4]. Multihop cellular networks consist of three kinds of wireless stations: a user station, a relay station, and a base station. The user station sends a packet to the base station via the relay stations. The user station can move, but the relay station and the base station are usually fixed and the base station mediates with a core network. Therefore, multihop cellular networks have hierarchical structure with two different characters. Furthermore, the user station can communicate not only with the base station in his staying cell but also base stations in the other cells via relay stations. Thus, the concept that the user station belongs to a certain cell is not reasonable. In multihop cellular networks, cumulative errors in wireless links due to packet relaying and/or route loss due to topological change will degrade the system performance. Because of the flexible construction of network topology, multiple routes can be established between the user station and the base station. Furthermore, the user station can connect with several base stations [5]. Multiple routes are used for various purposes such as maintaining alternative routes, load balancing, and diminishing the effect of frequent topological changes. In [6], a multi-route coding was proposed to reduce bit errors on wireless channels. In this scheme, the user station encodes a packet, divided it into subpackets and sent to the base stations on several routes. At the base stations, arriving subpackets are combined and decoded. This can mitigate the influence of route loss and reduce packet errors due to a coding and diversity gain. One of the important issues for the multi-route coding is to develop the efficient routing protocol. Although several multipath routing protocols have been proposed in the field of mobile ad hoc networks [7] [9], these are rarely specified for the multi-route coding. Additional performance improvement is expected if a routing protocol for multi-route coding is developed. There are several requirements of the routing protocol for the multi-route coding. One is selecting disjoint routes that do not share the relay stations between the user station and the base stations because of the suppression of the influence of the route loss and the reduction in packet errors. Another is to discover as many routes as possible because the more packets are combined, the more diversity gain is achieved. The number of control packets should be small to reduce traffic. The route selection scheme is very important issue for the multi-route coding. The route which consists of the bad wireless link degrades the performance of the multi-route coding. In [5], the routing protocol for the multi-route coding was proposed. In this routing protocol, routes between the base stations and the relay stations are previously established using a proactive tree-based routing protocol so as to reduce the control overhead. In order to increase the number of established routes, multiple trees are constructed. When transmission requests are generated from the user station, the user station establishes disjoint routes to the base stations reactively referring to the proactively established routes. The route selection is, however, not considered in this protocol, /07/$ IEEE 6 Authorized licensed use limited to: National Taiwan University. Downloaded on April 12, 2009 at :13 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.

2 user station 1 Fig. 1. main base station for user station 1 Multihop cellular networks. core network base station relay station user station and it will be improved if the route is selected with the consideration of the wireless link conditions. In this paper, we propose a route selection scheme for the multi-route coding in multihop cellular networks. In multihop cellular networks employing regenerative relay, the route from the user station to the base station can be modeled as a virtual binary symmetric channel (BSC) [6]. The proposed scheme is based on the bit error rate (BER). We also apply the proposed route selection scheme to the routing protocol and evaluate its performance. II. CELLULAR NETWORK MODEL Figure 1 shows a multihop cellular network model. This model consists of user stations (USes), relay stations (RSes), and base stations (BSes). The base station is located at the center of a cell in a manner similar to the current cellular systems and has a connection with a core network. We consider up link transmissions from the user station to the base station in his staying cell, which is called his main base station. One or more routes are established from the user station to the main base station, where only the relay stations can forward subpackets and any user stations does not do. Furthermore, the user station can transmit a packet not only to the base station in his staying cell but also to other base stations via relay stations. The main base station gathers subpackets received by other base stations via the core network. III. MULTI-ROUTE CODING In this section, we explain the multi-route coding in the wireless multi-hop networks [6]. Figure 2 (a) shows a transmitter structure of the user station. A packet is encoded by the turbo encoder. Note that the encoded bit sequence of the turbo code consists of a message sequence and two parity sequences, and the message sequence is more important than the parity sequences to correctly recover the sent data sequence []. Then the message sequence is spread uniformly on subpackets so as to enhance the diversity effect. A scrambler spreads the message sequence and parity sequences, and generates subpackets for multiple routes. These subpackets are stored at the buffers. Each stored subpacket is modulated and transmitted through the corresponding route. This operation is repeated until all subpackets are transmitted to the next stations. The relay stations perform only regenerative relay. The received signal is demodulated to a hard-valued binary sequence, remodulated, and transmitted to the next station. Note that neither error correction nor error detection is performed at relay stations. A receiver structure of the base station is shown in Fig. 2 (b). The received signal is demodulated to an estimated bit sequence of a subpacket. It is stored at the buffer. The subpackets received by other base stations are gathered and also stored at the buffers. As mentioned above, regenerative relay is employed at the relay stations. Then, soft decision values of a subpacket received at the relay station are lost and cannot be transmitted beyond the relay station. But hard decision values of that are remodulated and transmitted to the base station, namely, the base station can make use of hard decision values, which contain hard valued reliability information of every wireless link on the route. We can regard whole wireless links on each route as a virtual BSC, and multiple routes are considered as multiple virtual BSCs [6]. Each virtual BSC is characterized by the properties of all wireless links on its route, and each channel will have different channel characteristics, which corresponds to the BER of the virtual BSC, from other channels. The iterative decoder should be designed in consideration of these properties. In the iterative decoder for the turbo code, reliability value of a channel L c indicates the channel characteristic. For a BSC, L c is calculated by log likelihood ratio of the BER [11]. Therefore, in order to consider the different characteristic of each route, the received subpacket of the nth route. The outputs of the multipliers are descrambled, and decoded by the iterative decoder. is multiplied by the L (n) c IV. CRITERIA OF ROUTE SELECTION In this section, we discuss the criteria of route selection. Several routes are established according to this criteria and they are used for the multi-route coding described in III. Of course, we can select the best route among all routes, but this selection scheme faces a serious problem that the degradation due to instant fading loss is inevitable. On the other hand, the selection of bad routes degrades the decoding performance if we select all routes. Then we select several routes whose conditions are relatively good in order to enhance the diversity and coding effect of multi-route coding. In the multihop cellular networks using the regenerative relay, multiple routes are regarded as multiple BSCs. We select several routes, that is, several virtual BSCs whose BERs are below a certain threshold value. When the number of hops in the nth route is M n, BER of Authorized licensed use limited to: National Taiwan University. Downloaded on April 12, 2009 at :13 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply. 7

3 Subpackets Packet Turbo encoder Message seq. Parity seq. #1 Scrambler Modulator Parity seq. #2 (a) Transmitter structure of the user station. Channel information Lc (n) Subpackets Demodulator Descrambler Iterative decoder Decided packet via core network Demodulator Other base stations (b) Receiver structure of the base station. Fig. 2. Transmitter and receiver structures for the multi-route coding. the nth virtual BSC, BER n may be derived as, M n BER n =1 (1 BER n,m ) m=1 M n BER n,m, (1) m=1 where BER n,m is the BER of the mth wireless link. The BER of the virtual BSC is approximated to the sum of whole BERs of wireless links on its route. Since a value of BER changes with order of a figure, the maximum value of link BER of all wireless links is the dominant factor of the BER of the virtual BSC. So the selection of virtual BSCs whose BERs are below a certain threshold corresponds to the selection of wireless links whose BERs are below a certain threshold. Let us investigate the difference between these route selection methods: one method is that BERs of virtual BSCs is below the threshold, and another is that BERs of wireless links is below the threshold. Given L routes, and the packet error rate after iterative decoding of multi-route coding is evaluated. Simulation parameters are shown in Table I. Figure 3 shows the packet error rate as a parameter of the threshold. From this figure, we can find that the packet error rate can be improved by selecting routes according to the BER threshold. When the threshold is high, bad routes degrade the packet error rate. On the other hand, the diversity effect is degraded when the threshold is low. So the optimum value of the threshold exists. The difference between two methods cannot be seen in this TABLE I SIMULATION PARAMETERS FOR THE NUMERICAL EXAMPLE OF ROUTE SELECTION METHODS. number of available routes, L number of hops, M n 3 distance between stations m 3.5 path loss exponent (received SNR=20 db at distance 0 m) standard deviation of lognormal shadowing 7.0 db fading flat Rayleigh modulation scheme BPSK packet length 00 bits turbo code rate 1/3, (37,21) RSC number of iteration = 5 figure. Therefore, we can use the threshold on BER of the wireless link for the route selection scheme. V. ROUTING PROTOCOL As described in IV, we can select routes according BERs of wireless links. It is very useful for routing protocols because routing protocols based on the hop count can be employed after bad wireless links are eliminated according to the threshold. In this section, we describe the routing protocol using the BER criteria to establish multiple routes from the user station to the base station. This routing protocol is based on [5], which is a hybrid routing protocol. In [5], routes between the base stations and relay stations are previously Authorized licensed use limited to: National Taiwan University. Downloaded on April 12, 2009 at :13 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply. 8

4 -1 Average packet error rate -2 (a) Eliminating bad wireless links. (b) Route establishment between the base stations and relay stations. threshold on BER of wireless link threshold on BER of virtual BSC BER threshold Fig. 3. Average packet error as a parameter of threshold for two route selection methods. established. After that, the user station establishes routes to the base station reactively. This can mitigate the increase in the control overhead. We modify this routing protocol to apply the proposed route selection scheme. The procedure of this protocol is the following. 1) At every wireless link, BER is measured periodically. If the BER is below the threshold, this wireless link is not used, that is, data or control packets are not transmitted in this wireless link. (Fig. 4(a)) 2) Routes between the base stations and relay stations are established proactively. A base station broadcasts a reference packet for route establishment. The relay station checks the received reference packet. If the relay station received the same packet, he discards it. Otherwise, he broadcast it. This process is repeated and finally, tree routes from the base station to the relay stations are established. (Fig. 4(b)) 3) Routes from the user station to the base stations are established with reactive routing protocols after the occurrence of the transmission request. First, the user station floods the route request (RREQ) packets. The relay stations receiving this packet forwards it to the base station by referring to the routes established in the proactive phase. (Fig. 4(c)) 4) The base station selects at most N max disjoint routes among the established routes in order of low BER of routes. Although all established routes can be used for the multi-route coding, the limitation of the maximum number of transmitting routes can reduce the overhead of multi-route coding. After the selection of disjoint routes, the base station returns the route reply (RREP) packet to the user station. (Fig. 4(d)) VI. NUMERICAL RESULTS In this section, we evaluate the performance of the proposed route selection scheme. Simulation parameters of the cellular (c) RREQ transmission from the user station. (d) Selecting several routes and RREP transmissions from the base stations. Fig. 4. Procedure of the hybrid routing protocol using the proposed route selection scheme. TABLE II CELLULAR MODEL USING ROUTE ESTABLISHMENT. number of cells 7 location of base stations center of each cell distance between base stations 00 m location of relay stations uniform distribution number of relay stations 292 location of user stations uniform distribution model are shown in Table II. Other parameters are the same with Table I. Figure 5 show the average packet error rate of the multiroute coding. The horizon axis is the maximum number of selected routes N max as described in V. From this figure, we can find that the average packet error rate can be improved by the proposed route selection scheme. Similar to Fig. 3, the optimum value of the threshold can be seen, which is 4. The packet error rate with the optimum threshold is almost the same when the maximum number of routes is more than 7. So there is the optimum value of the maximum number of routes. The probability density function of the number of hops is shown in Fig. 6. The number of hops becomes larger as the threshold becomes lower. Usually, the wireless link with low BER is short distance, so it is a reason why the number of hops becomes large. Figure 7 shows the probability density function of the number of available routes, which is the number of routes before the route selection among the established routes in the procedure 4) described in V. It is easily expected that the Authorized licensed use limited to: National Taiwan University. Downloaded on April 12, 2009 at :13 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply. 9

5 0 0.3 Average packet error rate Probability density function Maximum number of routes Number of routes Fig. 5. Average packet error rate when hybrid routing protocol is employed. Fig. 7. Probability density function of number of available routes. Probability density function We have also evaluated the packet error rate of the routing protocol using the proposed route selection scheme. As a result, the packet error rate can be improved by the proposed scheme. When we adjust the threshold optimally, the diversity and coding gain can be obtained effectively. ACKNOWLEDGMENT This work was supported in part by he Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology under Grant-in- Aid for Scientific Research Number of hops Fig. 6. Probability density function of number of hops. number of available routes is small as the threshold becomes small. From Fig. 5, the optimum value of the threshold is 4. The number of routes for the threshold= 4 is about 6, which is the same with the optimum value of the maximum number of routes. It will be enough to obtain the diversity effect. VII. CONCLUSIONS In this paper, we have proposed the route selection scheme for the multi-route coding in multihop cellular networks. This proposed scheme is based on not the BER of the whole wireless links on a route, that is, the BER of virtual BSC but the BER of every wireless link. It is very useful for the routing protocol because bad wireless links are previously eliminated before the operation of the routing protocol. Although only the BER of wireless links is considered, the packet error rate is almost the same performance with that with the consideration of the whole wireless links on a route. Furthermore several routes are selected among the available routes because the limitation of the maximum number of transmitting routes can reduce the overhead of multi-route coding. REFERENCES [1] M. Frodigh, S. Parkvall, C. Roobol, P. Johansson, and P. Larsson, Future-generation wireless networks, IEEE Personal Commun. Mag., vol. 8, no. 5, pp. 17, Oct [2] F. Adachi, Wireless past and future evolving mobile communications systems, IEICE Trans. Fundamentals, vol. 84-A, no. 1, pp , Jan [3] E. Kudoh and F. Adachi, Power and frequency efficient virtual cellular network, in Proc. 57th IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference, 2003, pp [4] M. Lott, A. Weckerle, W. Zirwas, H. Li, and E. Schulz, Hierarchical cellular multihop networks, in The 5th European Personal Mobile Communications Conference, 2003, pp [5] H. Imai, H. Okada, T. Yamazato, and M. Katayama, The effect of multipath hybrid routing protocol in multihop cellular networks, in Proc. The 17th Annual IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communication, [6] H. Okada, N. Nakagawa, T. Wada, T. Yamazato, and M. Katayama, Multi-route coding in wireless multi-hop networks, IEICE Transactions on Communications, vol. E89-B, no. 5, pp , May [7] A. Tsirigos and Z. J. Hass, Multipath routing in the presence of frequent topological changes, IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 39, no. 11, pp , Nov [8] A. Nasipuri and S. Das, On-demand multipath routing for mobile ad hoc networks, in Proc. International Conference on Computer Communications and Networks, 1999, pp [9] S. J. Lee and M. Gerla, Split multipath routing with maximally disjoint paths in ad hoc networks, in Proc. IEEE International Conference on Communications, 2001, pp [] J. Hokfelt and T. Maseng, Optimizing the energy of different bitsreams of turbo codes, in Turbo Coding Seminar Proceedings, Aug. 1996, pp [11] A. J. Viterbi and J. K. Omura, Principles of Digital Communication and Coding. McGraw-Hill, Authorized licensed use limited to: National Taiwan University. Downloaded on April 12, 2009 at :13 from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.

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