Network Design and Management. Nixu Ltd.
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1 Network Design and Management Nixu Ltd.
2 Contents Network Design and Management The FCAPS Model High Availability solutions SNMP protocol Nixu Ltd. 2/31 Network Design and Management
3 Network Design and Management The art and science of creating and maintaining working network solutions that provide services The design starts at the requirements specification Design without clear requirements is usually pointless Major constraints are: Services required (eg. secure connection between two company offices in different countries) Performance and reliability (eg. 2 Mbps with 6 hrs downtime / month but 64 kbps with 1 hr down / year) Money (eg. $ / month) Nixu Ltd. 3/31 Network Design and Management
4 The FCAPS Model Fault Management Configuration Management Accounting Performance Management Security Management Part of Telecommunications Management Network (TMN) standard from ITU Here used more as a conceptual framework and checklist This presentation is not necessarily compatible with what ITU thinks about the FCAPS model Nixu Ltd. 4/31 Network Design and Management
5 Fault Management Monitor network status SNMP, CMIP, TMN standards Commercial and homebrew tools On traditional telco side the most important part of FCAPS Long term aim of the fault management is to: Recognize trends Find better solutions Nixu Ltd. 5/31 Network Design and Management
6 Fault Management The immediate fault handling process is Receive an alarm Identify the symptoms of the problem Open ticket Send an immediate report if needed Detect the actual cause Fix the problem Document the solution Report and close the ticket Nixu Ltd. 6/31 Network Design and Management
7 Configuration Management How to Add, remove and update equipment Install it physically Configure the equipment Manage versions of the configuration and Fall back to a previous configuration Keep track of the equipment Do preventive maintenance Configuration and change management is a very important part of network management Autoconfiguration is often preferrable, especially when the hardware is physically located in a separate place E.g. cable modems, plug and play components Nixu Ltd. 7/31 Network Design and Management
8 Accounting Monitoring the usage and charging for it is often an important requirement Like, companies that don t make a profit don t live long High detail level accounting is very expensive Eg. each transaction in a web proxy This is the specialty of telcos Accounting is related to financial functions, like billing Produces also internal data Required for performance monitoring Also used for fraud monitoring Nixu Ltd. 8/31 Network Design and Management
9 Performance Management How to ensure then enough capacity is available for services Network bandwidth Over each link, taking latency into account Router memory and CPU Disk space etc. How to optimize the usage of available capacity 90% optimal is generally good enough Perfect is the worst enemy of good Planning for faults Extra capacity, redundancy Change of operations mode Nixu Ltd. 9/31 Network Design and Management
10 Performance Management How to find other solutions for providing performance besides adding capacity Smarter router interface cards instead of adding CPU HTTP caches Performance management is constant tuning and monitoring Like how much to pre-fetch to the HTTP cache The requirements must be planned beforehand Sometimes an order can take years to complete (undersea cables) Differences in performance can make or break an operation Nixu Ltd. 10/31 Network Design and Management
11 Security Management The production network must be protected The security must be incorporated in the design Separate management and user data networks (like telco user and control planes) Implementation is important Constant monitoring Constant design review Practical issues, like key and password distribution Security can also be provided to the customers as a service Virtual Private Networks Firewalls Content filtering Nixu Ltd. 11/31 Network Design and Management
12 Connecting Locations Dig a hole and lay the cable yourself Totally owned and managed Always lay over the current capacity requirement, digging is expensive Purchase "black fiber" or leased line from a telco Gives you full freedom and control, you pay for the whole capacity Purchase a managed connection from a telco ATM, Frame Relay, manged fiber, MPLS... You pay for a SLA (Service Level Agreement) Be careful about what you are buying Use the public Internet Easy, poorest service level Nixu Ltd. 12/31 Network Design and Management
13 Managed Connections Telcos provide many kinds of connectivity services based on different technologies VPNs (Virtual Private Networks) on the telco s IP network Privacy created by router configuration or MPLS (MultiProtocol Label Switching) These configurations tend to leak Not to be confused with crypto based VPNs QoS (Quality of Service) differs Data Link layer VPNs Privacy usually better protected than on IP level QoS usually provided by the telco infra May be used for different services (voice, data, video) Nixu Ltd. 13/31 Network Design and Management
14 Managed Connections ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode, layer 2 and 3 protocol Provides easily configurable controlled bandwidth Currently one viable solution for telcos when building the backbone networks IP traffic is transmitted over the ATM network using ATM Adaptation Layer 5 (AAL 5) The telco is in charge of the physical implementation Redundant routing might become non-redundant (all connections in one cable) Nixu Ltd. 14/31 Network Design and Management
15 Network Equipment Routers, switches, interface cards, adapters, drop cables... Generally keeping the number of vendors as low as possible makes life easier Usually there is a legacy of hardware and software Sometimes it makes sense to throw out perfectly good equipment When selecting the equipment, think about the growth path Are we going to need QoS in the future (MPLS, RSVP capable routers) Can we migrate from 100 BaseT to Gigabit Ethernet in the servers? Nixu Ltd. 15/31 Network Design and Management
16 Switching Level 2 switches transmit Ethernet packets faster than hubs A 10 BaseT switch might have 100 Mbps internal backbone, allowing several 10 Mbps traffic flows simultaneously Level 3 switches speed up IP flows compared to routing Higher capacity routers often incorporate this capability Label switching might replace IP routing in the future Instead of routing each packet separately, a path is created and all packets matching the flow label are sent along the path MPLS uses this Nixu Ltd. 16/31 Network Design and Management
17 Switching Level 4 swithches are used to manage TCP flows Traffic is distributed to several Web servers sharing the same content Or SMTP, Telnet or whatever TCP servers Level 5-7 switches are application specific, typically Web (HTTP) switches Enable more efficient use of web servers and load balancing Can provide limited protection against DoS (Denial of Service) attacks Nixu Ltd. 17/31 Network Design and Management
18 High Availability Solutions Two main issues Fault tolerance equipment faults connection faults Performance standard user load "flash crowds" Cost is always an issue Nixu Ltd. 18/31 Network Design and Management
19 High Availability Solutions Duplication and distribution of connections On the routing, DNS and physical level Can provid egeographical load balancing On the TCP/UDP level On the application level Multiple servers Synchronizing the data is an issue Server clusters can monitor each other with heartbeats Spare equipment Cold standby equipment is pre-placed and can be configured by staff Hot standbys are pre-loaded with the correct configuration Nixu Ltd. 19/31 Network Design and Management
20 Network Management with SNMP Simple Network Management Protocol is defined in RFC Network elements (routers, hosts, printers etc) have a SNMP agent Management station queries network elements for information Management Information Base (MIB) describes the information served by SNMP agents Nixu Ltd. 20/31 Network Design and Management
21 Network Management with SNMP Management Station Network elements with agents Nixu Ltd. 21/31 Network Design and Management
22 Management Information Base Specifies what variables the network elements maintain Variables are the information that can be queried and set by the manager Specifies standardized object identifiers Variables are named using a scheme that is hierarchial and is unlimited in expansion, E.g. iso.org.dod.internet.mgmt.mib-2 There is a branch in the naming tree for private enterprises (usually manufacturers of network hardware) to locate their own MIBs Nixu Ltd. 22/31 Network Design and Management
23 MIB example sysuptime OBJECT-TYPE SYNTAX TimeTicks MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION "The time (in hundredths of a second) since the network management portion of the system was last re-initialized." ::= { system 3 } Data types: Integer, DisplayString, TimeTicks,.. More complex data types can be constructed using sequence and union Nixu Ltd. 23/31 Network Design and Management
24 SNMP Network Management in action Network manager software is configured with the network layout and the MIBs of different network elements Network manager regularily queries the network elements and displays the information to human supervisor When the management software finds something wrong, for example a router does not reply to queries for a while, the software alerts the human supervisor Network manager may set variables in a network element, eg. the address of a DNS server A network element may send a trap, for example a printer may signal that it is out of paper Nixu Ltd. 24/31 Network Design and Management
25 CMIP Complex Management Information Protocol The OSI protocol comparable to SNMP Addresses many of the shortcomings of SNMP, is also more complicated and requires more resources In many cases agents might be too heavy for practical use as compared to SNMP Currently should be considered only if network management is of serious importance Nixu Ltd. 25/31 Network Design and Management
26 Other network and service monitoring tools SNMP is oriented towards collecting data on network equipment A MIB and an agent is needed for each service to be monitored Often services can be monitored with simpler tools Example: Big Brother, Unix based collection of scripts, that connect the servers on the network and gather data A Web based display that shows if everything is working OK or not The source code is included (priceless!) Independet and homebrew tools provide more depth for analysis Duplicate measurement using dissimilar methods help to separate actual problems from problems in the measuring system Nixu Ltd. 26/31 Network Design and Management
27 Solving network problems Things will go wrong Make a checklist beforehand Try to have diagnostic tools for all possible problems Never confuse a measurement with the thing being measured Tools show what they think is the fault Stay calm, focused and methodical Check the cables If you spend all your time handling problems, something is wrong Stay on the ball instead of chasing it Nixu Ltd. 27/31 Network Design and Management
28 Service Management Services are above the network layer, they are what the users see Properly configured networks with redundancy might experience partial failure without affecting the services Managing and monitoring services is not as well standardized and layered as the network level This is becoming an important business area There is a strong trend towards allowing the users configure the services themselves "self provisioning" After the service management is figured out, business management is the next level Nixu Ltd. 28/31 Network Design and Management
29 Providing and managing services Know your services, the network is only the delivery mechanism Generally the services drive the network design How much bandwidth needed and where? How many servers, how to balance the load? Sometimes network problems can be solved by adapting the services One solution to web user overload (flash crowd) is to make the service require less bandwidht Eg. the CNN "war mode" with less graphics Nixu Ltd. 29/31 Network Design and Management
30 Content Delivery Networks How to provide a very popular (Web) service to all the users of the Internet? The content is distributed to several web servers in different physical (or network topological) locations Domain Name System (DNS) is used to direct the traffic to the server considered nearest Content can be duplicated to different servers Managing a CDN is quite complex Currently Akamai is the market leader Nixu Ltd. 30/31 Network Design and Management
31 Closing thoughts When designing a network: Think about the big picture, what is the reason for this network Think about the future When maintaining the network daily: Think about making your work easier Take care of the details When solving a network problem: Think calmly and methodically Do not rush, if the first three attempts do not fix the problem, go get a cup of coffee Nixu Ltd. 31/31 Network Design and Management
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