Smart Grid Communications and Networking

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1 Smart Grid Communications and Networking EKRAM HOSSAIN University of Manitoba, Canada ZHU HAN University of Houston, Texas H. VINCENT POOR Princeton University, New Jersey CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS

Contents List of contributors Preface page xvii xxi Part i Communication architectures and models for smart grid l 1 Communication networks in smart grid: an architectural view 3 1.1 Introduction 3 1.

2 Contents List of contributors Preface page xvii xxi Part i Communication architectures and models for smart grid l 1 Communication networks in smart grid: an architectural view Introduction Smart grid conceptual model Smart grid communication infrastructures Home-area networks (HANs) Neighbourhood-area networks (NANs) Wide-area networks (WANs) Enterprise External Interoperability issues Role of communication infrastructures in smart grid Customer premises Core communication network Last-mile connection Control centre Sensor and actuator networks (SANETs) Security and privacy in the communications infrastracture for smart grid Component-wise security Protocol security Network-wise security Open issues and future research directions Cost-aware communication and networking infrastracture Quality-of-service (QoS) framework Optimal network design Conclusion 27

viii Contents New models for networked control in smart grid 34 2.1 Introduction 34 2.2 Information in today's power system management operations 35 2.2.1 The management operations in today's power systems 35 2.

3 viii Contents New models for networked control in smart grid Introduction Information in today's power system management operations The management operations in today's power systems Supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) Basic models for power system controls Existing power grid controls The intrinsic difficulties of networked control Enhanced smart grid measuring functionalities State estimation Wide-area measurement system (WAMS) and GridStat Demand-side management and demand response: the key to distribute cheap and green electrons The central electricity market Real-time pricing Direct load control Possibilities and challenges at the edge of the network Conclusion 61 Demand-side management for smart grid: opportunities and challenges Introduction System model Energy-consumption scheduling model Residential load-scheduling model Energy-consumption scheduling problem formulation Energy-consumption scheduling algorithm Performance evaluation Energy-consumption control model using utility functions User preference and utility function Energy consumption-control problem formulation Equilibrium among users The Vickrey-Clarke-Groves (VCG) approach Performance evaluation of power-level selection algorithms Conclusion, 88 Vehicle-to-grid systems: ancillary services and communications Introduction Ancillary services in V2G systems V2G system architectures Aggregation scenarios Charging scenarios V2G systems communications 99

Contents ix 4.4.1 Power-line communications and HomePlug 99 4.4.2 Wireless personal-area networking and ZigBee 99 4.4.3 Z-Wave 100 4.4.4 Cellular networks 100 4.4.5 Interference management and cognitive radio 101 4.

4 Contents ix Power-line communications and HomePlug Wireless personal-area networking and ZigBee Z-Wave Cellular networks Interference management and cognitive radio Challenges and open research problems Fulfilling communications needs Coordinating charging and discharging Conclusion 103 Part II Physical data communications, access, detection, and estimation techniques for smart grid Communications and access technologies for smart grid Introduction Legacy grid communications Smart grid objectives Data classification Communications media Wired solutions Wireless solutions Power-line communication standards Broadband power-line communications Narrowband power-line communications PLC coexistence Wireless standards Short-range solutions Long-range solutions Networking solutions Hybrid solutions Public vs. private networks Internet and IP-based networking Wireless sensor networks Machine-to-machine communications Conclusion Machine-to-machine communications in smart grid Introduction M2M communications technologies Wired vs. wireless Capillary M2M Cellular M2M M2M applications 156

x Contents 6.4 M2M architectural standards bodies 6.4.1 ETSIM2M 6.4.2 3GPPMTC 6.5 M2M application in smart grid 6.5.1 M2M architecture 6.5.2 Transmission and distribution networks 6.5.3 End-user appliances 6.

5 x Contents 6.4 M2M architectural standards bodies ETSIM2M GPPMTC 6.5 M2M application in smart grid M2M architecture Transmission and distribution networks End-user appliances 6.6 Conclusion 7 Bad-data detection in smart grid: a distributed approach 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Distributed state estimation and bad-data processing: state-of-the-art Wide-area state-estimation model Bad-data processing in state estimation Related work 7.3 Fully distributed bad-data detection Preliminaries Proposed algorithm for distributed bad-data detection 7.4 Case study Casel Case Conclusion 8 Distributed state estimation: a learning-based framework 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Background 8.3 State estimation model 8.4 Learning-based state estimation Geographical diversity Side information Weighted average estimation Estimation performance 8.5 Conclusion Part III Smart grid and wide-area networks Networking technologies for wide-area measurement applications Introduction Components of a wide-area measurement system PMUandPDC Hardware architecture 207

Contents xi 9.2.3 Software infrastructure 209 9.3 Communication networks for WAMS 210 9.3.1 Communication needs 211 9.3.2 Transmission medium 212 9.3.3 Communication protocols 213 9.

6 Contents xi Software infrastructure Communication networks for WAMS Communication needs Transmission medium Communication protocols WAMS applications Power-system monitoring Power-system protection Power-system control WAMS modelling and network simulations Software introduction System infrastructure modelling Application classification Monitoring simulation Protection simulation Control simulation Hybrid simulation Conclusion Wireless networks for smart grid applications Introduction Smart grid application requirements Application types Quality-of-service (QoS) requirements Classifying applications by QoS requirements Traffic requirements Network topologies Communication actors Connectivity Deployment factors Spectrum Path-loss Coverage Capacity Resilience Security Resource sharing Performance metrics and tradeoffs Coverage area Capacity Reliability Latency Conclusion 261

xij Contents Part IV Sensor and actuator networks for smart grid 263 11 Wireless sensor networks for smart grid: research challenges and potential applications 265 11.1 Introduction 265 11.

7 xij Contents Part IV Sensor and actuator networks for smart grid Wireless sensor networks for smart grid: research challenges and potential applications Introduction WSN-based smart grid applications Consumer side Transmission and distribution side Generationside Research challenges for WSN-based smart grid applications Conclusion Sensor techniques and network protocols for smart grid Introduction Sensors and sensing principles Metering and power-quality sensors Power system status and health monitoring sensors Communication protocols for smart grid MAC protocols Routing protocols Transport protocols Challenges for WSN protocol design in smart grid Conclusion Potential methods for sensor and actuator networks for smart grid Introduction Energy and information flow in smart grid SANET in smart grid Applications of SANET in SG Actors of SANET in smart grid Challenges for SANET in smart grid Proposed mechanisms Pervasive service-oriented network (PERSON) Context-aware intelligent control Compressive sensing (CS) Device technologies Home energy-management system - case study of SANET in SG Energy-management system EMS design and implementation Conclusion 321

Contents xiii 14 Implementation and performance evaluation of wireless sensor networks for smart grid 324 14.1 Introduction 324 14.2 Constrained protocol stack for smart grid 325 14.2.1 IEEE 802.15.

8 Contents xiii 14 Implementation and performance evaluation of wireless sensor networks for smart grid Introduction Constrained protocol stack for smart grid IEEE IPv6 over low-power WPANs Routing protocol for low-power and lossy networks Constrained application protocol W3C efficient XML interchange Implementation L0WPAN RPL CoAP EXI Performance evaluation Link performance using IEEE Network throughput with 6L0WPAN Network throughput with RPL in multihop scenarios CoAP performance CoAP multihop performance Conclusion 348 Part V Security in smart grid communications and networking Cyber-attack impact analysis of smart grid Introduction Background Risk management Prior art Cyber-attack impact analysis framework Graphs and dynamical systems Graph-based dynamical systems model synthesis Case study node distribution test system Model synthesis Attack scenario Attack scenario Attack scenario 3 Conclusion

xiv Contents 16 Jamming for manipulating the power market in smart grid 16.1 16.2 16.3

9 xiv Contents 16 Jamming for manipulating the power market in smart grid Introduction Model of power market Attack scheme Attack mechanism Analysis of the damage Defence countermeasures Conclusion 17 Power-system state-estimation security: attacks and protection schemes Introduction Power-system state estimation and stealth attacks Power network and measurement models State estimation and bad-data detection BDD and stealth attacks Stealth attacks over a point-to-point SCADA network Minimum-cost stealth attacks: problem formulation Exact computation of minimum-cost stealth attacks Upper bound on the minimum cost Numerical results Protection against attacks in a point-to-point SCADA network Perfect protection Non-perfect protection Numerical results Stealth attacks over a routed SCADA network Measurement attack cost Substation attack impact Numerical results Protection against stealth attacks for a routed SCADA network Single-path and multi-path routing Data authentication and protection Conclusion A hierarchical security architecture for smart grid Introduction Hierarchical architecture Physical layer Control layer Communication layer Network layer Supervisory layer Management layer Robust and resilient control 420

Contents xv 18.4 Secure network routing 425 18.4.1 Hierarchical routing 425 18.4.2 Centralized vs. decentralized architectures 427 18.5 Management of information security 429 18.5.1 Vulnerability management 429 18.

10 Contents xv 18.4 Secure network routing Hierarchical routing Centralized vs. decentralized architectures Management of information security Vulnerability management User patching Conclusion Application-driven design for a secured smart grid Introduction Intrusion detection for advanced metering infrastructures Smart meters and security issues Architecture for situational awareness and monitoring solution Enforcing security policies with specification-based IDS Converged networks for SCADA systems Requirements and challenges for convergence Architecture with time-critical constraints Design principles for authentication Requirements and challenges in designing secure authentication protocols for smart grid Design principles for authentication protocols Use case: secure authentication supplement to DNP Conclusion 458 Part VI Field trials and deployments Case studies and lessons learned from recent smart grid field trials Introduction Smart power grids The Jeju smart grid testbed ADS program for Hydro One The SmartHouse project Smart electricity systems Smart consumers PEPCO Commonwealth Edison Connecticut light and power California statewide pricing pilot Lessons learned Conclusion 476 Index 478

Cisco Smart Grid. Powering End-to-End Communications. Annette Winston Sr. Mgr., Product Operations Customer Value Chain Management

Cisco Smart Grid. Powering End-to-End Communications. Annette Winston Sr. Mgr., Product Operations Customer Value Chain Management Cisco Smart Grid Powering End-to-End Communications Annette Winston Sr. Mgr., Product Operations Customer Value Chain Management 21 October 2010 What is the Smart Grid? A digital superstructure which uses