Quality of Service (QoS)

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1 Quality of Service (QoS) What you will learn Techniques for QoS Integrated Service (IntServ) Differentiated Services (DiffServ) MPLS QoS Design Principles 1/49 QoS in the Internet Paradigm IP over everything has shifted to everything over IP Different applications have varying needs for delay, jitter, bandwidth, packet loss Elastic traffic can adjust to changes in delay and throughput Ex., FTP, HTTP, SMTP Inelastic traffic does not easily adapt itself to changes in delay and throughput Ex., real-time traffic The Internet requires Quality of Service in addition to best-effort service tolerant tolerant sensitive 2/49 1

2 Mechanisms for QoS Classification and marking Traffic that is to be treated differently has to be classified. Following classification, marking tools can set an attribute of a packet to a specific value Scheduling Queuing discipline: which packet to transmit next Discard policy: the choice and timing of packet discard. Important element in managing congestion and providing QoS Policing It determines whether packets are conforming to the defined traffic profile and take action accordingly. Such an action could include remarking or dropping a packet Shaping Technique which delays some or all packets to bring them into compliance with a desired traffic profile Resource reservation QoS is improved if a signaling protocol is used to reserve resources beforehand Admission Control A router accepts a new flow only if it has enough resources (bandwidth, buffer space, CPU speed, etc.) to handle it while protecting isolation among already admitted flows 3/49 Classification and marking at layer 3 The DSCP is also in the IPv6 Traffic Class octet at layer 2 PCP DEI What is MPLS? 4/49 2

3 Queuing discipline It is at a router that a packet may be delayed, suffer from jitter, be lost, or be assigned the required bandwidth Traditionally, First Come First Served (FCFS) queuing discipline used at each router port Several drawbacks to FCFS No special treatment to high priority packets (flows) Small packets held up by large packets ahead of them in queue Larger average delay for smaller packets Flows of larger packets get better service A good queuing policy treats the different flows in a fair and appropriate manner 5/49 FCFS queue Transmitter Transmission times 6/49 3

4 Priority queuing A work-conserving queuing discipline will never allow the link to remain idle whenever there are packets (of any class) queued Starvation is a potential drawback: if there is a continuous flow in the high priority queue, packets in the lower-priority queue will never have a chance to be transmitted Severe starvation may result in dropping of some packets of lower priority Non-preemptive priority Transmitter 7/49 Round robin queuing Packets are sorted into classes as with priority queuing A round robin scheduler serves classes in a circular manner A work-conserving round robin discipline that looks for a packet of a given class, but finds none, will immediately check for the next class in the round robin sequence arrivals Is it fair? packet in service departures Operation of the two-class round robin queue 8/49 4

5 Weighted Fair Queuing (WFQ) Transmitter R [packets/sec] A generalized abstraction of round robin queuing Fair queuing with priority Each class, i, is assigned a weight w i Class i will be guaranteed to receive a fraction of the bandwidth equal to w i / (w j ), where the sum in the denominator is taken over all classes If the link transmission rate is R [packets/sec], class i always achieves a throughput of at least R w i / (w j ) 9/49 Policing and Shaping Policing and shaping are traffic regulation mechanisms Policing function controls the rate at which a flow (or a traffic class) injects packets into the network Aspects to be policed: Average rate. The network may wish to limit the long-term average rate at which packets (data) are sent into the networks Flow#1 limited to 6000 packets per minute Flow#2 limited to 100 packets per second Both flows have the same long-term average rate, but flow#2 is more constrained Peak rate. This constraint limits the rate over a shorter period of time Example: a network may limit the long-term average rate to 6000 packets per minute while limiting the peak rate to 1500 packets /second Burst size. The network may also wish to limit the maximum number of packets (the burst of packets ) that can be sent into the network over an extremely short interval of time (nearly instantaneously) 10/49 5

6 Policing and Shaping (cont.) Shaping allows to control the speed of traffic leaving an interface Both policing and shaping can be deployed to ensure that a data source adheres to a stipulated contract They use the traffic descriptor to ensure the adherence They usually differ in the way they respond to a traffic descriptor violation A policer typically drops traffic A shaper typically delays excess traffic, smoothing bursts and preventing unnecessary drops The token bucket mechanism can be used for policing and shaping 11/49 Token bucket (algorithm) A token is added to the bucket every 1/R seconds The bucket can hold up to c tokens. If a token arrives when the bucket is full, it is discarded Packets arrive and are queued for processing A packet can be processed if there is at least a token in the bucket If so, the packet is processed and a token is removed from the bucket A packet is considered to be nonconformant if it arrives when the bucket is empty (it must wait for a token or, alternatively, it is dropped) Arrival R per second; R limits the long-term average data rate at which packets can enter the network The bucket size c is a measure of burstiness that is allowed During any time interval T, the amount of packets sent cannot exceed (RT + c) 12/49 6

7 Token bucket + Weighted Fair Queuing The two can be combined to provide a bound on the delay that a packet will experience in a router Consider a router s output link multiplexing n flows, each policed by a token bucket with parameters r i andc i, i = 1,, n c 1 c n R [packets/sec] Recall: each flow, i, is guaranteed to receive a share of the link bandwidth equal to at least (R w i / (w j )) packets per second What is the maximum delay d max?(queuing + transmission) Worst case: a burst of c i packets arrives for flow i when the flow i s token bucket is full. The last of these packets will have a maximum delay, that is d max = c i / (R w i / (w j )) 13/49 QoS in IP networks: the IntServ model Integrated Services (IntServ) is a flow-based QoS model It relies on the Resource Reservation Protocol (RSVP) to signal and reserve the desired QoS for each flow in the network A flow is defined as an individual, unidirectionaldata stream between two applications E.g., one video stream uniquely identified by the 5-tuple (source IP address, source port number, destination IP address, destination port number, and the transport protocol) The IPv6 header flow identifier can be used but is not necessarily to be associated to a flow in the context of IntServ There can be more than one recipient (multicasting) Integrated Services Architecture (ISA) 14/49 7

8 ISA components Forwarding functions Background functions ISA implemented in a router The forwarding functions are executed for each packet and therefore must be highly optimized The background functions create data structures used by the forwarding functions Quality of Service 15/47 ISA components RSVP A reservation request includes a flow specification, which is made of the Tspec (Traffic specification) Traffic characterization by token bucket parameters the Rspec (Resource specification) the needed resources the Service Class (see later) - the type of service being requested Admission Control Based on the flow specification, every router on the end-to-end path decides whether or not a request can be satisfied The call setup process 16/49 8

9 ISA components (cont.) Routing protocol Routing based on QoS parameters, not just on minimum delay (e.g., OSPF can selects routes based on QoS) Classifier and route selection Incoming packets must be mapped into classes A class may correspond to a single flow or to a set of flows with the same QoS requirements Based on the packet s class and its destination IP address, next hop for the packet is determined Packet scheduler Manages one or more queues for each output interface Determines the order in which queued packets are transmitted and the selection of packets for discard, if necessary Policing (a scheduler s task) decides how to treat the out-of-profile packets 17/49 ISA services Three categories of service Guaranteed Controlled load Best effort (default) Guaranteed service firm upper bounds on queuing delay, assured bandwidth, no queuing losses for traffic that conforms to the Tspec specifications ( in profile packets) Controlled load service under light to moderate network loads it provides for a better than best effort service Low delay and almost no queuing losses As an example, this service is useful for streaming 18/49 9

10 Drawbacks to ISA approach Every device along the path of a packet must be fully aware of RSVP Reservations are soft, which means they need to be refreshed periodically (default interval = 30 seconds), thereby adding to the traffic on the network Maintaining soft-states in each router, combined with admission control at each hop, adds complexity Since state information for each reservation needs to be maintained at every router along the path, scalability with hundreds of thousands of flows through a network core becomes an issue Quality of Service 19/47 QoS in IP networks: the DiffServ model Differentiated Service (DS) designed to provide a simple, coarse, low overhead technique Class-based model Traffic is categorized into Classes of Service (CoS) and appropriate QoS is applied to the different classes IP packets are marked (DS field) for receiving a particular forwarding treatment (Per Hop Behavior-PHB) The existing IPv4 ToS field or the IPv6 Traffic class field is used DS field Routers within a DS domain route packets based on the DS field No stored state information about flows is needed A Service Level Agreement (SLA) between the service provider and the customer specifies the traffic profiles and the QoS to be provided for various classes Customers may be user organizations or other DS domains 20/49 10

11 DiffServ configuration and operation Routers in a DS domain are either boundary nodes or interior nodes Interior nodes (routers) have simple mechanisms to handle packets (PHB) Queuing discipline gives preferential treatment depending on codepoint Packet dropping rules to dictate which packets should be dropped in the event of buffer saturation Typically, PHB is the only part of DS implemented in interior routers User Organization TCB: Traffic Conditioning Block PHB: Per Hop Behaviour LLQ: Low Latency Queuing WRED: Weighted RED 21/49 DiffServ configuration and operation (cont.) Boundary nodes include both PHB rules and traffic conditioning mechanisms Elements of the traffic conditioning function: Classifier separates packets into different classes Meter measures traffic for conformance to a profile Marker marks packets and re-marks them as needed out of profile packets may be re-marked for lower QoS (depending on the SLA) remarking may be required at the boundary between two DS domains Shaper Dropper Quality of Service 22/47 11

12 Per Hop Behaviors Several standard PHBs to construct a DiffServ-enabled network Expedited Forwarding (EF) Suitable for applications (like VoIP) that require low packet loss, low delay, low jitter, guaranteed bandwidth Recommended DSCP value: DSCP = 46 Assured Forwarding (AFxy) The rough equivalent of the IntServ Controlled Load service The AFxy defines four AFx classes: AF1, AF2, AF3, and AF4 (best service) Within each AFx class, it is possible to specify three drop precedence values DiffServ AF Codepoint table 23/49 Per Hop Behaviors (cont.) Default Traditional best effort service DSCP value: Class-Selector To preserve backward compatibility with the IP precedence scheme DSCP values of the form xxx000 DS-compliant nodes can co-exist with IP-precedence aware nodes X X X /49 12

13 Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) Networking technology that uses labels attached to packets to forward them through the network MPLS imposes a connection-oriented framework on an IP-based internet Initial goal (today bogus): faster switching of IP packets using the label (used as the index to the switching table) MPLS includes the following capabilities: QoS support Virtual Private Networks (MPLS VPN) Traffic Engineering (MPLS TE) Virtual Private LAN Service (a virtual L2 switch is emulated) Any Transport over MPLS (IPv4, IPv6, Ethernet, PPP,...) 25/49 MPLS operation 1. An LSP is defined and the QoS parameters along that path are established 2. The ingress LSR assigns the packet to a particular FEC, forwards it after appending the label 3. Label switching and forwarding take place MPLS domain 4. The egress LSR strips the label and forward the packet to its final destination A MPLS domain is a contiguous set of MPLS-enabled routers, called Label Switch Routers (LSRs) LSRs switch packets based on a label (local significance only) appended to the packet IP header is not examined 26/49 13

14 MPLS operation (cont.) Ingress LSR. An Ingress LSR receives a packet, inserts a label (or a label stack) in front of the packet, and forwards it Egress LSR. An Egress LSRs receives a labeled packet, removes the label(s), and forwards it A Label Switched Path (LSP) is a sequence of LSRs that switch a labeled packet through an MPLS network An LSP is unidirectional 27/49 MPLS operation (cont.) A Forwarding Equivalence Class (FEC) is a group or a flow of packets that are forwarded along the same path and are treated the same with regard to the forwarding treatment Prior to the routing and delivery of packets in a given FEC, the LSP and the QoS parameters must be established An Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP), such as OSPF, is used to exchange routing information The labels for IGP prefixes are distributed by the Label Distribution Protocol (LDP) or, if MPLS-TE is used, by RSVP-TE (an extended version of RSVP) QoS parameters determine (1) how much resources to commit to the path, and (2) what queuing and discard policy to use at each LSR A packet enters an MPLS domain through an ingress LSR The ingress LSR processes the packet and assigns it to a particular FEC FEC can be determined by one or more parameters (e.g., source/destination IP addresses, port numbers, IP protocol id, Differentiated Services codepoint, IPv6 flow label) 28/49 14

15 MPLS Packet Forwarding LSR LSR 29/49 MPLS labels Label value: locally significant 20 bits Exp bits Named experimental for historical reasons Used solely for QoS S: 1 for the oldest entry in stack, zero otherwise Time to live (TTL): it has the same function as the TTL found in the IP header 30/49 15

16 Label Stacking MPLS-enabled routers might need more than one label on top of the packet to route that packet through the MPLS network LIFO (stack) Processing is based on the top label Any LSR may push or pop label(s) Unlimited levels 31/49 Time To Live processing TTL processing in the case of IP-to-Label or Label-to-IP Ingress LSR Egress LSR TTL processing in the case of Label-to-Label 32/49 16

17 Encoding of MPLS The MPLS header sits before the header of the transported protocol, but after the layer 2 header MPLS Protocol Identifier Values for some layer 2 Encapsulation Types 33/49 MPLS VPN Overview of MPLS VPN A Provider Edge (PE) router has a direct connection with the Customer Edge (CE) router at Layer 3 A Provider (P) router is a router without the direct connection to the routers of the customer Both P and PE routers run MPLS A CE router does not need to run MPLS Quality of Service 34/49 17

18 Overlay VPN model In the overlay VPN model, the VPN Service Provider supplies a layer 2 service of point-to-point links or virtual circuits between the routers of the customer The customer routers form routing peering between them directly across the links or virtual circuits from the service provider No routing peering occurs between a customer and a service provider router ATM ATM ATM ATM ATM Overlay network on ATM Quality of Service 35/49 Overlay VPN model (cont.) Considering the Layer 3 routing (IP) and peering from the customer viewpoint, the customer routers appear to be directly connected to see a fully meshed customer network around an ATM network, each customer edge router peers with n 1 other customer edge router (where n is the total number of customer edge routers) Quality of Service 36/49 18

19 MPLS VPN: Peer-to-Peer VPN model The PE routers peer directly with CE routers at Layer 3 The CE router does not peer with any of the CE routers from the other sites The VPN prefixes are propagated across the MPLS VPN network by BGP BGP runs only on PE routers The P routers are unaware of the VPNs (the VPN routes are known only to PE routers) Adding a customer site means that on the PE router only the peering with the CE router must be added The provider does not have to create many virtual circuits as with the overlay model (The MPLS VPN solution is highly scalable!) PE PE PE ibgp sessions PE Quality of Service 37/49 MPLS VPN: Virtual Routing/Forwarding The routing must be separate and private for each customer (VPN) A PE router has a Virtual Routing/Forwarding (VRF) instance for each attached VPN Each VPN has its own routing table The interface on the PE router toward the CE router can belong to only one VRF The IP packets received on the VRF interface are identified as belonging to that VRF Quality of Service 38/49 19

20 Packet Forwarding in an MPLS VPN network The VPN label (put on by the ingress PE) indicates which VRF the packet belongs to The top label is the IGP label and is associated with an egress PE router The IGP label is distributed by LDP or RSVP-TE for MPLS-TE between all P and PE routers hop by hop The top label is swapped at each P router The VPN label is advertised by ibgp from PE to PE P routers use the IGP label to forward the packet to the correct egress PE router The egress PE router uses the VPN label to forward the IP packet to the correct CE router Quality of Service 39/49 MPLS Traffic Engineering (TE) Basic idea: to optimally use the network infrastructure, including links that are underutilized because they do not lie on the preferred path, which is the least-cost path provided by IP routing MPLS TE takes link attributes into account (an extended link-state routing protocol is used to distribute TE information) MPLS TE adapts automatically to changing bandwidth and link attributes Source-based routing is applied to the traffic-engineered load Based on the TE information, the head-end node of a traffic-engineered path calculates the most efficient route toward the tail-end router The constraints are taken into account RSVP-TE is used to distribute labels head-end node head-end node An MPLS network with TE enabled tail-end node 40/49 20

21 QoS Design Principles To ensure the highest level of quality, QoS should be implemented across all areas of the network (End-to-End QoS) It is a myth that QoS is applicable only to slow-speed WANs or the Internet Oversubscription ratios create the potential for congestion Delay-sensitive applications, such as voice, suffer quality loss when QoS is not enabled on campus devices Traffic should be classified and marked as close to their sources as possible Sometimes the endpoints can be trusted to set Class of Service (CoS)/Differentiated Services Code Point (DSCP) markings correctly, but... this is not recommended because users can easily abuse provisioned QoS policies if permitted to mark their own traffic Quality of Service 41/49 QoS Design Principles (cont.) A primary function of access-edge policies is to establish and enforce trust boundaries A trust boundary is the point within the network where markings (such as CoS or DSCP) begin to be accepted Unwanted traffic flows should be policed as close to their sources as possible This is especially the case when the unwanted traffic is the result of DoS or worm attacks Quality of Service 42/49 21

22 QoS Design Principles (cont.) Standards-based recommendations for classification and marking at L2 and L3 IEEE 802.1Q-2005 /MPLS EXP Enterprises do not need to deploy all 11 classes A strategy for expanding the number of Classes of Service over time Quality of Service 43/49 IEEE 802.1Q-2005: priority A set of well-known and easily understood defaults can facilitate interoperability and reduce the possibility of misconfiguration The defaults described in 802.1Q were chosen to support differentiated services Standards for DSCP are believed to be the prime reference for use of priority by end stations Voice is associated with priority 5, matching the setting of the relevant bits for Expedited Forwarding in the DSCP (101110) for IP and in the common use of the EXP bits for MPLS Quality of Service 44/49 22

23 Queuing policies: some best practices The Best Effort class is the default class for all data traffic. Only if an application has been selected for preferential/deferential treatment it is removed from the default class A lot of enterprise applications default to this class At least 25 percent of link bandwidth should be reserved for the default Best Effort class The goal of convergence is to enable voice, video, and data to transparently co-exist on a single network If you assign too much traffic for priority queuing, then the overall effect is a dampening of QoS functionality for non-realtime applications The amount of priority (realtime) queuing should be limited to 33 percent of link capacity Scavenger class is intended to provide less-than-best-effort services to certain applications (typically entertainment-oriented) Scavenger class should be assigned a minimal amount of bandwidth Quality of Service 45/49 Queuing policies: some best practices (cont.) Queuing policies should be configured according to platform capabilities in terms of queuing structures For example, on a platform that only supports four queues a basic queuing policy could be as follows: Quality of Service 46/49 23

24 Queuing policies: some best practices (cont.) For example, on a platform that supports 11 queues, an advanced queuing policy could be as follows: Quality of Service 47/49 Service Provider Service-Level Agreements It s essential for enterprises to choose service providers that can provide the required SLAs for their converged networks End-to-end requirements of voice and interactive video: Service provider SLAs Quality of Service 48/49 24

25 Enterprise-to-Service Provider Mapping Enterprise customers and service providers must cooperate in integrating their respective QoS designs Most service providers offer only a limited number of classes An example: a five-class MPLS Provider-Edge Model Quality of Service 49/49 25

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