Query Control Mechanisms for the Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP)
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1 Query Control Mechanisms for the Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP) Zygmunt J. Haas and Marc R. Pearlman Wireless Networks Laboratory Cornell University 9/3/98 SIGCOMM '98 1
2 Agenda Introduction - Routing in Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks The Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP) Query Control Mechanisms Simulation Description Results Conclusions 9/3/98 SIGCOMM '98 2
3 Mobile Ad-Hoc Networking Rapidly deploy a regional (~ 100 m km) network of mobile hosts, anywhere. Why? Coordinate Efforts of Distributed Systems military (battlefield communications) law enforcement construction emergency response 9/3/98 SIGCOMM '98 3
4 Mobile Ad-Hoc Networking B D F A E C no infrastructure! short range direct communication: nodes act as relays: multihop routing: A-B, A-C A-D-E-F 9/3/98 SIGCOMM '98 4
5 Traditional Routing Schemes Proactive (i.e. distance vector, link state) maintain up-to-date view of network extremely high traffic most routes are not used Reactive (i.e. route query - response) acquire routes on demand high traffic route query delays 9/3/98 SIGCOMM '98 5
6 A Hybrid Approach: Introducing the Routing Zone Each node: Proactively tracks topology within its own routing zone Reactively acquires routes to nodes beyond routing zone by querying between overlapping zones 9/3/98 SIGCOMM '98 6
7 Anatomy of a Routing Zone Peripheral Node Routing Zone Radius: ρ (hops) Neighbor Node S 9/3/98 SIGCOMM '98 7
8 Bordercasting flooding: 30 transmissions bordercasting: 20 transmissions 9/3/98 SIGCOMM '98 8
9 Route Discovery Example X S A E Y B C D 1) S-X-Y: terminates because Y has no peripheral nodes 2) S-A-B-E-A: terminates because thread returned to A 3) S-A-B-C: successful discovery! 9/3/98 SIGCOMM '98 9
10 Benefits of Routing Zones Proactive: maintain routing zone routing traffic significantly reduced routes used more often Reactive: query only peripheral nodes fewer query packets shorter query packets * reduced delay routes more robust 9/3/98 SIGCOMM '98 10
11 Routing Zones Overlap thread enters a zone previously queried by another thread thread loops back onto a zone which it already queried. S Overlapping Zones May Lead to Excess Control Traffic 9/3/98 SIGCOMM '98 11
12 Encourage Outward Propagation of Queries Terminate threads that return to a queried node (not strong enough) Terminate threads that return to a queried zone threads that loopback on themselves threads that overlap with other threads Prevent overlap 9/3/98 SIGCOMM '98 12
13 Query Control Mechanisms Terminate threads when they appear in previously queried zones Query Detection (QD) intermediate nodes can detect passing threads w/o QD w/ QD Early Termination (ET) intermediate nodes can terminate previously detected threads previously detected query 9/3/98 SIGCOMM '98 13
14 Query Control Mechanisms (cont d) Special Case: thread loops back on itself Loopback Termination (LT) (100% effective) use accumulated route to identify loopback condition S B query returns to S s routing zone A 9/3/98 SIGCOMM '98 14
15 Query Overlap Prevention: Selective BorderCasting (SBC) full bordercasting selective bordercasting Cover a given set of outer peripheral nodes with the fewest inner peripheral nodes 9/3/98 SIGCOMM '98 15
16 Implementing Selective Bordercasting Extended Routing Zone (at least 2ρ hops): For each received query packet... Compute best SBC assignment Send SBC assignments Do the benefits offset the cost? 9/3/98 SIGCOMM '98 16
17 Simulation Model Static Simulation Parameters d xmit d xmit 100m # nodes k m Variable Simulation Parameters v ρ R query m/s 1-10 hops queries/sec 1.5 km 9/3/98 SIGCOMM '98 17
18 IARP Traffic per m/s Full Bordercasting Selective Bordercasting 350 traffic (ID fields/sec) routing zone radius (ρ) 9/3/98 SIGCOMM '98 18
19 IERP Traffic per Route Discovery QD1 LT ET QD2 LT ET SBC QD1 LT ET None traffic (ID fields/sec 1000) routing zone radius (ρ) 9/3/98 SIGCOMM '98 19
20 Total ZRP Control Traffic v = 10 [m/sec] R query = 0.1 [query/sec] QD1 LT ET QD2 LT ET SBC QD1 LT ET 3 traffic (ID fields/sec 1000) routing zone radius (ρ) 9/3/98 SIGCOMM '98 20
21 Optimal ZRP Configuration 8 7 QD1 LT ET QD2 LT ET SBC QD1 LT ET Routing Zone Radius (ρ) Call to Mobility Ratio (CMR) 9/3/98 SIGCOMM '98 21
22 Conclusions ZRP can perform worse than flooding without proper query control mechanisms. QD, ET and LT provide significant improvements compared with purely reactive (ρ = 1) and purely proactive schemes (ρ ). Optimal ZRP radius is an increasing function of the Call-to-Mobility Ratio (CMR). Use of SBC depends on delay and computational complexity considerations. 9/3/98 SIGCOMM '98 22
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