FIBER OPTIC HARDWARE STEVE PAULOV

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1 C H A P T E R 7 FIBER OPTIC HARDWARE STEVE PAULOV The main purpose for hardware is to protect and organize splice and termination points. Hardware can be divided into two categories; indoor and outdoor. We deal primarily with indoor hardware in this chapter, as applicable to commercial buildings and campus environments, with a final review of outside plant hardware at the end of the chapter. Fiber optic cable plant design requires preplanning to select the proper hardware. You need to know the number of fibers to pull to each location and the purpose for each fiber. From there you can plan your hardware and the type of cable to be used for riser, plenum, or other applications. You should also plan the conduit, duct, and inner duct. The designer should decide in advance on the networks, support systems, and topologies to be used, such as Ethernet, token ring, voice, data, video, imaging, control, and industrial applications. Once the application is determined and the fiber and connection/splice is known, the route must be determined. Then we can decide on locations for the hardware cabinets, racks, and associated panels. There are rules for fiber distribution established by the EIA/TIA 568 Committee. The EIA/TIA 568 Commercial Building Wiring standard is based on a hierarchical star for the backbone and a single star for horizontal distribution. Rules for backbone wiring include a 2,000-meter (6,557-ft.) maximum distance between the main cross-connect and the telecommunications closet, with a maximum of 97

2 98 CHAPTER 7 FIBER OPTIC HARDWARE Telecommunications Closet 90 m (295') Work Area Telecommunications Outlet Horizontal Wiring 500 m (1,639' ) Backbone Wiring 2,000 m (6,557' ) 1,500 m (4,918' ) Intermediate Cross-Connect Main Cross-Connect Figure 7-1 Backbone cabling. one intermediate cross-connect between the main cross-connect and the telecommunications closet (Figure 7-1) Many networks are installed in a simpler, less expensive homerun design (Figure 7-2). The four main functions of each distribution point (using the EIA/TIA 568 nomenclature) are as follows:

3 CHAPTER 7 FIBER OPTIC HARDWARE 99 Figure 7-2 Homerun or centralized fiber cabling system.

4 100 CHAPTER 7 FIBER OPTIC HARDWARE 1. Main cross-connect. The main cross-connect (MC), also referred to as the main distribution frame (MDF), should be in proximity to or in the same location as the data center or PBX. This placement ensures a centralized management point for reconfiguration of the fiber optic network. Equipment in the MC should be capable of the following: Handling adequately large fiber counts Accepting either direct termination of equipment or pigtail splices and preterminated assemblies for splicing at the frame Providing jumper storage and reconfiguration capabilities Allowing for growth Typically, MC equipment can be installed in racks or wall cabinets. 2. Intermediate cross-connect. The intermediate cross-connect (IC) typically connects the intrabuilding cable plant to the interbuilding cable plant. It is smaller in scope with lower fiber counts than the MC. Products in the IC may need to be wall mounted. The size of the IC will determine which products will be used. 3. Telecom closet hardware. Telecom closet (TC) equipment makes the transition from the backbone to the horizontal cable plant. 4. Work area telecom outlet. The work area telecom outlet is the end point of the horizontal wiring. The cables may be fiber only or a combination of fiber and copper. In each of the above distribution points, one or more of the following hardware components can be installed. 1. Splice panel. The splice panel changes outside cable to riser or plenum cable or breaks out the outside cable to individual buffered fibers. After being spliced, the fibers are routed to the appropriate splice tray and positioned to prevent damage. The splice panel may accommodate fusion or mechanical splices and can be mounted in a rack or wall cabinet (Figure 7-3). 2. Patch panel. A patch panel provides a centralized location for patching fibers, testing, monitoring, and restoring riser or trunk cables. Figure 7-4 shows an incoming riser cable being terminated on one side of a coupling panel with a connector. On the other side of the coupling panel is another group of connectors terminating the LAN cables. In small offices, the patch panel can be used as an MC or IC. To order this type of panel, you must know the type of connectors for the coupling panels, the number of connections needed, the type of cabinet, whether the panel will be wall or rack mounted, and the size of the cabinet required for the number of panels to be installed. 3. Wall outlet. A wall outlet (Figure 7-5) terminates the permanent wiring and provides a connection for a short jumper cable to connect the network

5 CHAPTER 7 FIBER OPTIC HARDWARE 101 Figure 7-3 Splice panels connect individual fibers from cables to pigtails. Courtesy AMP Figure 7-4 The patch panel makes connection between two cables. Here we see single fiber jumpers connected to a breakout cable. Courtesy 3M

6 102 CHAPTER 7 FIBER OPTIC HARDWARE Figure 7-5 Wall outlets terminate cables in convenient locations for desktop connections. Courtesy AMP equipment. Wall outlets can be wall mounted or permanently installed into the wall surface. 4. Panels. When designing your cabinets, you can select the panel with the type of coupling to fit the connectors you have chosen. You can also order coupling panels without the couplers and install these yourself if the type of connectors to be used will not be known until the cut-over date. Each manufacturer has a unique design for stacking equipment panels. One such method involves stacking the panels on a relay rack. Another method places the panels in a cabinet, and each cabinet is installed on the wall above each other or side by side. When ordering any cabinet make sure it is equipped with cable-terminating equipment such as ground clamps, a place to secure the dielectric central member, Kevlar or other fill material, and cable ring or channel guides. 5. Pigtail splicing. A fiber optic pigtail splice is a fiber cable that has been factory connectorized on one end with an optical connector. The other end remains unterminated. The unterminated end of the pigtail is spliced to the fiber requiring termination. Pigtails are used almost exclusively for singlemode applications but occasionally for multimode. Generally pigtails are bought as terminated jumpers and cut in half for splicing. That way, they can be tested more easily to ensure the connectors are good before splicing them onto the fibers.

7 CHAPTER 7 FIBER OPTIC HARDWARE 103 Figure 7-6 Outside plant splice closure for 3M Fiberlok mechanical splice. Courtesy 3M 6. Outside plant hardware. For cable runs outside, one generally is concerned with splice closures (Figure 7-6), since connectors are used only at the terminated ends inside buildings. Splice closures are available for direct burial, use in controlled environment vaults (CEVs), aerial or pedestal installation. Most closures are sealed once splices are loaded. Closures must be chosen to be appropriate for the installation location and splice trays must fit the type of splice to be used. 7. Conduit. Fiber optic cable is often installed in conduit (Figure 7-7). The conduit can protect the cable from damage, water, or stress, both during and after installation. Conduit comes in many types from simple corrugated innerduct to steel pipe. Due to the concern over damaging fiber optic cable during installation, many types of conduit have been designed to facilitate installing long lengths of cable without exceeding the cable pull limits. Even indoors, fiber is often installed in simple innerduct. This identifies the cable as fiber and protects it from damage during the installation or removal of other cables. It may also make installation faster, if the innerduct has preinstalled

8 104 CHAPTER 7 FIBER OPTIC HARDWARE Figure 7-7 Two fiber optic cables being pulled through innerduct that has previously been pulled into conduit. Courtesy Condux pulling tape. The duct can be installed by relatively unskilled personnel, the fiber installed quickly without as much concern for damage, since it is protected by the innerduct. Outdoors, conduit and innerduct, along with proper lubrication, can extend the pulling length considerably. They can be chosen from a number of styles and sizes to fit the number and sizes of cables to be installed, especially considering future expansion. Some manufacturers even offer conduit or innerduct with fiber optic cable supplied to the customer s specifications preinstalled and ready for direct burial or pulling into preinstalled conduit. Trenching for conduit: In paved areas, the surface should be carefully cut to prevent unnecessarily excessive width at the top of the trench and thus reduce the amount of surface to be repaved. For economical operation, particularly where paving is involved, the trench width should be no greater than is needed to provide adequate working space. Generally, this dimension is controlled by the types of excavating equipment used. As a minimum, the trench must be 4 inches wider than the width of the conduit structure where backfill will be used, and 3 inches wider where concrete encasement will be used. Individual job specifications will dictate trench width. Grade and level the trench bed. Where necessary, provide

9 CHAPTER 7 FIBER OPTIC HARDWARE 105 sand and/or other granular backfill as bedding material so the conduit will be evenly supported over the length of each section. In order to make optimum use of the conduit for subsequent cable placing operations, particular care should be taken concerning direction changes. The ideal duct structure is one that is essentially straight and allows for grading for drainage into manholes. Direction changes should be made as gradual as possible. When a road bore has to be made, the recommended procedure is to install a pipe that is large enough for the joined sections of conduit to slide completely through. In an instance where this is not possible and only a 4-inch steel pipe is present for the bore, the innerduct can be used for insertion through the steel pipe. REVIEW QUESTIONS 1. provides a centralized management point for network configuration. a. Work area telecom outlet b. Telecom closet c. Intermediate cross-connect d. Main cross-connect 2. make the transition from the backbone to the horizontal cable plant. a. Work area telecom outlet b. Telecom closet c. Intermediate cross-connect d. Main cross-connect 3. The main purpose of hardware is to a. splice fibers. b. protect and maintain fiber optic cable. c. simplify pulling cable. d. provide an airtight enclosure. 4. The ideal duct structure is a. indoors. b. straight and allows for drainage. c. color coded. d. 4 inches wider than the conduit.

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