LTE and 5G technologies enabling the Internet of Things
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1 LTE and 5G technologies enabling the Internet of Things Romeo Giuliano Department of Innovation & Information Engineering Guglielmo Marconi University
2 Topics IoT introduction and market IoT market: connectivity and economic impact General requirements LPWA introduction, proprietary technologies and main standards Introductions to LPWA Applications Comparison with other technologies Objectives and goals Standards and proprietary technologies LoRa, SigFox IEEE, ETSI, IETF 3GPP standards for LPWA Evolution to MTC (Rel-12) Enhanced MTC (Rel-13) Narrow Band IoT Network enhancements Enhancements in Rel-14 Other enhancements related to IoT Challenges and Conclusions Challenges Conclusions References 2
3 IoT market: connectivity IoT Connections: 780 million (2016) 3.3 billion (2021) IoT devices: 400 million (2016) 2.1 billion (2022) Global M2M Growth and Migration from 2G to 3G and 4G+. [Visual Networking Index, Cisco, March 2017] Global Connected Devices. [Ericsson Mobility Report, June 2017.] 3
4 IoT market: economic impact IoT Global Market Valuation [Cisco, 2014] 4 Unlocking the Potential of the Internet of Things, McKinsey Global Institute report, June 2016.
5 Main IoT use cases 5
6 Main IoT use cases 6
7 IoT evolution: from M2M to IoT 7
8 IoT evolution: general requirements The provisioning of IoT services requires objects with a mobile, flexible and ubiquitous connectivity to the network Step 1 ( premium M2M market segment ): connection to expensive devices (e.g. cars, machineries), cost of modem relatively small Step 2 ( larger M2M market ): requirements such as low cost, energy efficient, ubiquitous and scalable devices Mesh topology, short range, network coordinator nodes (e.g. ZigBee) Issues: routing, deploying (and maintenance) of powered coordinator nodes Step 3: Low Power Wide Area (LPWA) Favored by developments for power amplifier and RF A star connectivity to quite far Base Stations (BSs) Moving the complexity and energy requirements on BSs from end devices Tradeoffs with throughput, packet length, activity cycle, latency, mobility 8
9 Massive IoT and Critical IoT Massive IoT: tens of billions of objects requiring ubiquitous connectivity. Req.: low-cost, low energy consumption and good coverage. Critical IoT: applications demand for high reliability, high availability, and low latency; smaller volumes; higher business value 9
10 LPWA introduction, proprietary technologies and main standards 10
11 Introduction to Low Power Wide Area (LPWA) networks Complement traditional cellular and short range wireless technologies Business sectors 11
12 LPWA intro: comparison with other technologies Short range wireless networks Local area coverage, not providing mobility Traditional cellular systems Complex waveforms optimized for voice, high speed data, messages LPWA Coverage extended by dense deployment devices and gateways for relaying Low power devices and low energy transmission protocols Suitable for things with low-power, low-cost, low throughput, higher latency, not-frequent transmission Suitable for Massive IoT but not for Critical IoT 12
13 LPWA intro: goals Long range Frequencies sub-1ghz, optimized modulations (narrow and spread spectrum) Ultra low power operation Topology (star not mesh), duty cycling (power save mode), lightweight MAC (CSMA, Aloha, CSMA/CA, ), offloading complexity from end device (complexity in the BS, processing data instead of transmitting data) Low cost Minimal infrastructure, reduced hardware complexity (simple waveform) Scalability Diversity, densification, link adaptation Quality of Service 13
14 Standards and proprietary technologies for LPWA 14
15 LPWA proprietary technologies: SIGFOX Architecture: end device, proprietary BS, IP-based network, application server Range: 10 km in urban and 50 km in rural Wireless link: BPSK in UL GFSK in DL, ultra narrow (100 Hz) Sub-GHz ISM band carrier. Throughput: 100 bit/s with byte messages in UL and 600 bit/s with 4 8-byte messages in DL MAC: unslotted ALOHA Reliability: ACKs not supported, frequency diversity, message retransmissions (default 3 times), encryption not supported 15
16 LPWA proprietary technologies: LoRa Architecture: end device, proprietary BS (multiple links star-of-stars), IP-based network, application server Range: 5 km in urban and 15 km in rural Wireless link: proprietary chirp spread spectrum (CSS), supported 7-12 SF with FEC, Sub-GHz ISM band at 430, 868, 915 MHz Throughput: 300 bit/s 37.5 kbit/s with LoRa, 50 kbit/s in FSK MAC: unslotted ALOHA and several chirp codes Other characteristics: frequency diversity, a time difference of arrival (TDOA) based localization technique is supported, encryption at AES 128. Three device types: class A, class B, class C 16
17 LPWA standards: IEEE IEEE k (Low Energy, Critical Infrastructure Monitoring or LEICM Networks): Topology: star; Range: 5 km Wireless link: DSSS and FSK, in ISM bands (Sub-GHz and 2.4 GHz), with channel bands from 100 khz to 1 MHz. MAC: conventional CSMA/CA and CSMA with without priority channel access (PCA), and ALOHA with PCA, capable of exchanging asynchronous and scheduled messages. Data rate: 300bit/s, 1.2kbit/s, 50kbit/s based on sensitivity, with Ptx=15dBm INGENU LPWA technology is compliant IEEE g (Low-Data-Rate, Wireless, Smart Metering Utility Networks): PHY: FSK, OFDMA, offset QPSK, in ISM bands (Sub-GHz, 2.4 GHz) Data rates: from 40 kbit/s to 1 Mbit/s for 1500-byte frame MAC: CSMA/CA as defined by IEEE e Topology: star, mesh, peer (see 15.4); Range: few kms 17
18 LPWA standards: IEEE Aim: extending range and decreasing power consumption for WLANs IEEE ah: Sub-GHz ISM band; Range: 1 km in outdoor Data rate: 100 kbit/s PHY: OFDM 10 times slower than IEEE ac MAC: overheads of frames, headers and beacons are reduced, tailored to support the connection of 8191 end devices End devices are enabled with mechanisms to save energy during the inactive periods but yet retain their connection/synchronization with the access points: good results but not enough to enlist IEEE ah as a LPWA technology. IEEE Long Range Low Power (LRLP) The Topic Interest Group is at early stage: just defined some use cases and functional requirements. Closed! 18
19 LPWA standards: IETF 6LoWPAN (Low power Wireless Personal Area Networks) Extension of IPv6 stack to IEEE Characteristics of LPWA applications and technologies limit the applicability of 6LoWPAN 6LPWA (IPv6 stack for Low-Power Wide Area Networks) Addressed issues: Header compression Fragmentation and reassembly Management of end devices, applications, base stations, and servers. Need for ultralightweight signaling protocols able to operate efficiently over the constrained layer 2 technology Security, integrity, and privacy. 19
20 3GPP Standards for LPWA 20
21 LTE evolution to Machine Type Communications (MTC) LTE is expected to cover 75% of world population by 2021 (Ericsson Mobility Report. June 2016) What s for IoT? Aim: 1. Trade-offs between cost, coverage, data rate, and power consumption; 2. Maximizing the re-use of the existing cellular infrastructure and owned radio spectrum. LTE evolution to Machine Type Communications (MTC) 21
22 LTE evolution for MTC Rel-11: LTE for MTC (Cat.1), introduction of Extended Access Barring (EAB) Rel-12: MTC introduces Cat. 0 UE to reduce device complexity Power Saving Mode (PSM) functionality 22
23 LTE for MTC: Cat. 0 UE in Rel-12 Reduced data rate by implicit restriction Downlink channel bandwidth for the data channel is reduced DL control channels are still allowed to use the carrier bandwidth; UL unchanged maximum Transport Block Size (TBS) of 1000 bits for unicast, 2216 bits for broadcast, (optional) 4584 bits for Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Services (MBMS) Optional half-duplex FDD with relaxed switching time Single-receive antenna with reduced data rate capability Many operators choose to go directly to Rel-13 emtc and/or NB-IoT by skipping Category 0 deployments. 23
24 LTE for MTC: Rel-12 Power Saving Mode (PSM) PSM is a new low-power mode that allows the device to enter a deep-sleep power state When turned off, the device would not have to monitor page messages or perform any Radio Resource Management (RRM) measurements. The device becomes unreachable when UE is in PSM Better for device-originated or scheduled applications Examples of applications: smart meters, sensors and any IoT devices that periodically push data up to the network. PSM is applicable to Cat-0, Cat-M1 and Cat-NB1 devices. 24
25 Enhanced Machine Type Communications (emtc) Rel-13 emtc introduces Cat. M1 UE: Cost/complexity reduction, longer battery life, coverage enhancements MCL>155.7 db emtc operation is limited to 1.08MHz (6 PRBs). Limited throughput of up to 1Mbps in DL/UL, with TBS=1000 bits Additional complexity saving is achieved by reduction in the number of DL Transmission Modes (TM) and relaxed requirements on radio link quality measurements and reporting. Cat-M1 devices have the options to support 23 dbm or 20 dbm power classes: the Power Amplifier can be integrated Enhanced coverage: tradeoff between coverage and transmission data rates and latency. Transmission Time Interval (TTI) bundling and persistent assignment, which can be set/modify during the connection setup and can be updated through event driven feedback. 25
26 emtc (2) emtc can be deployed to operate within a regular LTE carrier (up to 20 MHz) and coexist with other LTE services. The bandwidth reduction for Cat-M1 requires a new control channel (i.e., MTC Physical Downlink Control Channel (MPDCCH) to replace the legacy control channels (i.e., PCFICH, PHICH, PDCCH). Cat-M1 devices leverage legacy LTE synchronization signals (e.g., PSS, SSS, PBCH) in the center 1.08MHz of the LTE carrier, and introduce new system information (SIB1-BR). emtc network can configure multiple narrowband regions (with 6 PRBs each) Support of frequency and time multiplexing between IoT and non-iot traffic: flexibility in allocation Long battery life to support 10 years by: Narrower bandwidth operation Reduced processing requirements Introducing Enhanced DRX (edrx) feature in Rel-13 26
27 Narrow Band IoT (NB-IoT) NB-IoT introduces Cat. NB1 UE for low end devices (low-throughput, delaytolerant use cases with low mobility support, such as smart meters, remote sensors and smart buildings) [completed in June 2016]: lower complexity and coverage extended to 164 db MCL 180 khz bandwidth: reduction of RF/baseband complexity, costs and power consumption LTE in-band (single PRB), LTE guard-band (unused PRBs) and standalone deployment (in re-farmed spectrum from GERAN, 200 khz) Currently only for FDD and TDD for future releases 27
28 NB-IoT (2) Introduction of new control channels: Synchronization signals (NB-PSS and NB-SSS), broadcast and access channels (NB-PBCH and NB-PRACH), control channels (NB-PDCCH) and data channels NB-Physical Downlink Shared CHannel (NB-PDSCH) and NB-Physical Uplink Shared CHannel (NB-PUSCH) DL: QPSK for NB-PDSCH for OFDM with 15 khz subcarrier spacing UL: QPSK for multiple tone based on SC-FDMA with 15 khz subcarrier spacing and BPSK for single tone at 15 khz and 3.75 khz tone spacing for power gain Downlink peak data rates: about 32 kbit/s (in-band), 34 kbit/s (standalone); uplink peak data rates: about 66 kbit/s (multi-tone Tx), 16.9 kbit/s (single-tone) Support of half-duplex FDD, single antenna, maximum PTx = 20 dbm Limited support for voice (VoLTE or circuit switched services) and mobility (not supported in connected mode i.e. no handovers, only cell reselection in idle). 28
29 NB-IoT (3) Key enabler techniques for deeper coverage include: Redundant transmissions; Single-tone uplink; Lower-order modulation extended Discontinuous Reception (edrx) optimizes battery life for deviceterminated applications 29
30 Extended Discontinuous Reception (edrx) Rel-13 introduces Extended Discontinuous Reception (edrx) Enhanced connected mode (C-DRX): extension of the maximum time between control channel monitoring/data reception from the network in connected mode to seconds (optimized for device-terminated applications) Idle mode discontinuous reception (I-DRX): extension of time between page monitoring and Tracking Area Update (TAU) in idle mode up to minutes for Cat-M1 and up to about 3 hours for Cat-NB1 edrx is applicable to both Cat-M1 and Cat-NB1 edrx can also reduce signaling load compared to legacy DRX and/or PSM. 30
31 LTE for MTC: network enhancements in Rel-13 Dedicated Communication Network: network elements dedicated to IoT comms Architecture Enhancements for Services capability exposer (AESE) Optimizations to support high latency communication (HLCom) Group Based Enhancements (GROUPE) Monitoring Enhancements (MONTE) 31
32 LTE for MTC: architecture Interworking function MTC-IWF: provides security, charging and identifier translation (external-to-internal identifier) MTC server (optional), MTC Application Models: direct (Over-The-Top applications connects directly to MTC devices); indirect (MTC application connects through the MTC server additional valueadded services); hybrid (OTT connects directly but uses also value-added services) 32
33 LTE for MTC: network enhancements in Rel-13 Architecture Enhancements for Services Capability Exposer (AESE): the Mobile Network Operators (MNO) can offer value added services by exposing these 3GPP service capabilities to external application providers, businesses and partners using web based APIs. Via one or more standardized APIs, e.g., the OMA-API(s). Key issue 1: definition of the Service Capability Exposure Function (SCEF) in 3GPP core network. SCEF provides the means to securely expose the services and capabilities for external parties through homogenous network API) defined by OMA, etc. The SCEF abstracts the services from the underlying 3GPP network interfaces and protocols. The SCEF is always within the trust domain of a network operator. An application can belong to the trust domain or may lie outside the trust domain. 33
34 LTE for MTC: Rel-14 enhancements Improved positioning capabilities: Observed Time Difference of Arrival (OTDOA) Positioning Enhanced Multicast DL transmission, Mobility enhancements Support of higher data rates: intro of Cat. M2 (5 MHz, TBS=4000 bit, 10 HARQ, support of video) VOLTE enhancements: supporting two-way communication (for example, for wearable devices, alarms and ehealth), and for customer service 34
35 Rel-14: other enhancements related to IoT Enhancements to LTE D2D Support of V2V Synchr. by GNSS Resource reservation by distributed scheduling (left) or by enb (right) 35
36 LPWA: challenges Scalability to massive number of devices Interference mitigation Higher data rates Interoperability between LPWA technologies Localization Link adaptation and optimization Roaming and mobility Integration with other technologies Support for data analytics 36
37 Conclusions Characteristics of LPWA introduced in terms of applications, comparison with other technologies and objectives Described the proprietary technologies such as LoRa, SigFox Described of available and forthcoming LPWA standards developed by IEEE, ETSI, IETF and 3GPP Presented possible challenges for LPWA References U. Raza, P. Kulkarni, M. Sooriyabandara, Low Power Wide Area Networks: An Overview, IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, vol.19, no.2, Q2 2017, p G Americas whitepaper, LTE and 5G Technologies Enabling the Internet of Things. Dec G Americas whitepaper, LTE Progress Leading to the 5G Massive Internet of Things, Dec
38 LTE and 5G technologies enabling the Internet of Things Romeo Giuliano, Department of Innovation & Information Engineering Guglielmo Marconi University 38
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