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2 Technology in Action Chapter 2 Looking at Computers: Understanding the Parts 1

3 Understanding Your Computer: Computers are Data Processing Devices Perform four major functions Input: Gathers data, enter data Process: Manipulates, calculates, or organizes data Output: Displays data and information Storage: Saves data and information 2

4 Understanding Your Computer: Computers are Data Processing Devices Data Information Processing - computers do well with data 3

5 Understanding Your Computer: Bits and Bytes: The Language of Computers Binary Bit Computer language consisting of Bits Binary digit 0 or 1 Byte Unique combinations of 8 bits of 0s and 1s 4

6 Understanding Your Computer: Bits and Bytes: The Language of Computers Name Abbreviation Number of Bytes Byte B 1 byte Kilobyte KB 1,024 bytes (2 10 ) Megabyte MB 1,048,576 bytes (2 20 bytes) Gigabyte GB 1,073,741,824 bytes (2 30 bytes) Terabyte TB 1,099,511,627,776 bytes (2 40 bytes) Petabyte PB 1,125,899,906,842,62 bytes (2 50 bytes) Exabyte EB 1,152,921,504,606,846,976 bytes (2 60 bytes) Zettabyte ZB 1,180,591,620,717,411,303,424 bytes (2 70 bytes) 5

7 Understanding Your Computer: Bits and Bytes: The Language of Computers A combination of hardware and software processes data Hardware Software Application software System software Operating system (OS) 6

8 Understanding Your Computer: Types of Computers Two basic designs of computers Portable Tablet computers Laptop or notebook computers Netbooks Stationary Desktop computers All-in-one computers 7

9 Input Devices Enter data and instructions Examples of input devices? Keyboards Mouse Microphone Scanner Digital camera Stylus 8

10 Input Devices: Keyboards Touch screen keyboards QWERTY layout Wireless keyboards Bluetooth technology Alternative keyboards 9

11 Input Devices: Mice and Other Pointing Devices Optical mouse Wireless mouse Touch pad or trackpad 10

12 Input Devices: Mice and Other Pointing Devices Game controllers Joysticks Game pads Steering wheels Most are wireless 11

13 Input Devices: Image Input Digital cameras, camcorders, cell phones Scanners Webcams 12

14 Output Devices Send data out of the computer Text Pictures Sounds Video Examples? Monitors Printers Speakers and earphones 13

15 Output Devices: Monitors Liquid crystal display (LCD) Light-emitting diode (LED) Organic light-emitting diode (OLED) 14

16 Output Devices: Monitors How LCD monitors work Made up of pixels Two or more sheets of material Liquid crystal solution Crystals block or let light through 15

17 27-inch monitor pixels 21.5-inch monitor pixels Blu-ray movies Output Devices: Monitors Require at least pixels 16

18 Built-in features Output Devices: Monitors Speakers Webcams Microphones Multiformat memory card reader USB ports 17

19 Output Devices: Monitors Projectors Entertainment projectors 18

20 Inkjet printers Laser printers Output Devices: Printers Nonimpact printers have replaced impact printers almost entirely 19

21 Output Devices: Printers Inkjet Affordable High-quality color Quick and quiet Laser Faster printing speed Higher quality printouts More expensive 20

22 Sound Output Speaker Output device for sound Surround-sound speakers Wireless speaker systems Headphones or earbuds 21

23 Processing and Memory on the Motherboard Motherboard CPU ROM, RAM, and cache Slots for expansion cards Network interface card (NIC) 22

24 Processing and Memory on the Motherboard: Memory RAM Random access memory Stores instructions and data Series of several memory cards or modules Temporary (volatile) storage ROM Read-only memory Stores startup instructions Permanent (nonvolatile) storage 23

25 Processing and Memory on the Motherboard: Processing Central Processing Unit CPU or processor Brains of the computer Controls all functions of the computer s components Processes all commands and instructions Billions of tasks per second 24

26 Processing and Memory on the Motherboard: Processing CPU Performance Measures Processor speed measured in hertz (Hz) Megahertz (MHz) or gigahertz (GHz) Number of cores Single Dual Quad Eight 25

27 Storing Data and Information: Hard Drives Primary device for permanent storage Stored programs and data Internal hard drive 26

28 Storing Data and Information: Hard Drives External hard drive Outside the system USB or FireWire port Solid-State Drive (SSD) No moving parts No noise Emits little heat Requires little power Less likely to fail 27

29 Storing Data and Information: Cloud Storage Types of Cloud Storage? Dropbox OneDrive icloud Google Drive 28

30 Storing Data and Information: Compact discs (CDs) Audio files Digital video discs (DVDs) Store more data than CDs Blu-ray discs (BDs) Optical Storage 29

31 How Stuff Works Quick video that puts everything together 30

32 Storing Data and Information: External hard drives Large portable storage needs Small and lightweight USB port Flash Storage 31

33 Storing Data and Information: Flash Storage Flash drive jump drive, USB drive, thumb drive No moving parts Significant storage capacity USB Appears as another disk drive Wireless flash drives 32

34 Connecting Peripherals to the Computer Port Attaches peripherals 33

35 Connecting Peripherals to the Computer: High-Speed and Data Transfer Ports Universal serial bus (USB) USB 3.0 standard port Transfer speeds of 4.8 Gbps 34

36 Connecting Peripherals to the Computer: Connectivity and Multimedia Ports Connectivity port Access to networks and the Internet Ethernet port Audio ports Connect headphones, microphones, speakers 35

37 Connecting Peripherals to the Computer: Connectivity and Multimedia Ports Video ports Connect monitors and multimedia devices HDMI 36

38 Connecting Peripherals to the Computer: Adding Ports: Expansion Cards and Hubs Expansion cards New port standards Expansion hubs Connect several devices to a port 37

39 Setting It All Up Ergonomics Guidelines to follow Monitor position Adjustable chair Proper position while typing Take breaks Adequate lighting 38

40 Setting It All Up Devices for People with Disabilities Voice recognition Larger key keyboards Display screen keyboards Specialized input consoles Keyboards designed for one hand Special trackballs Head-mounted pointing devices 39

41 Under the Hood: Switches Computer system Viewed as enormous collection of on/off switches Combined in different ways to perform addition, subtraction, and move data around 40

42 Switches Electrical Switches Computers only understand two states Binary language consists of two numbers: 1 or 0 Electrical switches can be switched between 1 and 0 signifying On and Off Computers contain a huge collection of electrical switches Lock 41

43 Switches Vacuum Tubes Earliest generation of computers used vacuum tubes as switches Allow or block flow of electrical current Take up a large amount of space Produce heat and burn out frequently 42

44 Switches Transistors Transistors are electrical switches built of layers of material called semiconductors Semiconductors can be controlled to conduct or insulate Silicon is used to make transistors Smaller and faster than vacuum tubes Produce less heat, can be switched quickly, and are less expensive 43

45 Switches Integrated Circuits Tiny regions of semiconductor material Support huge number of transistors No more than ¼ inch in size Billions of transistors can fit on an integrated circuit CPUs are microprocessor chips 44

46 How the CPU Works Machine cycle refers to series of general steps CPU performs Fetch Decode Execute Store 45

47 How the CPU Works The Control Unit Manages switches inside CPU Remembers: Sequence of processing stages How switches are set for each stage With each beat of system clock, control unit moves each switch to correct on/off setting and performs work of that stage 46

48 How the CPU Works The System Clock Moves CPU from one stage of machine cycle to the next Acts as a metronome, keeping a steady beat or tick Ticks, known as the clock cycle, set the pace Pace, known as clock speed, is measured in hertz (Hz) Today s speed is measured in gigahertz (GHz), 1 billion clock ticks per second 47

49 How the CPU Works Stage 1: The Fetch Stage Data and program instructions are stored in various areas of computer system Program or data is moved to RAM from hard drive As instructions are needed, they are moved from RAM into registers Storage areas located on CPU 48

50 Stage 1: The Fetch Stage Cache memory - small blocks of memory located directly on and next to CPU chip Stores recent or frequently used instructions Faster access than RAM 49

51 How the CPU Works Stage 2: The Decode Stage CPU s control unit decodes program s instructions into commands Instruction set Collection of commands CPU can execute Written in assembly language Assembly language translated into binary code Machine language long strings of binary code 50

52 How the CPU Works Stage 3: The Execute Stage Arithmetic logic unit (ALU) Mathematical operations Addition Subtraction Multiplication Division Test comparisons of values (<, >, =) Logical OR, AND, and NOT operations 51

53 How the CPU Works Stage 4: The Store Stage Results produced by ALU are stored in registers Instruction explains which register to use When entire instruction is completed, next instruction will be fetched The fetch decode execute store cycle begins again 52

54 Making CPUs Even Faster Building a faster CPU is not easy Must consider time to design, manufacture, and test processor For release in 36 months, a CPU must perform at least twice as fast as currently available 53

55 Making CPUs Even Faster Manufacturers can increase CPU performance Pipelining Specialized, faster instructions for multimedia and graphics Multiple independent processing paths inside the CPU 54

56 Making CPUs Even Faster Pipelining CPU works on more than one stage or instruction at a time Boosts CPU performance System clock indicates when instructions move to next process Can potentially run four times faster 55

57 Making CPUs Even Faster Pipelining 56

58 Making CPUs Even Faster Specialized Multimedia Instructions New processors incorporate multimedia instructions into basic instruction set Multimedia-specific instructions work to accelerate video and audio processing New instructions work to allow CPU to deliver faster data protection 57

59 Making CPUs Even Faster Multiple Processing Efforts Many high-end server systems use large number of processors Multicore processing Quad-core processors have four separate parallel processing paths Six- and eight-core processors are available Parallel processing uses multiple computers to work on portion of same problem simultaneously 58

60 Next Time Read Chapter 5 A Hardware and software assignment will be given. 59

61 Quiz Flip over your notes Cover open books Everyone use the scantron Make sure you it has your name and id If you have a clicker, you can use it for practice Still complete the scantron Put the clicker ID in the date of the scantron 60