Direct Link Networks. Nodes. Links. Outline Building Blocks Encoding

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1 Direct Link Networks Outline Building Blocks Encoding Spring 2009 CSE Nodes Network adaptor Device driver Memory bottleneck CPU Cache Network adaptor (To network) Memory I/O bus Spring 2009 CSE Links Electromagnetic waves traveling at speed of light Frequency (Hertz, Hz) and wavelength (meters) f(hz) Radio Microwave Infrared UV X ray Gamma ray Coax Satellite Fiber optics AM FM TV Terrestrial microwave Spring 2009 CSE

2 Links Cables: Category 5 twisted pair Mbps 100m Thin-net coax Mbps 200m Thick-net coax Mbps 500m Multimode fiber 100 Mbps 2km Single-mode fiber Mbps 40km Leased lines: DS Mbps DS Mbps STS Mbps STS Mbps STS Mbps STS Gbps STS Gbps Spring 2009 CSE Cables Spring 2009 CSE Cables Spring 2009 CSE

3 Categories of Twisted Pair Cables Spring 2009 CSE Optical Fiber Each fiber consists of a thin strand of glass or transparent plastic encased in a plastic cover An optical fiber is used for communication in a single direction One end of the fiber connects to a laser or LED used to transmit light The other end of the fiber connects to a photosensitive device used to detect incoming light Spring 2009 CSE Optical Fiber Spring 2009 CSE

4 Links Last-mile links: POTS Kbps ISDN Kbps xdsl 16 Kbps-55.2 Mbps CATV Mbps Central office Mbps Kbps Local loop Subscriber premises Central office STS- N over fiber Neighborhood optical network unit VDSL at Mbps over feet of copper Subscriber premises Spring 2009 CSE Example: ADSL ADSL is the most widely deployed variant and the one that most residential customers use ADSL uses FDM to divide the bandwidth of the local loop into three regions one of the regions corresponds to traditional analog phone service, which is known as Plain Old Telephone Service (POTS) and two regions provide data communication Spring 2009 CSE Links Wireless links AMPS: Advanced Mobile Phone Systems PCS: Personal Communication Services GSM: Global System for Mobile Communication infrared: nm, 1 Mbps, 10m HIPERLAN: High Performance European Radio LAN IEEE Bluetooth WiMax Spring 2009 CSE

5 Encoding Signals propagate over a physical medium modulate electromagnetic waves e.g., vary voltage Encode binary data onto signals e.g., 0 as low signal and 1 as high signal known as Non-Return to zero (NRZ) Bits NRZ Spring 2009 CSE Problem: Consecutive 1s or 0s Low signal (0) may be interpreted as no signal Long strings of 0s or 1s lead to baseline wander Unable to recover clock Spring 2009 CSE Alternative Encodings Non-return to Zero Inverted (NRZI) make a transition from current signal to encode a one; stay at current signal to encode a zero solves the problem of consecutive ones Manchester transmit XOR of the NRZ encoded data and the clock only 50% efficient (bit rate = 1/2 baud rate) Spring 2009 CSE

6 Encodings (cont) 4B/5B every 4 bits of data encoded in a 5-bit code 5-bit codes selected to have no more than one leading 0 and no more than two trailing 0s thus, never get more than three consecutive 0s resulting 5-bit codes are transmitted using NRZI achieves 80% efficiency Spring 2009 CSE Encodings (cont) Bits NRZ Clock Manchester NRZI Spring 2009 CSE Manchester Encoding Spring 2009 CSE

7 4B/5B Spring 2009 CSE Framing Break sequence of bits into a frame Typically implemented by network adaptor Spring 2009 CSE Sentinel-based Approaches Header Body CRC Flag Address Control Protocol Payload Checksum Flag start frame with special pattern: Spring 2009 CSE

8 Approaches Counter-based include payload length in header e.g., DDCMP Count Header Body CRC problem: count field corrupted solution: catch when CRC fails Spring 2009 CSE Bit-oriented: HDLC Approaches Beginning sequence Header Body CRC Ending sequence uses for beginning and end, also sent during idle times for synchronization bit stuffing: when 5 consecutive 1s have been transmitted, sender inserts 0 Spring 2009 CSE Approaches Clock-based (SONET) each frame is 125us long e.g., SONET: Synchronous Optical Network STS-n (STS-1 = Mbps) Overhead Payload STS -1 STS -1 STS -1 9 rows 90 columns Hdr STS -3c Spring 2009 CSE

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