WIND VELOCITY AND DIRECTION MEASUREMENT Chingunde Sheetal Laxman, Choudhary Manju Nenaram, Gaikwad Prajakta Prashant
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1 Integrated Journal of Engineering Research and Technology WIND VELOCITY AND DIRECTION MEASUREMENT Chingunde Sheetal Laxman, Choudhary Manju Nenaram, Gaikwad Prajakta Prashant Department of Electronics & Telecommunication Engineering, Vishwakarma Institute of Information Article History: Received on- 21 th Mar 2015 Accepted on- 25 th Mar 2015 National Conference for Student in Electrical and Electronics Engineering INTRODUCTION Wind energy is a renewable source of energy. In order to setup a Wind-Mill for generation of wind energy, we must consider the geographical and climatic conditions of the required region. Most important considerations are wind velocity and wind direction. This can be done using a cup anemometer and a wind-vane along with an electronic circuit discussed further in this paper. Fig.1 shows the general block diagram for same. 1. Anemometer. Anemometer is an instrument used for measuring the speed of wind. The name anemometer comes from the Greek word anemos, which means wind. Fig.2 shows the basic structure of cup anemometer. Here we have used a cup anemometer. It consists of three equally spaced hemispherical cups, which rotate when the wind blows. The cups turn with the speed proportional to the speed of wind. It also has a slotted disk connected to the rotating shaft that Content Available at Technology, Pune, India. ABSTRACT The principal objective of image enhancement is to process a given image so that the result is more suitable than the original application. This paper is intended to implement Image enhancement using various algorithm such as histogram equalization, median filtering, Laplace transform etc. through Raspberry Pi BCM2835 processor which is a combination of SoC with GPU based Architecture. For capturing image we used USB Camera which plugs directly into USB port. Computer vision OpenCV libraries with python IDE is used for Image enhancement through linux based raspbian operating system. The resultant image is displayed on VGA. The Raspberry Pi is a low cost, credit-card sized computer that plugs into a computer monitor or TV, and uses a standard keyboard and mouse. It is a little device that enables people of all ages to explore computing, and to learn how to program in languages like Python. Keywords: Raspberry Pi, Opencv, Python. rotates along with the shaft. The disk used here has 30 holes. Hence this disk can be used to measure rotations per minute (rpm) of the cups. The rpm of the disk can be further used to calculate wind speed, using the equation: Wind speed =.. (1) Where, rpm = rotations per minute of disk R = length of shaft with cup. General Block Diagram ANEMOMETER WIND-VANE OPTICAL SWITCH ABSOLUTE ENCODER PIC MICROCONTROLLER LCD-DISPLAY Fig.1. General Block Diagram for Entire Setup for Measurement of Wind Velocity and Direction. 112
2 Fig.2.Cup anemometer. 2. Optical Switch Optical switch is an electronic component which consists of a diode and transistor pair as shown in Fig.3. The diode emits infra-red radiations on the base of transistor. There is a slot between the diode and the transistor, where we can place an obstacle or remove it. When the obstacle is absent, the infrared rays coming from the diode are incident on the base of the transistor. The drop across the collectoremitter of the transistor becomes very less. When the obstacle is present the infra-red rays coming from diode are blocked. Hence the voltage drop across collector -emitter of transistor is more. This principle can be used to measure the rpm of a slotted disk of the cup anemometer. Here we have used optical switch: H22A1 which has following specifications: Maximum forward voltage = 1.7V Reverse voltage = 6V Forward current = 60mA Reverse current =10uA. 3. Wind-Vane. Wind-vane is an instrument used for determining the direction of wind. It consists of an arrow-shaped shaft mounted on a driving shaft which can freely rotate in all directions in a horizontal plane. Fig.4 shows a typical wind-vane. The arrow-shaped mounted shaft has a tail with larger surface area as compared to the head. Thus when the wind blows it pushes the tail of this shaft such that, the surface of tail (i.e. the shaft) becomes parallel to the wind direction. Therefore the arrow points towards the direction from where wind is blowing. Fig.3. Diagram for Optical Switch to Measure rpm of Slotted Disk. Fig.4. Wind-Vane Structure. 4. Absolute Encoder. The direction pointed by the arrow on the wind vane is to be given to microcontroller. Thus, we require a sensor to convert the motion of arrow into electrical form. Hence we can use an absolute optical encoder for this purpose. Absolute encoder consist an assembly of a disk and photo-detectors. The disk has tracks on it. The number of tracks decides the 113
3 resolution of disk. There is a bit pattern on each track to encode the angular positions on the disk. In the bit pattern the dark patch means zero and transparent patch means one.fig.5 shows the exact arrangement for the absolute encoder of resolution of 8 bits. But our aim is, to determine one direction among eight possible directions of wind flow. Hence, we can use a disk of 3 bit resolution (since, 2 3 =8) as shown in Fig.6. Resolution=360 /2 3. =45. Resolution of 8 bits (pure binary code) stops. At that instant the photo-detectors present at one side of the disk will detect the light in the respective pattern. This will generate high or low voltage at the output of each photo-detector. The output of each photo-detector is fed to the microcontroller in order to display the direction on the LCD. 5. Microcontroller. The signals given by the sensors (optical switch and absolute encoder) are to be displayed on the LCD in the form of data regarding wind velocity and wind direction. For this purpose we selected PIC18F452 microcontroller. The features of this microcontroller which we have used are: i) Two input/output ports. ii) High current sink/source 25 ma/25 ma. iii) One external interrupt pin. iv) Timer0 module: 8-bit/16-bit timer/counter with 8- bit programmable prescaler. v) Figure 7 shows the pin diagram of PIC18F452 Microcontroller. Fig.5. Internal arrangement of Absolute encoder. 6. LCD. We have used LCD MODULE: 16X2, Fig.8 shows the LCD module. Fig.9 shows the interfacing diagram of LCD with microcontroller. Table 1 shows various LCD commands. Fig.6. Disk of Absolute Encoder of 3 Bit Resolution for Eight Directions. Other important components in the absolute encoder are LEDs and photo-detectors. These are arranged exactly as shown in Fig.5. As the wind blows, the shaft of wind-vane will turn and point the direction of wind. At the same time, the disk of the encoder will rotate and will stop when the shaft Fig.7 Shows the Pin Diagram of PIC18F452 Microcontroller. 114
4 Fig.8. LCD 16X2. Fig.9. Interfacing of LCD with microcontroller. Table.1. Following table includes various LCD Commands. Command RS RW D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0 Execution Time Clear display mS Cursor home x 1.64mS Entry mode set I/D S 40uS Display on/off control D U B 40uS Cursor/Display Shift D/C R/L x x 40uS Function set DL N F x x 40uS Set CGRAM address CGRAM address 40uS Set DDRAM address DDRAM address 40uS Read BUSY flag (BF) Write to CGRAM or DDRAM Read from CGRAM or DDRAM 0 1 BF DDRAM address D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0 40uS 1 1 D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0 40uS 7. Algorithm i] For measurement of velocity: 1. Start. 2. Accept digital pulses as input from the output of optical switch. 3. Call timer ISR to generate a delay of 60 seconds. 4. Count the number of pulses. 5. Perform rpm to speed calculations. 6. Display speed on LCD. 7. Stop. ii] For measurement of direction: Start. 1. Accept 3-bit input from the output of absolute encoder. 2. Compare it with eight possible codes for eight different directions. 000 => North 001=> North-East 010=> East 011=> South-East 100=> South 101=> South-West 110=> West 111=> North-West 3. Display the corresponding direction on LCD. 4. Stop. iii] For LCD 1. Start 2. Initialize type of LCD interface with Microcontroller: (To initialize LCD as 8 bit data length, no. of lines 2, resolution 5x7 dots, the command 115
5 word is DL N F 0 0 = = 38H) 3. Call command subroutine to send this 4. Call delay subroutine 5. To turn on the display; (Command word is: D C B = = 0EH) 6. Call command subroutine to send this 7. To clear LCD and Memory, Home cursor; (Command word is = 01H) 8. Call command subroutine to send this 9. Call delay subroutine 10. Screen Section as display character written (To shift cursor to left for next character; Command word is: I/O S = = 06H) 11. Call command subroutine to send this 12. Call delay subroutine 13. Select 1 st line and position to display massage (80h) 14. Call command subroutine to send this 15. Load ASCII code of message into accumulator 16. Call Display subroutine 17. Call delay subroutine 18. Select 2 nd line and position to display massage (0C0H) 19. Load ASCII code of message into accumulator 20. Call Display subroutine 21. Call delay subroutine 22. Stop Algorithm for command subroutine ( for 8 bit mode) 1. Copy contents in register A to Port interface with LCD 2. Select command register RS=0 for command 10. References. 1. PIC 18F452 Datasheet. 2. H22A1 Datasheet. 3. Mechatronics, by W. Bolton. 4. Sensors, by Efrain Teran. 5. LCD 16X2 Datasheet. 3. Select LCD in write mode, R/W=0 for write 4. Enable LCD E=1 for high pulse 5. Give LCD some time 6. Low Pulse EN=0 to LCD. 7. Return to main program Algorithm for Display subroutine (for 8 bit mode) 1. Copy contents in register A to Port interface with LCD 2. Select display register RS=1 for command 3. Select LCD in write mode, R/W=0 for write 4. Enable LCD E=1 for high pulse 5. Give LCD some time 6. Low Pulse EN=0 to LCD. 8. Working. As the wind blows cups of the anemometer rotate. Along with the cups the slotted disk also rotates. The optical switch mounted around the disk will produce pulsed output on detecting the slots of the disk. This pulsed output will be further fed to the microcontroller to calculate rpm of the disk. The rpm of disk will be used to calculate the wind speed. Then the wind speed will be displayed on LCD. On the other hand, the wind-vane will turn when the wind blows. The shaft will point the wind direction. Along with the shaft, the disk of absolute encoder connected to that shaft will also turn. The LEDphoto-detector pairs mounted on either sides of the disk will send an encoded signal representing a particular direction (i.e., North, North-East, East, South-East, South, South-West, West or North- West). This encoded signal will be fed to microcontroller to display the wind direction on the LCD. 9. Acknowledgment. We express our hearty thanks to our teachers Prof. V. M. Aranke, Prof. R. B. Ghongade, Prof. C. S. Garde, Prof. P. G. Gawande and Prof. G. V. Ghule for guiding us throughout this project. 116
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