Lab Experiment 9: LCD Display
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1 Lab Experiment 9: LCD Display 1 Introduction Liquid Crystal Displays (LCDs) provide an effective way for processors to communicate with the outside world. The LPC2148 board used in the lab is equipped with a character LCD. In this lab, you will develop assembly programs to write a message string to the LCD module on the Education Board. The objectives include: to learn programming LCDs to practice on writing and calling subroutines to earn more familiarity of programming GPIOs 2 Lab Preparation Please prepare the lab (e.g., read this section, write the needed subroutines, assemble them to eliminate any syntax error) before you come to the laboratory. If possible, you may run your code with RealView Microcontroller Development Kit (RMDK) simulator. This will help you to complete the required task on time. Pin number Table 1. Pin assignment of LCD module. Symbol I/O Function 1 GND - Power supply (GND) 2 VCC - Power supply (+5V) 3 VLCD - Contrast adjust 4 RS Input 0 = Command input; 1 = Data input 5 R/W Input 0 = Write to LCD; 1 = Read from LCD 6 E Input Enable signal 7 D0 Input/Output Data bus line 0 (LSB) 8 D1 Input/Output Data bus line 1 9 D2 Input/Output Data bus line 2 10 D3 Input/Output Data bus line 3 11 D4 Input/Output Data bus line 4 12 D5 Input/Output Data bus line 5 13 D6 Input/Output Data bus line 6 14 D7 Input/Output Data bus line 7 (MSB) 2.1 LCD PIN ASSIGNMENT AND PIN CONFIGURATION The LCD residing on the board comes with a standard KS0070B or equivalent controller, which is a very well-known interface for smaller character based LCDs. Users 1
2 may select to use a 4-bit or an 8-bit interface. If an 8-bit data interface is chosen, 11 pins are needed: 8 data bits (D0 D7), 1 address bit (RS), and 1 read/write bit (R/W), and one control signal (E). Table 1 shows the pin assignment for such LCD-modules as an industrial standard. Figure 1 illustrates the LCD part of the design on the Education Board and shows which pins are used for the interface. All pins can be disconnected from the interface if needed, via jumpers J31 J42. The LCD is powered from the power supply. The display contrast adjustment (VLCD) via is not mounted, therefore, no adjustment is needed for programmers. A LED (LED_C) is connected to the port pin P0.30 to provide the backlight to the LCD if needed. Figure 1. LPC 2148 Education Board Schematic: LCD. According to Figure 1, the following port pins are used in the LCD interface and need to be configured as GPIO pins: (1) Port 0 pins: P0.22 and P0.30 (2) Port 1 pins: P1.16 P1.25 To configure Port 0 pins as GPIO pins, we use the following two control registers: (1) Pin Function Select register 0 (PINSEL0, read/write through address 0xE002 C000) (2) Pin Function Select register 1 (PINSEL1, read/write through address 0xE002 C004) 2
3 The PINSEL0 register controls the functions of the lower 16 pins P0.15 P0.0; To configure P0. as a GPIO pin, we write 00 to bit locations [ ] of PINSEL0, where. For example, to set P0.15 as a GPIO pin, we can write LDR r1, =PINSEL0 LDR r0, [r1] ;read the current contents of PINSEL0 BIC r0, r0, #0xC ;modify the contents by clearing bits [31:30] STR r0, [r1] ;write the value back to PINSEL0 The PINSEL1 register controls the functions of the upper 16 pins P0.31 P0.16; To configure P0. as a GPIO pin, we write 00 to bit locations [ ] of PINSEL0, where and. To configure Port 1 pins as GPIO pins, we use the control register PINSEL2, with assigned address 0xE002 C014. For the LCD interface, pins P1.25 P1.16 are used as GPIO pins; bit 3 of PINSEL2 needs to be cleared for this pin configuration. WARNING : Must use read-modify-write operation when accessing PINSEL2 register. Accidental write of 0 to other bits may cause an incorrect code execution! After programming the pins for GPIO function, we need to configure the signal direction of each pin. For this lab experiment, set each of these pins as output pins. The control registers used to set up data direction of port 0 and port 1 are: Port 0: IO0DIR -- 0xE Port 1: IO1DIR -- 0xE Along with the data direction registers, you may need to configure the following registers: Port 0: IO0SET - 0xE IO0CLR - 0xE C Port 1: IO1SET - 0xE IO1CLR - 0xE C Write Assembly code to do the above configurations and group the code as a subroutine. You may name the subroutine as LCD_pins, or something similar. Programming Tips: Define the bit locations of port pins as meaningful names to increase readability as well as simplicity for programming and debugging. An example is shown below. LCD_DATA EQU 0x00FF0000 ; P P1.23 LCD_RS EQU 0x ; p1.24 LCD_E EQU 0x ; p1.25 LCD_RW EQU 0x ; P0.22 LCD_LIGHT EQU 0x ; P0.30 3
4 2.2 LCD CONTROL LINES The LCD standard requires 3 control lines as well as either 4 or 8 I/O lines for the data bus. The user may select whether the LCD is to operate with a 4-bit data bus or an 8-bit data bus. The three control lines are referred to as E, RS, and R/W. The E line is called "Enable". This control line is used to tell the LCD that you are sending it data, where the data here could be a character for display or a LCD command. To send data to the LCD, your program should first set this line high (1) and then set the other two control lines and put data on the data bus. When the other lines are completely ready, bring EN low (0) again. The 1-0 transition tells the LCD processor to take the data currently found on the data bus. The RS line is the "Register Select" line. There are two registers available for the LCD processor: text register and command register. When RS is low (0), the data is to be treated as a command or special instruction (such as clear screen, position cursor, etc.). When RS is high (1), the data being sent is text which should be displayed on the screen. For example, to display the letter "T" on the screen you would set RS high. The R/W line is the "Read/Write" control line. When RW is low (0), the information on the data bus is being written to the LCD. When RW is high (1), the program is effectively querying (or reading) the LCD. Only one instruction ("Get LCD status") is a read command. All others are write commands so R/W will almost always be low. For this lab, we will write to the LCD only. Finally, the data bus consists of 4 or 8 lines (depending on the mode of operation selected by the user). In this lab, we are using 8-bit data bus; the lines are referred to as D0 (LSB), D1, D2, D3, D4, D5, D6, and D7 (MSB). Based on the above introduction, write the following two subroutines to send a command and a character to LCD, respectively. You may name the subroutines LCD_cmd and LCD_char. (A) Write a subroutine which sends a command to LCD, by following the steps below: (1) D[7:0] = command (passed from the calling program). (2) RS = 0, R/W = 0, and E = 0 ; and wait for at least. (3) E = 1 ; and wait for at least. (4) E = 0; and wait for at least. (B) Write a subroutine which sends a character to LCD, by following the steps below: (1) D[7:0] = character (passed from the calling program). (2) RS = 1, R/W = 0, and E = 0; and wait for at least. (3) E = 1 ; and wait for at least. (4) E = 0; and wait for at least. 4
5 Programming Tip: Note that all the delays are minimum time required for the operations. You may insert longer delays. Therefore, you may call a short delay subroutine which takes an argument to generate multiples of or delay. 2.3 LCD INITIALIZATION Before you may really use the LCD, you must initialize and configure it. This is accomplished by sending a number of initialization commands to the LCD. The first instruction that we send is a LCD command 0x30, which wakes up the LCD module. This command needs to be sent three times to the LCD with proper delays in between. After waking up the LCD module, we send the next command 0x38 for function select. This command is really the sum of three option bits: 0x20, 0x10, and 0x80. The instruction itself is 0x20 for Function set. The value 0x10 indicates an 8-bit data bus, and 0x80 selects a two-line display. We also select a 5x7 dot character font with this command. The details about this command can be found in the Appendix: LCD Instruction Set The third byte of the initialization sequence is the command 0x0C. The command 0x0C is really the instruction 0x08 ( Display On/Off control ) plus 0x04 to turn the LCD on. The next byte we need to send is 0x01. The instruction ( Clear display ) is to configure LCD to clear screen and make cursor home. The last byte we need to send is used to configure additional operational parameters of the LCD. We must send the value 0x06. The command 0x06 is really the instruction 0x04 ( Entry mode set ) plus 0x02 to configure the LCD such that every time we send it a character, the cursor position automatically moves to the right. Having executed this code the LCD will be fully initialized and ready for us to send display data to it. Proper waiting periods need to be inserted after a command is sent out. Sending a command to the LCD can be implemented by calling the subroutine suggested in the end of Section 2.2. The initialization procedure for 8 bit interface is summarized below, for which the code can be written as a subroutine LCD_init: (1) E = RS = RW = 0, and wait for at least 15ms. (2) Send command 0x30 to the pins D[7:0] of the LCD, and wait for at least 4.1ms. (3) Send command 0x30 and wait for at least 100µs. (4) Send command 0x30 and wait for at least 4.1ms. (5) Send command 0x38 to the LCD. (6) Send command 0x0C to the LCD. (7) Send command 0x01 to the LCD. 5
6 (8) Send command 0x06 to the LCD. 2.4 CURSOR POSITIONING The LCD module contains a certain amount of memory which is assigned to the display. All the text we write to the LCD module is stored in this memory, and the LCD module subsequently reads this memory to display the text on the LCD itself. This memory can be represented with the "memory map" in Figure 2. Figure 2. 2x16 LCD memory map. In this memory map, the area shaded in blue is the visible display. As you can see, it measures 16 characters per line by 2 lines. The numbers in each box is the memory address that corresponds to that screen position. Thus, the first character in the upper left-hand corner is at address 0x00. The following character position (character #2 on the first line) is address 0x01, etc. This continues until we reach the 16th character of the first line which is at address 0x0F. However, the first character of line 2, as shown in the memory map, is at address 0x40. This means if we write a character to the last position of the first line and then write a second character, the second character will NOT appear on the second line. That is because the second character will effectively be written to address 0x10 -- but the second line begins at address 0x40. Thus we need to send a command to the LCD that tells it to position the cursor on the second line. The "Set Cursor Position" instruction is 0x80. To place the cursor at a certain location, we must add the address of the location to the command 0x80. For example, if we want to display a letter on the first character position of the first line, we need to send command 0x80 (i.e., 0x80 + 0x00) to the LCD. To place cursor at the first character position of the second line, we send command 0xC0. To place cursor at the second character position of the second line, we send command 0xC1, and so on. Write a subroutine which displays a character string starting from a certain location on the LCD. There should be two arguments for this subroutine: the character to display and the location to display. This subroutine should follow the sequence below: (1) Send LCD command to place the cursor for the first character. (Note that the cursor moves right by one location automatically.) (2) Call the subroutine LCD_char to send one character. (3) Repeat (2) until a null character is fetched. 6
7 3 Lab Tasks For the tasks below, complete the following requirements: Create at least 3 subroutines in ARM assembly listed in the task 1 BEFORE coming to the lab. Simulate your code and verify the result with the debugger to make sure that the program sends the correct data to the control registers and port pins. Download the machine code in HEX file to the LPC2148 microcontroller, and verity the result after execution. Demonstrate the results to the lab instructor before you leave the lab. Task 1: Write the following subroutines for LCD display and group them in one program file named as lcd_subs.s: Wait_10µs or Wait_1µs which can produce multiples of 10µs (or 1µs) time delay. LCD_pins which configures all port pins of the LPC2148 for LCD interface LCD_init which follows the initialization sequence to wake up LCD and configure its functions LCD_cmd which sends a command to the LCD LCD_char which sends a character to the LCD LCD_string which display a string starting from a certain location on the LCD. LCD_clear which clears the display and set cursor home. Task 2: Write a program code to display two character strings on the first and second line of the LCD, respectively, by calling the subroutines written in lcd_subs.s. Note that the strings to display need to be stored in the memory. Task 3: Generate a rotating display on the first line of the LCD; more specifically, continually rotate a character string from right to left, and the first character will appear from the right again and continue rotating from right to left. Hint: Read the details about the instruction Cursor/display shift listed in the Appendix: LCD Instruction Set and the file about LCD commands. 4 Requirements: A. This is a two-week lab experiment. Pre-lab work will be checked in the beginning of the first week. It is very important to complete your pre-lab, which is the completion of 3 subroutines. B. Lab report is DUE one week after the two-week lab period. The report should include your names, experiment objectives, experiment problems, the print-out of your work, explanation and discussion, and conclusion. C. Demonstrate your results to the instructor before you leave. Failure to do so will result in zero point for performance. 7
8 Appendix: LCD Instruction Set Instruction Code LCD instruction set RS R/W D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0 Clear display Cursor home * Entry mode set Display On/Off control Cursor/display shift I/D S D C B S/C R/L * * Function set DL N F * * Set CGRAM address Set DDRAM address Read busy-flag and address counter Write to CGRAM or DDRAM Read from CGRAM or DDRAM CGRAM address DDRAM address 0 1 BF DDRAM address Description Clears display and returns cursor to the home position (address 0). Returns cursor to home position (address 0). Also returns display being shifted to the original position. DDRAM contents remains unchanged. Sets cursor move direction (I/D), specifies to shift the display (S). These operations are performed during data read/write. Sets On/Off of all display (D), cursor On/Off (C) and blink of cursor position character (B). Sets cursor-move or display-shift (S/C), shift direction (R/L). DDRAM contents remains unchanged. Sets interface data length (DL), number of display line (N) and character font(f). Sets the CGRAM address. CGRAM data is sent or received after this setting. Sets the DDRAM address. DDRAM data is sent or received after this setting. Reads Busy-flag (BF) indicating internal operation is being performed and reads address counter contents. Execution time** 1.64mS 1.64mS 1 0 write data Writes data to CGRAM or DDRAM. 1 1 read data Reads data from CGRAM or DDRAM. 0µS Notes: DDRAM = Display Data RAM. CGRAM = Character Generator RAM. DDRAM address corresponds to cursor position. 8
9 Address Counter is used for both DDRAM and CGRAM. * = Don't care. ** = Based on Fosc = 250KHz. Bit names Bit Settings I/D 0 = Decrement cursor position 1 = Increment cursor position S 0 = No display shift 1 = Display shift D 0 = Display off 1 = Display on C 0 = Cursor off 1 = Cursor on B 0 = Cursor blink off 1 = Cursor blink on S/C 0 = Move cursor 1 = Shift display R/L 0 = Shift left 1 = Shift right DL 0 = 4-bit interface 1 = 8-bit interface N 0 = 1/8 or 1/11 Duty (1 line) 1 = 1/16 Duty (2 lines) F 0 = 5x7 dots 1 = 5x10 dots BF 0 = Can accept instruction 1 = Internal operation in progress 9
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