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1 Communication in Power System II 3/2/ :05 AM EET 415/4 Power System Operation 1 Communication In Power System II CONTENTS SCADA Definition SCADA Evolution Basic SCADA System Architecture Typical SCADA System Architecture SCADA Applications SCADA Protocols Comparison of the Terms SCADA, DCS, PLC and Smart Instrument Considerations When Putting A SCADA System Together Considerations And Benefits Of SCADA System Remote Terminal Units (RTU) Power System Automation, Distribution Automation (DAC) Summary of System Used in Powers System Automation Concept of Automatic SCADA in Power System Integration of Control and Protection for High Voltage AC Transmission and Distribution System Types of SCADA System 3/2/ :05 AM EET

2 Computer-based supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems have evolved over the past 40 years, from standalone, compartmentalized operations into networked architectures that communicate across large distances. In addition, their implementations have migrated from custom hardware and software to standard hardware and software platforms. 3/2/ :05 AM EET In modern manufacturing and industrial processes, mining industries, public and private utilities, leisure and security industries telemetry is often needed to connect equipment and systems separated by large distances. This can range from a few meters to thousands of kilometers. Telemetry is used to send commands, programs and receives monitoring information from these remote locations. 3/2/ :05 AM EET

3 In general, SCADA refers to the combination of tl telemetryt and dt dataacquisition. iiti SCADA encompasses the collecting of the information, transferring it back to the central site, carrying out any necessary analysis and control and then displaying that information on a number of operator screens or displays. The required control actions are then conveyed back to the process. 3/2/ :05 AM EET In the early days of data acquisition, relay logic was used to control production and plant systems. With the advent of the CPU and other electronic devices, manufacturers incorporated digital electronics into relay logic equipment. The PLC is still one of the most widely used control systems in industry. As need to monitor and control more devices in the plant grew, the PLCs were distributed and the systems became more intelligent and smaller in size. 3/2/ :05 AM EET

4 PLCs and DCS (distributed control ) are used as shown below PC to PLC or DCS with a Fieldbus and sensor 3/2/ :05 AM EET The advantages of the PLC / DCS SCADA system are: The computer can record and store a very large amount of data The data can be displayed in any way the user requires Thousands of sensors over a wide area can be connected to the system The operator can incorporate real data simulations into the system Many types of data can be collected from the RTUs The data can be viewed from anywhere, not just on site 3/2/ :05 AM EET

5 The disadvantages are: The system is more complicated than the sensor to panel type. Different operating skills are required, such as system analysts and programmer. With thousands of sensors there is still a lot of wire to deal with. The operator can see only as far as the PLC. 3/2/ :05 AM EET As the requirement for smaller and smarter systems grew, sensors were designed with the intelligence of PLCs and DCSs. These devices are known as IEDs (Intelligent Electronic Devices). The IEDs are connected on a fieldbus, such as Profibus, Devicenet or Foundation Fieldbus to the PC. 3/2/ :05 AM EET

6 IEDs include enough intelligence to acquire data, communicate toother devices, and hold their part of the overall program. Each of these super smart sensors can have more than one sensor on-board. Typically, an IED could combine an analog input sensor, analog output, PID control, communication system and program memory in one device. 3/2/ :05 AM EET PC To IED Using A Fieldbus 3/2/ :05 AM EET

7 The advantages of the PC to IED fieldbus system are: Minimal wiring is needed. The operator can see down to the sensor level. The data received from the device can include information such as serial numbers, model numbers, when it was installed and by whom. All devices are plug and play, so installation and replacement is easy. Smaller devices means less physical space for the data acquisition system. 3/2/ :05 AM EET The disadvantages of a PC to IED system are: More sophisticated system requires better trained employees Sensor prices are higher (but this is offset somewhat by the lack of PLCs) The IEDs rely more on the communication system 3/2/ :05 AM EET

8 SCADA Definition Definition two typical definitions of a SCADA system and the source of each definition: SCADA is the technology that enables a user to collect data from one or more distant facilities and/or send limited control instructions to those facilities. SCADA: Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition by Stuart A. Boyer, published by ISA The Instrumentation, Systems, and Automation Society; 3rd edition. A system operating with coded signals over communication channels so as to provide control of RTU (Remote Terminal Unit) equipment. IEEE Standard C , Definition, Specification, and Analysis of Systems Used for Supervisory Control, Data Acquisition, and Automatic Control. 3/2/ :05 AM EET SCADA Evolution The scope of SCADA has evolved from its beginnings in the 1960s. The advent of low-cost minicomputers such as the Digital Equipment Corporation PDP-8 and PDP-11 made computer control of process and manufacturing operations feasible. Programmable logic controllers (PLCs) progressed simultaneously.traditional ladder logic is introduced. PLCs appealed to traditional control engineers who were accustomed to programming relay logic and who did not want to learn programming languages and operating systems. When microcomputers were developed, they were programmed and packaged to emulate PLCs in function, programming and operation. 3/2/ :05 AM EET

9 SCADA Evolution Initially, control systems were confined to a particular plant. The associated control devices were local to the plant and not connected to an external network. The early control systems consisted of a central minicomputer or PLC that communicated with local controllers that interfaced with motors, pumps, valves, switches, sensors, and so on. 3/2/ :05 AM EET SCADA Evolution Generally, DCS confined to locations close to each other, normally use a high-speed local network, and usually involve closed loop control. Architecture Of Distributed Control System 3/2/ :05 AM EET

10 SCADA Evolution As the technical capabilities of computers, operating systems, and networks improved, organizational management pushed for increased knowledge of the real-time status of remote plant operations. Also, in organizations with a number of geographically separated operations, remote data acquisition, control, and maintenance became increasingly attractive from management and cost standpoints. These capabilities are known collectively a supervisory control and data acquisition or SCADA. 3/2/ :05 AM EET Basic SCADA System Architecture Specific terminology is associated with the components of SCADA systems. These SCADA elements are defined as follows: Operator: Human operator who monitors the SCADA system and performs supervisory control functions for the remote plant operations. Human Machine Interface (HMI): Presents data to the operator and provides for control inputs in a variety of formats, including graphics, schematics, windows, pull-down menus, touch-screens, and so on. Master Terminal Unit (MTU): Equivalent to a master unit in a master/slave architecture. The MTU presents data to the operator through the HMI, gathers data from the distant site, and transmits control signals to the remote site. Communications means: Communication method between the MTU and remote controllers. Communication can be through the Internet, wireless or wired networks, or the switched public telephone network. Remote Terminal Unit (RTU): Functions as a slave in the master/slave architecture. Sends control signals to the device under control, acquires data from these devices, and transmits the data to the MTU. 3/2/ :05 AM EET

11 Typical SCADA System Architecture Operator Human Machine Interface (HMI) Master Terminal Unit (MTU) Communications Remote Terminal Unit (RTU) Field Data Elements 3/2/ :05 AM EET SCADA Applications Typical Variable Frequency Drive Pump Oil Field SCADA System SCADA System Using The Internet And Cellular Network 3/2/ :05 AM EET

12 SCADA Applications General SCADA Water Treatment Facility Water Reservoir SCADA System Electrical Generating Plant SCADA System 3/2/ :05 AM EET SCADA Protocols In order for two or more entities to communicate, they must speak the same language (protocol) and adhere to certain rules for initiating, conducting, and ending the communication. SCADA protocols evolved out of the need to send and receive data and control information locally and over distances in deterministic time. Deterministic time = The ability to predict the amount of time required for a transaction to take place when all relevant factors are known and understood. 3/2/ :05 AM EET

13 SCADA Protocols To accomplish communication in deterministic time for applications in refineries, electric utilities, and other users of SCADA systems, manufacturers of control devices, such as PLCs, developed their own protocols and communication bus structures. Summarizes some of the manufacturers and their corresponding protocols. 3/2/ :05 AM EET Comparison of the Terms SCADA, DCS, PLC and Smart Instrument Distributed Control System (DCS) In a DCS, the data acquisition and control functions are performed by a number of distributed ib t d microprocessor-based units situated near to the devices being controlled or the instrument from which data is being gathered. DCS systems have evolved into systems providing very sophisticated analog (e.g. loop) control capability. A closely integrated set of operator interfaces (or man machine interfaces) is provided to allow for easy system configurations and operator control. 3/2/ :05 AM EET

14 Comparison of the Terms SCADA, DCS, PLC and Smart Instrument The data highway is normally capable of fairly high speeds (typically 1 Mbps up to 10 Mbps). Distributed Control System (DCS) 3/2/ :05 AM EET Comparison of the Terms SCADA, DCS, PLC and Smart Instrument Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) Since the late 1970s, PLCs have replaced hardwired relays with a combination of ladder logic software and solid state electronic input and output modules. They are often used in the implementation of a SCADA RTU as they offer a standard hardware solution, which is very economically priced. Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) system 3/2/ :05 AM EET

15 Comparison of the Terms SCADA, DCS, PLC and Smart Instrument Smart Instrument Although this term is sometimes misused, it typically means an intelligent (microprocessor based) digitali measuring sensor (such as a flow meter) with digital data communications provided to some diagnostic panel or computer based system. Typical Example Of A Smart Instrument 3/2/ :05 AM EET Considerations When Putting A SCADA System Together Overall Control Requirements Sequence Logic Analog Loop Control Ratio And Number Of Analog To Digital Points Speed Of Control And Data Acquisition Master/Operator Control Station Reliability/Availability Type Of Displays Required Historical Archiving Requirements System Consideration Speed Of Communications/Update Time/System Scan Rates System Redundancy d Expansion Capability Application Software And Modeling 3/2/ :05 AM EET

16 Considerations And Benefits Of SCADA System Improved operation of the plant or process resulting in savings due to optimization of the system. Increased productivity of the personnel. Improved safety of the system due to better information and improved control. Protection of the plant equipment. Safeguarding the environment from a failure of the system. Improved energy savings due to optimization of the plant. 3/2/ :05 AM EET Remote Terminal Units An RTU (sometimes referred to as a remote telemetry unit) as the title implies, is a standalone data acquisition and control unit, generally microprocessor based, which monitors and controls equipment at some remote location from the central station. Its primary task is to control and acquire data from process equipment at the remote location and to transfer this data back to a central station. It generally also has the facility for having its configuration and control programs dynamically downloaded from some central station. Although traditionally the RTU communicates back to some central station, it is also possible to communicate on a peer-to-peer basis with other RTUs. The RTU can also act as a relay station (sometimes referred to as a store and forward station) to another RTU, which may not be accessible from the central station. 3/2/ :05 AM EET

17 Remote Terminal Units (RTU) SmallsizedRTUsgenerallyhavelessthan10to20analogand digital signals, medium sized RTUs have 100 digital and 30 to 40 analog inputs. RTUs, having a capacity greater than this can be classified as large. Typical RTU Hardware Structure 3/2/ :05 AM EET Remote Terminal Units Typical RTU hardware modules include: Control Processor And Associated Memory Analog Inputs Analog Outputs Counter Inputs Digital Inputs Digital Outputs Communication Interface(s) () Power Supply RTU Rack And Enclosure 3/2/ :05 AM EET

18 Power System Automation, Distribution Automation (DAC) Introduction Power system automation refers to automatic switching, regulating, controlling, logging and protection of electric power flow without human intervention. With the progress in Digital Electronic, Data Processing and Data Communication systems, Microprocessors and Personal computers, Fiber Optic Data Transmission system, a host of new devices and system are being introduced for power system automation 3/2/ :05 AM EET Summary of System Used in Powers System Automation The electrical flow from various generating stations to various receiving substation via transmission network. The automatic generation control (AGC) and Power System SCADA controls the energy flow and ensure frequency control on the entire Grid (Network). The transmission network is characterized by bulk power flow (MW range), lesser meshing and more radial lines, relatively less number of long EHV-AC/HV AC transmission lines covering long distances up to receiving substations. Distribution networks receive power from the transmission Network at the main receiving stations. 3/2/ :05 AM EET

19 Summary of System Used in Powers System Automation (Cont) Each of Distribution Networks cover certain geographical area and feeds energy to its connected load via primary and secondary distribution systems and service mains. The energy flow between the receiving substation and various connected loads is control by the Distribution Automation and Control System (DAC). 3/2/ :05 AM EET Summary of System Used in Powers System Automation Level System Title* Abbrevia tion* Scope */Coverage* 1 Energy Management System EMS Total Power System: -National Grid, Regional Grids (Power System SCADA) SCADA Generation/Transmission/Interconnections/Ener (Integrated Protection and Control) gy Control and Management 2 Automatic Generation Control AGC -Control of MW generated, MVA generated To maintain System Frequency and Tie-Line power flow 3 SCADA system at various hierarchical levels 4 Distribution SCADA, Distribution Automation and Control, Load Management SCADA DSCADA DAC LM 1.National control centre 2.Regional load control centre 3.State load control centre 4.Distribution load centre 5.Individual loads Distribution systems and load management centre 5 Load-end SCADA LSCADA SCADA and individual consumer s terminal *System title, Abbreviation, Scope and coverage use in USA, Europe, India and Malaysia may differ 3/2/ :05 AM EET

20 Concept of Automatic SCADA in Power System The basic variable related with the network/ Power station / substation / load operation, control, protection and monitoring include the following: Current Voltage Frequency Power factor, reactive power, real power Temperature, vibration, process variable etc 3/2/ :05 AM EET Concept of Automatic SCADA in Power System In traditional power station / substation controls the three functions :- Protection Control Monitoring were not integrated fully. In modern Automatic SCADA systems, the functions are interlinked by means of digital processing devices and power line carrier/ radio links. 3/2/ :05 AM EET

21 Concept of Automatic SCADA in Power System ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (EMS) ENERGY SYSTEM SCADA MAIN FUNCTIONS LOAD FREQUENCY CONTROL OF NATIONAL GRID AND CONTROL OVER EXCHANGE OF POWER BETWEEN REGIONAL GRIDS DISTRIBUTION SCADA MAIN FUNCTIONS CONROL AND SUPERVISION OF DISTRIBUTION OF POWER TO VARIOUS CONSUMERS WITH MINIMUM OUTAGE AND MINIMUM LOSSES Scope of EMS, Power System SCADA and Distribution SCADA Distribution Automation and Control (DAC) 3/2/ :05 AM EET Integration of Control and Protection for High Voltage ACTransmission and Distribution System Modern AC Network are formed by interconnecting two or more independently controlled AC Network. The Hierarchical levels on control include:- National Load Control Centre Regional Load Control Centre Power Station Control Room Substation Control Room Distribution Control Centre Load-End Control Room 3/2/ :05 AM EET

22 Integration of Control and Protection for High Voltage ACTransmission and Distribution System In general, old days the protective functions were segregated from control functions. With traditional electromechanical relays and earlier generation of hard-wired static relays. Thus, the functions of its were limited to: Sensing Faults and abnormal conditions Giving alarm Tripping circuit-breaker Autoreclosing of circuit breakers 3/2/ :05 AM EET Integration of Control and Protection for High Voltage ACTransmission and Distribution System The power station/substation supervisory functions and control functions were independent of the above protective function. Data logging and some control and supervisions were manually performed by system operator from control rooms. With the development of programmable microprocessor system the entire supervisory functions, control functions, protective functions can be combined (Integrated). 3/2/ :05 AM EET

23 Integration of Control and Protection for High Voltage ACTransmission and Distribution System 2 CONTROL & AUTOMATION 2 1 PROTECTION 3 DATA AQU. MEAS. TRANSMISSION MONITORING 4 CONCEPT OF COMBINED PROTECTION, MONITORNG AND CONTROL SYSTEM (CPMC) WITH MODERN MICROPROCESSOR BASED DIGITAL RELAYS AND SCADA 3/2/ :05 AM EET Types of SCADA System Function System Type 1 System Type 2 System Type 3 Monitoring Status/Indication changes, Control operation, Limit values Status/Indication changes, Operational commands, Limit values Status/Indication changes, Control Operations. Limit value, Event Classification Logging Events, hard copies or screen display on printer Energy reports max/min reports. Events printout copies of screen display Post Mortem Review(PMR), Event report, Time tagged date Data Acquisition Status /indications. Changes values. Up to 500 signal points from RTUs Status /indications. Measured value. Energy values, Up to 3000 signal points from RTUs Status /indications. Measured value. Energy values, Up to signal points from RTUs Control ON/OFF commands ON/OFF commands RAISE/LOWER ON/OFF commands RAISE/LOWER regulation regulation. Setpoint value, sequential RAISE/LOWER regulation. control Setpoint value, sequential control Display Monochromatic display and printer Color Display and printer Color display, mimic diagram and printer Example of Various Types of SCADA System 3/2/ :05 AM EET

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