Digital Detector Emulator. This is the only synthesizer of random. Your Powerful User-friendly Solution for the Emulation of Any Detection Setup
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1 CAEN Electronic Instrumentation This is the only synthesizer of random pulses that is also an emulator of radiation detector signals with the possibility to configure the energy and time distribution. Digital Detector Emulator Your Powerful User-friendly Solution for the Emulation of Any Detection Setup The Digital Detector Emulator is a multichannel instrument for the emulation of radiation detection systems. The algorithm is initialized by a reference pulse shape, with statistical distribution of amplitude and time. Then a statistical stream of events is generated according to the input distributions. The events can be also selectively summed together simulating the pile-up phenomenon. An arbitrarily generated noise and a baseline drift can be superimposed to each pulse. Therefore, the instrument is not a pulse generator of recorded shapes, but it is a synthesizer of random pulses compliant with programmable statistical distributions of energy spectrum, time distribution, and pulse shape. The stream of emulated signals becomes a statistical sequence of pulses, reflecting the programmed input features (e.g. energy spectrum, time distribution, noise, signal shape, etc.). When the emulation process is reset, the kernels of generators can be either re-initialized with new random data making the sequence always different, or they can be stored to reproduce the same sequence many times. The Digital Detector Emulator is able to emulate two different radiation sources at a time on the two output channels and to provide them either with fully independent parameters, or with some of them correlated. For example the events can be time correlated (steps of 12 ps), or a subset of events can share the same energy spectrum. It is also possible to set the channels in a master/slave configuration, where the first channel works as a trigger for the second one. Emulator/Pulser/Function Generator operating mode Energy spectrum emulation (pre-defined or measured in real setup) Time distribution emulation Pile-up emulation Noise (Gaussian, 1/f, random walk) and periodic interference emulation Baseline drift Custom signal shape emulation (predefined or measured in real setup) 12 ps/step programmable analog delay generator Correlated events generation on the two output channels Multiple shape on the same channel for testing the pulse shape discrimination Continuous and pulsed reset pre-amplifier emulation Small details Great differences
2 EMULATION PRINCIPLE The use of digital pulse processing techniques is widely used in many fields of application of radiation measurements, for example in the pulse height analysis, in the pulse shape discrimination, in the time-to-digital and amplitude conversion, etc. Since those systems and algorithms are becoming more and more complex, it is very useful to have precise simulations of the detection and acquisition systems. This can help, for instance, in preliminary feasibility studies or in tests to understand the system response itself, as well as for later debug purposes. Another advantage is the reduction in time of radioactive source use, thus reducing the risk for the experimenter s health. possible to emulate two different shapes with programmable mixture on the same output channel. This feature allows to test the pulse shape discrimination. While the integrator circuit emulates the behavior of a real analog pulse, the memory-based system emulates the pile-up effect starting the readout of one of the 16 memories as soon as the trigger fires. The output of all 16 memories is then summed to produce a piled-up signal. All of this encouraged the idea of developing a digital technique to emulate the radiation signals which can resemble as much as possible the real experimental data. Currently, there are electronic instruments able to generate analog signals with exponential shape, fixed amplitude, and exponential time distribution. Anyway, they cannot modulate the amplitude according to a given energy spectrum. This issue has been overcome by recording long sequences of events (the so called Arbitrary Waveform Generators ), being strongly limited by the memory size, and therefore by the signal length and the counting rate. The CAEN Digital Detector Emulator not only is able to perform such standard features, but is also able to generate an electrical signal that fully emulates real detection systems. The user can control all the signal features, providing as input the statistical distributions of energy spectrum, time distribution, and pulse shape. The output stream of events is a statistical distribution itself that emulates the input energy and time spectra. Advanced features allow also to simulate the noise, the interferences, the pile-up, the baseline drift, and the correlations among channels. The sequence of data can be either re-initialized with new random data to have always different sequences, or with the same starting seeds to reproduce the same sequence many times. The possibility to fine control each input parameter allows to study any variation of the system and to predict the outcome of the analysis algorithms. Moreover, the user can test specific cases and push the parameters to their physics limits to test the readout electronics. EMULATION PROCESS The emulation algorithm generates pseudo-random events according to the input statistical distributions of energy spectrum, time distribution, and pulse shape. The input energy spectrum is used to simulate the pulse amplitude, while the input time distribution to simulate the time distance between two consecutive pulses, and the pulse shape to choose among different shapes. The output signal statistically reproduces the input energy and time spectra. The system can be controlled from the user PC by a software tool that allows to program the whole system in few clicks. An on-board FPGA performs up to billions of operations per second, generating a digital stream that is then converted to an analog signal by two 16-bit 125 MSPS DAC. The analog signal can be provided on the output w/o a filter to get low noise or sharp rise time. The system owns 4 MB RAM memory to store either predefined function sequences or the AWG waveform samples (see later). The signal shape can be generated either by a digital equivalent integrator circuit, or by a set of 16 memories. The first algorithm allows the generation of exponential signals (adjustable rise/decay time) with no limitation in the number of piled-up events. The second one allows the generation of arbitrary programmable shapes up to 16 events in pile-up. The FPGA generates the time based trigger signal that enables the signal generation as a function of the programmed time distribution. It is also Block scheme of the event generation process. The signal can be combined with the noise to have a more realistic emulation. The system is able to emulate white noise, 1/f noise, and random walk. It is also possible to mix those noise sources, as well as to add the interferences among the events. The 1/f noise can be adjusted both in frequency and in amplitude. It is also possible to emulate the periodic noise due, for example, to the switching power supply with either fixed or random amplitude and time jitter. The system emulates the drift in time of the baseline value following a programmable generic profile. Through an interpolation function, it is possible to achieve long lasting drifts up to 1 s. Block diagram of the Digital Detector Emulator.
3 Firmware structure for the signal generation CORRELATED EVENTS EMULATION The instrument is able to emulate two different radiation sources at a time and to provide them either on the two outputs, or to mix them (with known mixing parameter) on the same output. The two emulation chains can either have fully independent settings (energy spectrum, signal shape, time distribution of the events, noise characterization, etc.), or they can have some of the parameters correlated. For example, a correlated subset of the two output channels can share the same energy spectrum and the same generation time, or it is possible to have a fixed time correlation among the events of the two channels. Moreover, it is possible to set the instrument in a master/slave configuration where the first channel works as a trigger of the second one. The correlation among the events is useful, for instance, in debugging PET systems, or in those experiments involving the time of flight measurement, or to simulate the detection of small signal events expected in a large amount of background. Three operation modes are available: 1) Channel 1 (CH1) is the time shifted copy of Channel 2 (CH2) (12 ps step); 2) CH2 has its own statistics generator (i.e. different spectrum, different noise, etc.) but is triggered by CH1 (delayed by 12 ps step); 3) a third emulator channel (with separate statistic properties) generates correlated pulses for both CH1 and CH2. In this way, only some events of the two channels are correlated. The delay line for the time correlation is thermalized through a Peltier cell to minimize the thermal drift. Generation of correlated events. CH1 in red, CH2 in blue. The yellow mask shows a correlated event sharing the same energy and timing in both channels. NOISE EMULATION The system allows the emulation of several noise contributions, such as white noise, 1/f, random walk (baseline drift). It is also possible to acquire from the oscilloscope a periodic interference noise and to add it to the output signal, with variable amplitude and time jitter. Final analog output of the Digital Detector Emulator. PSEUDO-RANDOM GENERATION When the emulation process is reset, the kernel of pseudo-random generators can be re-initialized with new data making the sequences always different. To obtain many times the same sequence of pulses, the generator can be re-initialized with the same seed values. Furthermore, it is possible to store up to 500k pairs of Energy and Time information in the internal RAM memory to generate pre-defined sequences of 500k events. SPECTRUM IMPORTER Import of CSV and ANSI N42.42 spectrum files. The software automatically readjusts the input bin spectrum to the bins of the emulator. The software allows to stretch the spectrum, and to shift the energy peaks. For multiple spectra ANSI N42.42 files, it is possible to choose the spectrum to import. MULTISHAPE EMULATION To debug pulse shape discrimination systems, the emulator is able to generate two different programmable shapes with specific programmable statistics. It is also possible to generate pile-up events with different shapes. Two different shapes in the same output channel The GUI shows the input spectrum (left) and the resulting imported spectrum (right).
4 Digital Detector Emulator DT5800 NEW Desktop Digital Detector Emulator This is the most advanced system in the world for real-time emulation of random signals from radiation detectors. Operating modes: PULSER Classic pulser operation. The system allows to set the signal amplitude, the signal rate, and to choose between constant and Poisson distributed rate. Pulser/Emulator/Function Generator operating modes Energy spectrum emulation Time distribution emulation Custom signal shape emulation Pile-up emulation Noise and periodic interference emulation Baseline drift 12 ps/step programmable delay generator Correlated signals generation on the two output channels Multiple shape on the same channel for testing of pulse shape discrimination Continuous and pulsed reset pre-amplifier emulation DETECTOR EMULATOR In the detector emulator operating mode, the system is able to emulate with high accuracy a radiation detection system from the detector output to its related front-end electronics. The user must provide: the signal shape distribution, the required energy spectrum, the time distribution, the noise characterization, and the baseline drift. The signal shape can be generated either by using the system internal database, or using recorded shapes from the experimental setup. The same is true for the energy spectrum. It is possible to create several emission lines through the tool itself, or to import a file in the format of CVS/ANSI N42.42, or to use the internal database electronics. The user can choose a Poisson or any arbitrary time distributions. It is also possible to emulate white noise, 1/f noise, random walk, as well as interferences. The characterization of the baseline drift can be also added. CORRELATED EVENT GENERATOR The instrument allows to generate correlated events with fixed time shift (time steps of 12 ps). The two signals can have either the same or different statistical distributions. Furthermore, it is possible to generate a subset of events according to a fixed energy spectrum, being statistical uncorrelated from the background events. ARBITRARY WAVEFORM GENERATOR The instrument comes with 1M points of RAM memory per channel to store and then reproduce the events from pre-defined functions. The Desktop Digital Detector Emulator is available in single or dual channel version.the dual channel model allows the event correlation. USB 2.0 communication interface. Software tool compliant with Windows OS. Shape and spectrum files import from any Digital Pulse Processors, Digitizers, and oscilloscopes. Model shape generation (with no noise) from input waveforms. Programmable digital outputs: Trigger in, Trigger out, and Gate. Software GUI for the Digital Detector Emulator. Code Description WDT5800DXAAA DT5800D - Dual Channel Desktop Digital Detector Emulator with channel correlation WDT5800SXAAA DT5800S - Single Channel Desktop Digital Detector Emulator NDT6800 NIM/Desktop Digital Detector Emulator Same features of the desktop version 2 units, NIM standard Either backplane or AC-DC power supply USB 2.0 interface NEW The NIM Digital Detector Emulator comes with the same operating modes of the Desktop version: pulser mode, detector emulator, correlated events generator, and arbitrary waveform generator. The whole electronic system is integrated in a twounit NIM module for standard NIM crate integration. USB 2.0 communication interface. Front panel USB connector. Either NIM backplane or AC-DC power supply. The latter allows to use the crate stand-alone, without the NIM crate. Active cooling system for non-cooled NIM crates. The delay line for the time correlation is thermalized through a Peltier cell to minimize the thermal drift (temperature stability of about 0.03 C). OneTOUCH Interface for the basic software configuration. Code Description WNDT6800DXAA NDT6800D - Dual ChannelNIM/ Desktop Digital Detector Emulator with channel correlation WNDT6800SXAA NDT6800S - Single Channel NIM/Desktop Digital Detector Emulator
5 Applications Remote Experimentation CAEN digitizers and the dual digital MCA DT5780 allow to acquire signals from radiation detectors and to make digital pulse processing through dedicated firmware. It is therefore possible to acquire both the waveforms and the energy spectrum, then saving those information in two files. The files can be imported in the emulator software and used as a model for the emulation process, without the presence of any radioactive sources or detectors. The emulation algorithm allows for additional fine control of the rate and the noise. It is also possible to reproduce the same event sequence by storing the starting seed of the pseudo-random generation. specific radioactive sources. This gives the great advantage to have a realistic emulation, limiting the use of dangerous radioactive sources. Digital Detector Emulator used in combination with the DT5780 MCA Time To Digital Converter The Digital Detector Emulator can be coupled with a CAEN TDC module for a precise test of time resolution. Usually, a delay generator or a simple pulser allows the generation of signals with fixed amplitude and shape. The Digital Detector Emulator allows to test time resolution in more generic configurations, using signals with variable amplitude and shape. Pulse Shape Discriminator There are many experiments where the discrimination among particles is made through their different waveform shape. This is, for example, the case of neutron-gamma discrimination. The Digital Detector Emulator, being able to simulate two different pulses, allows to simulate the neutron-gamma different response, in order to make tests and debug studies without the presence of the Pulse Shape Discrimination between neutrons and gamma Correlated Events Many applications require the acquisition of coincidence events among different channels. The Digital Detector Emulator allows to generate a subset of common events in the two channels, that shares the same energy spectrum. It is therefore possible to program the two analog outputs to emulate two uncorrelated backgrounds with only some of the events in common. Only when the readout coincidence between the two channels is enabled (for example using CAEN digitizer families with DPP firmware), the correlated spectrum comes out. Energy spectrum correlation among channels Additional Features Arbitrary Waveform Generator GUI Arbitrary Waveform Generator The Digital Detector Emulator integrates an Arbitrary Waveform Generator with up to 1Mpoints per channel to emulate the analog signal saved by the user (maximum sampling rate of 125 MSPS). Furthermore, the DDE comes with a predefined waveform generator able to reproduce sinusoidal waveforms, square waves, ramp waves (also asymmetric), saw- tooth, pulse (square wave with duty cycle, adjustable and possibly asymmetric slopes), sinc, etc. Adjustable rate from 1mHz to 10 MHz. Automatic adjustment of the initial phase of the sinusoid waveform. The noise generator produces a statistical distribution of the noise, using a uniform distribution as numeric source. Pseudo random noise distributions can be generated. Arbitrary Delay Generator The Arbitrary Waveform Generator function can be combined with the Arbitrary Delay Generator function to shift the two channel outputs by a 12 ps step. Both the pre-defined waveforms and those imported by the user can be delayed. Isotopes database The software provides an interface to pick the mono-energetic lines of several isotopes, and arbitrarily create a complex energy spectrum. It is possible to calibrate the output energy dynamic, and to associate a specific resolution to each line. Isotopes database GUI interface
6 Technical Specifications Energy emulation features Single line (65535 selectable levels) Spectrum emulation (16384 bins with 14 bit resolution) ± 4 V output range 16 bit D/A converter Time emulation features Constant rate emulation Poisson distribution Programmable statistical generation of events (256 bins, 8 bit resolution) Up to 11 MCPS, both in constant and statistical emulation Integrator circuit emulation without pile-up limitation Up to 16 pile-up events in the memory based algorithm Programmable dead-time and emulation of parallelizable and non-parallelizable machines 20 ns to 10 ms exponential decay time Signal shape 4096 points to store waveforms Arbitrarily programmable shapes Shape length from 64 ns to 26 μs (w/o interpolation) / 26 ms (interp.) Separated rising and falling edge interpolation Up to two separate shapes mixed on the same channel with independent statistic Noise emulation White noise emulation (BW 62.5 MHz) 1/f noise emulation Random Walk (baseline drift) Interference generation (e.g. possibility to record spikes from switching power supplies and inject in the output signal) Interference generation with fixed amplitude and frequency or randomly modulated in amplitude and injection time Baseline Baseline drift programmable with arbitrary shape Correlated events emulation Three operation modes: 1) Channel 1 (CH1) is the time shifted copy of Channel 2 (CH2) (12 ps step); 2) CH2 has its own statistics generator (i.e. different spectrum, different noise, etc.) but is triggered by CH1 (delayed by 12 ps step); 3) A third emulator channel (with separate statistic properties) generates correlated pulses for both CH1 and CH2. In this way, only some events of the two channels are correlated 12 ps step programmable delay (from 0ps to 32us), 18 FWHM, 60 ppm linearity Temperature stabilization of the delay line Digital I/O 2-input and 2-output programmable Trigger out, analog saturation warning, machine overload sensing Trigger in, random number generator control (reset / play / pause), gating, baseline reset RNG (random number generator) 8 independent LFSRs with 64 bits generate the base for the statistical emulation Possibility to randomize the seeds of each RNG independently Possibility to initialize the RNG with fixed seeds to get repeatable sequences to test different processing architectures Generation of finite length streams of pulses to debug step-by-step the DUT Programmable sequence 500 kpoints of memory/ch to store a sequence of pairs (energy, time of occurrence) to generate long predictable and defined sequences of pulses Arbitrary waveform generator 1 Mpoints/CH to store any arbitrary waveform Function generation: sin, square, ramp, saw, pulse, sinc up to 10 MHz Software and interfaces Windows-based user interface managing more than one emulator USB 2.0 and Ethernet interfaces Emulation of continuous and pulsed reset preamplifier Share-it! DT5800D web page >>>. News from Catalog web page Small details Great differences CAEN SpA Via Vetraia Viareggio Italy Phone Fax info@caen.it CAEN GmbH CAEN Technologies, Inc Bay Street - Suite 2C Staten Island, NY USA Phone Fax info@caentechnologies.com CAEN Tools for Discovery Copyright CAEN SpA All rights reserved. Information in this publication supersedes all earlier versions. Specifications subject to change without notice. Printed in March ADOCUME BF rev02 Klingenstraße Solingen Germany Phone Fax info@caen-de.com
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