Open-Channel SSDs Then. Now. And Beyond. Matias Bjørling, March 22, Copyright 2017 CNEX Labs

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1 Open-Channel SSDs Then. Now. And Beyond. Matias Bjørling, March 22, 2017

2 What is an Open-Channel SSD? Then Now - Physical Page Addressing v1.2 - LightNVM Subsystem - Developing for an Open-Channel SSD - pblk Host-side Flash Translation Layer - liblightnvm User-space library And Beyond - Physical Page Addressing v2.0 - Zones Support - Feedback loop Introduction 2

3 Solid-State Drives and its Non-Volatile Media Read/Write Solid-State Drive Host Interface Parallel Units Read/Write/Erase Transform R/W/E to R/W Responsibilities Flash Translation Layer Media Error Handling Media Retention Management Media Controller Channel X Channel Y Read (50-100us) Write (1-10ms) Erase (3-15ms) Manage Media Constraints ECC, RAID, Retention Tens of Parallel Units 3

4 Mixed I/O Workloads 0% writes and latency is consistent 20% writes makes big impact on read latency 50% writes can make SSDs as slow as spinning drives... Larger outliers on increased writes 4

5 FTL-like FTL-like implementation implementation at multiple at various layers layers Indirection and Read/Write I/O Interface Even if Writes and Reads does not collide from application Indirection and loss of information due to the narrow Read/Write I/O interface User Space Kernel Space HW Not able to align data on media = Write amplification increase + extra GC Log-on-Log Log-structured Database (e.g., RocksDB) Metadata Mgmt. Metadata Mgmt. Metadata Mgmt. Address Mapping VFS Log-structured File-system Block Layer pread/pwrite Address Mapping Read/Write/Trim Solid-State Drive Address Mapping Garbage Collection Garbage Collection Garbage Collection Solid-State Drive Pipeline Write Buffer die 0 die 1 Writes decoupled from Reads Writes NAND Controller SSD state is hidden due to the narrow I/O Interface 5 Reads die 2 die 3 Data placement + Buffering = Best Effort

6 Open-Channel SSDs I/O Isolation Enable I/O isolation between tenants by allocating your SSD into separate parallel units. Predictable Latency No more guessing when an IO completes. You know which parallel unit is accessed on disk. Data Placement & I/O Scheduling Manage your non-volatile memory as a block device, through a filesystem or inside your application. 6

7 Open-Channel SSD Solid-State Drive Responsibilities Flash Translation Layer Media Error Handling Media Retention Management Host Interface Media Controller Parallel Units Channel X Channel Y 7

8 4K reads during 64K concurrent writes Predictable Latency Traditional NVMe device and an Open-Channel SSD 8

9 Then 1. Physical Page Addressing Specification - Released 2H Based on feedback from Hyper-scalers, AFAs, and HPC requirements - Implemented as a vendor specific command set 2. LightNVM Subsystem - Kernel integration of the above interface - Administration of drive instances 3. Writing to an Open-Channel SSD 9

10 Physical Page Addressing (PPA) Interface v1.2 Expose geometry - Logical/Physical geometry - Performance - Controller functionalities # Channels, # Parallel Units, # Blocks, Block Size, Min. Write size, Optimal Write size, Up to the SSD vendor Hierarchical Address Space - Encode geometry into the address space Vector I/Os - Read/Write/Erase LBA0 PU0 PU1 PU2 PU3 LBAX 10 Encode parallel units into the address space

11 LightNVM Architecture 1. NVMe Device Driver - Detection of OCSSD - Implements PPA interface 2. LightNVM Subsystem - Generic layer - Core functionality - Target management (e.g., pblk) User Space Kernel Space Scalar Read/Write (optional) Geometry Vectored R/W/E LightNVM Subsystem NVMe Device Driver Application(s) File System pblk (3) (2) (1) 3. High-level I/O Interface PPA Addressing - Block device using pblk - Application integration with liblightnvm Hardware Open-Channel SSD 11

12 Writing to an Open-Channel SSD (1) What s different compared to a traditional SSD? - Geometry? Presents a set of blocks (also known as zones/chunks) Timings - Reads? Sector-sized reads Bonus: Vector interface defines extra error codes such as reading a non-written page, and hints if a page has high ECC 12

13 Writing to an Open-Channel SSD (2) What s different? - Writes? Requirement: write sequential within a block Can fail. An error does not mean the hole disk is bad. Just means the write unit is bad. Write data to next page within the block. - Erases? Can fail. An error does not mean the hole disk is bad. Just means the block is bad and data should be rewritten to a new page. 13

14 Now pblk liblightnvm Linux Kernel Read Path make_rq Write Path make_rq File System Write Context User-space I/O Apps Read Lookup Cache Hit L2P Table Write Buffer Add Entry GC/Rate-limiting Thread Write Entry Write Thread Error Handling Kernel-space liblightnvm LightNVM Subsystem NVMe Device Driver LightNVM Subsystem NVMe Device Driver Write Open-Channel SSD Hardware Open-Channel SSD 14

15 Host-side Flash Translation Layer - pblk Mapping table - Sector-granularity Write buffering - Lockless circular buffer Linux Kernel Read Path make_rq Write Path make_rq File System Write Context - Multiple producers - Single consumer (Write Thread) Lookup Cache Hit Write Buffer Add Entry Write Entry Error Handling - Media write/erase errors Read L2P Table GC/Rate-limiting Thread Write Thread Error Handling Garbage Collection - Rewrite blocks Recovery of metadata LightNVM Subsystem NVMe Device Driver Write Hardware Open-Channel SSD 15

16 But does it blend? CNEX Labs Open-Channel SSD - NVMe - PCIe Gen3x8-2TB MLC NAND Geometry - 16 channels - 8 PUs per channel (Total: 128 PUs) Parallel Unit Characteristics - Read Size: 4K - Write size: 16K + 64B user OOB - Blocks: 1.067, Block Size: 16MB Performance: - Write: Single PU 47MB/s - Read: Single 108MB/s, 280MB/s (64K) Base Performance Limit # Active Parallel Write Units Multi-tenancy using I/O Isolation 16

17 Base Performance using Vector I/O Grows with parallelism Throughput & Latency RR slightly lower due to scheduling conflicts Request I/O Size 17

18 Limit # Active Writers A priori knowledge of workload. E.g., limit to 400MB/s Write Limit number of Active PU Writers, and achieve better read latency Single Read and Write Perf. Write throughput 400MB/s Mixed Read/Write Write latency increases, and read latency reduces 256K Write QD1 256K Read QD16 18

19 Multi-Tenant Workloads NVMe SSD OCSSD 2 Tenants (1W/1R) 4 Tenants (3W/1R) 8 Tenants (7W/1R) 19

20 liblightnvm User-space interface to interact with vectoring using Open-Channel SSDs - Easy to use interface for geometry layout and I/O accesses Interface - struct nvm_dev - struct nvm_geo - struct nvm_addr - struct nvm_vblk - Terrific set of CLI tools Great tutorial available - User-space Kernel-space I/O Apps liblightnvm LightNVM Subsystem NVMe Device Driver Open-Channel SSD 20

21 And Beyond. Physical Page Addressing v2.0 Zones Support Media Feedback Channel 21

22 Physical Page Addressing 2.0 Adapted to customer requests - Simplified Log-structured. Write sequentially within block Minimal write size, optimal write size. - Media-agnostic Work on NAND as well as PCM and other next generation memories - Able to be exposed through the Zones interface introduced for SMR drives Prototype patches available. 22

23 And Beyond. Media Feedback Why a feedback channel? How? Host FTL/File-Systems/Applications NVMe Device Driver Read/Write Open-Channel SSD NVMe AER Retention Policy Read Retry High ECC Wear-leveling 23

24 Conclusion New interface that provides - I/O Predictability - I/O Isolation - Puts the host in front seat of data placement and I/O scheduling PPA Specification is open and available for implementors Active community using OCSSDs both for production and research - Multiple drives in development within SSD vendors - Multiple papers already on Open-Channel SSDs that shows how this interface can improve workloads Fundamental building blocks are available: - Initial release in Linux kernel User-space library (liblightnvm) support with Linux kernel Pblk will be upstream with Linux kernel The right time to dive into Open-Channel SSDs - More information available at: 24

25 CNEX Labs, Inc. Teaming with NAND Flash manufacturers and industry leaders in storage and networking to deliver the next big innovation for solid-state-storage.

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