Hard Drive Technologies

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1 Unit 8 Hard Drive Technologies Copyright 2002 Heathkit Company, Inc. All rights reserved.

2 The disk surface is divided into tracks. 2

3 Most Hard Drives Have Multiple Platters Platter1, Track1 Platter2, Track1 Platter3, Track1 Platter4, Track1 3

4 The eight track 1 s are referred to collectively as Cylinder 1. 4

5 Read\Write Head Platter 5

6 6

7 7

8 One Sector = 512 Bytes 8

9 Cluster 9

10 Cluster The smallest unit of disk space that the OS can allocate to a file. It consists of one or more sectors. Generally, the larger the disk drive, the more sectors per cluster. 10

11 Hard Drive Interfaces Copyright 2002 Heathkit Company, Inc. All rights reserved.

12 ST-506/ESDI Interface 12

13 The Drive Controller Interface between the drive and the motherboard (system controller) Obsolete as separate cards Integrated with the motherboard and drives 13

14 Legacy Drive Controller 14

15 IDE/EIDE Interface 40-pin data connector Configuration Jumpers 15

16 EIDE Controller 16

17 SCSI Interface Configuration Jumpers? 50-pin data connector 17

18 SCSI Host Adapter Internal External 18

19 SATA Interface 19

20 Hard Drive Installation and Setup Copyright 2002 Heathkit Company, Inc. All rights reserved.

21 IDE Cables 21

22 Motherboard Ports 22

23 Master/Slave Settings 23

24 EIDE Enhanced IDE Larger Drive Capacity Faster Transfers Two ports, and two devices on each port ATAPI 24

25 Control cable Mounting Screws Power connector Mounting screws 25

26 Safety First Turn off the power before you open the computer. Wear an antistatic wrist band grounded to the computer when handling any computer component. Be careful of the sharp wires on the component side of the disk drive. 26

27 Physical Drive Logical Drive

28 Setup 17 Standard Advanced Chipset P o w e r M g m t PCI/PnP Standard Setup P e r i p h e r a l Pri Master Pri Slave Sec Master Sec Slave 17 Date/Time Floppy A Floppy B 28

29 Master and Slave on same cable. 29

30 Mounting Screws Control cable Power Connector Mounting Screws 30

31 Hard drive removal Open the cabinet. Disconnect cables. Remove mounting screws. Lift out the drive. 31

32 Control cable Power Connector 32

33 Control Cable Power Connector 33

34 FRAGILE Handle the hard drive with care. DO NOT DROP OR JAR 34

35 35

36 Primary Slave Hard Disk Type LBA/Large Mode Block Mode 32Bit Mode PIO Mode : Auto : Off : Off : Off : Auto 36

37 SATA Serial AT Attachment (SATA) standard Data storage standard Interface transparent to operating system Supports previous parallel ATA standards Burst rate 150 MB/sec 37

38 SATA Interface Signal Cable Connector Signal Contacts Cable Assemblies Drive Socket Assembly 38

39 SATA Interface Drive Socket Assembly Power Contacts Cable Assemblies Power Supply Cable Connector 39

40 SATA Interface Drive Socket Assembly Manufacturer Test Pins Cable Assemblies 40

41 SATA Hard Disk Drive Power Adapter Plug Power Connector Signal Connector Test Pins 41

42 Hard Drive Partitions Copyright 2002 Heathkit Company, Inc. All rights reserved.

43 File Allocation Table (FAT) OS s road map to the disk How the OS keeps track of which clusters belong to which files How the OS keeps track of bad sectors Two copies maintained and kept up to date. 43

44 Formatting Low Level Formatting - Performed by the Drive Manufacturer. High Level Formatting - Performed by the PC User via the FORMAT Command. 44

45 Low-Level Formatting Blank Disk Sectors and tracks defined

46 Low Level Formatting Performed at the factory. Converts the single blank surface into tracks and sectors. Finds and remaps bad spots on the disk so that the operating system can avoid them. 46

47 High Level Formatting Originally performed by the vendor of the computer. Creates boot record, FAT, and the root directory. Performed with the FORMAT command. 47

48 Partitioning Makes the hard disk compatible with the OS Prepares hard disk for high-level format Divides hard disk into partitions or makes it one large partition Performed with the FDISK utility 48

49 FAT and FAT 16 DOS, Win 95, Win 98 2 GB Maximum Partition 32 KB 2 GB 49

50 VFAT Win 95 and Win 98 2 GB Maximum Partition 32 K 2 GB Long File Names 50

51 FAT 32 Win 95 and Win 98 2 TB Maximum Partition 4 KB 2 GB 51

52 Partition Format Load OS 52

53 Fixed Disk Setup Program (C)Copyright Microsoft Corp FDISK Options Current fixed disk drive: 1 Choose one of the following: 1. Create DOS partition or Logical DOS Drive 2. Set active partition 3. Delete partition or Logical DOS Drive 4. Display partition information 5. Change current fixed disk drive Enter choice: [5] 53

54 Fixed Disk Setup Program (C)Copyright Microsoft Corp FDISK Options Current fixed disk drive: 2 Choose one of the following: 1. Create DOS partition or Logical DOS Drive 2. Set active partition 3. Delete partition or Logical DOS Drive 4. Display partition information 5. Change current fixed disk drive Enter choice: [1] 54

55 Create DOS Partition or Logical DOS Drive Current fixed disk drive: 2 Choose one of the following: 1. Create Primary DOS Partition 2. Create Extended DOS Partition 3. Create Logical DOS Drive(s) in the Extended DOS Partition Enter choice: [2] Press Esc to return to FDISK Options 55

56 Create Extended DOS Partition Current fixed disk drive: 2 Partition Status Type Volume Label Mbytes System Usage E:1 A EXT DOS JSMITH 1032 FAT16 100% Extended DOS Partition already exists. Press Esc to continue 56

57 Display Partition Information Current fixed disk drive: 2 Partition Status Type Volume Label Mbytes System Usage E:1 A EXT DOS JSMITH 1032 FAT16 100% Total disk space is 1032 Mbytes (1 Mbyte = bytes) The Extended DOS Partition contains Logical DOS Drives. Do you want to display the logical drive information (Y/N)...?[Y] Press Esc to return to FDISK Options 57

58 Display Logical DOS Drive Information Drv Volume Label Mbytes System Usage E: JSMITH 1032 FAT16 100% Total Ext DOS Partition size is 1032 Mbytes (1 MByte = bytes) Press Esc to continue 58

59 You must FORMAT ALL new Logical Drives. 59

60 C? D? E? F? 60

61 C: Master, Primary Partition E: Master, Extended Partition D: Slave, Primary Partition F: Slave, Extended Partition 61

62 Maintaining a Hard Drive Copyright 2002 Heathkit Company, Inc. All rights reserved.

63 Symptom Hard drive performance has been slowing down over time. 63

64 Symptom PC will not boot from the hard drive. 64

65 Possible Problems: The SETUP configuration has been changed or lost. One or more of the MS-DOS files on the hard drive may be corrupt or missing. The partition table or boot sector may be corrupt. The hard drive may have a mechanical or an electronic malfunction. 65

66 How good are your backups? You can reload Windows You can reload applications You can reconfigure the GUI Can you recreate your data? 66

67 67

68 68

69 69

70 70

71 71

72 72

73 73

74 74

75 75

76 76

77 The Backup Timeline OS Loaded Apps Loaded Backup Minor Changes CRASH! Restore from Backup Day 1 Day 3 Day 5 Days 7-15 Day 20 Day 21 77

78 The Backup Timeline OS Loaded Apps Loaded Backup Minor Changes CRASH! Restore from Day 5 Backup Day 1 Day 3 Day 5 Days 7-15 Day 20 Day 21 Changes are lost! 78

79 Create Regular Backups Changes made between the Backup and the Restoration are lost. 79

80 Optical Drives Copyright 2002 Heathkit Company, Inc. All rights reserved.

81 The CD-ROM = 450 Floppy Disks Storage 650 MB X1 = 150 KBps 81

82 Floppy Disk Magnetic Tracks are concentric CD-ROM Laser Reading One spiral track 82

83 Floppy Disk Magnetic Tracks are separate circles Track 0 at the outer edge CD-ROM Laser Reading One Spiral Track From Inside to Outside Track 0 Track 79 End Beginning 83

84 16,000 laps per inch 135 tracks per inch 84

85 Magnetic Disk Angular rate is constant Shorter track on inside means tighter packed data CD-ROM Disk Linear rate is constant Shorter track on inside means higher rotational speed there. 85

86 Track 0 Track 1 86

87 Sector In addition to data, each sector also contains Error Detection Codes (EDC) and Error Correcting Codes (ECC). 87

88 Never wipe in line with the Sector! OK 88

89 Top or Label Side Reflective Metal Layer Clear Protective Coating 89

90 Data, in the form of PITS and LANDS Beam is absorbed Beam is reflected 90

91 Recordable Media Gold Layer 91

92 Recordable Media Photo-sensitive Dye Layer CD-R is Write Once Read Many (WORM) RD-RW is Read/Write, or Re-writeable 92

93 Connections and Specifications Copyright 2002 Heathkit Company, Inc. All rights reserved.

94 Four Basic CD-ROM Interfaces SCSI (Small Computer Systems Interface) EIDE (Extended Integrated Drive Electronics) Proprietary Bus Other Interfaces 94

95 Access Speeds Single-speed (1x) Quad-speed (4x) Eight-speed (8x) Ten-speed (10x) Sixteen-speed (16x) Twenty-speed (20x) Twenty Four-speed (24x) Fifty-speed (50x) 150 KB/s 600 KB/s 1.2 MB/s 1.5 MB/s 2.4 MB/s 3 MB/s 3.6 MB/s 7.5 MB/s 95

96 Installing and Maintaining a CD-ROM Copyright 2002 Heathkit Company, Inc. All rights reserved.

97 Installing a CD-ROM Drive 1. Install or select the hardware interface. 2. Install the physical drive. 3. Install the device driver. 4. Link the device driver name to the operating system 97

98 Primary EIDE Channel Secondary EIDE Channel 98

99 CD-ROM Drive Locations 99

100 Metal knockout Plastic snap out 100

101 Power to CD-ROM Drive 101

102 Control to CD-ROM Drive 102

103 103

104 104

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