COMPUTING FUNDAMENTALS

Transcription

1 CSC-110 COMPUTING FUNDAMENTALS INPUT, OUTPUT, AND STORAGE COURSE INSTRUCTOR: ENGR. REEMA QAISER KHAN

2 INPUT, OUTPUT, AND STORAGE Different kinds of computers accept input from different sources. For example, a desktop PC might have a keyboard and mouse, whereas a tablet PC or smartphone might have a touch screen and some built-in buttons. Output can include messages and data that appear on the monitor screen, a hard-copy printout, and audio. Storage devices hold information for later use; they vary by capacity, by interface, and by the medium used to store the files.

3 KEYBOARD A keyboard enables you to enter typed data letters, numbers, and symbols. A keyboard can be a separate device that plugs into the system unit (as with a desktop PC) or a built-in keyboard (as with a notebook PC). There are many sizes and types of keyboards, but most English-language keyboards use the same key arrangement, called QWERTY. The name comes from the first six letter keys on the top row, from left to right. This type of keyboard has a number of specialty keys as well as the numbers, letters, and symbols. Specialty keys include: Function keys (F1 through F12) perform special actions when pressed. The action assigned to each key depends on the operating system or application you are using.

4 KEYBOARD Toggle keys turn a feature on or off each time they are pressed. For example, the Caps Lock key toggles between upper- and lowercase letter typing mode, and the Num Lock key toggles between the numeric keypad on the keyboard. Modifier keys change the meaning of other keys when they are pressed in combination with them. For example, the Shift key, when pressed in combination with a letter, makes that letter uppercase. Other keys, such as Ctrl and Alt, can be used with other keys to issue special command shortcuts. For example, a common keyboard shortcut in Windows 7 is Ctrl+C (press both keys simultaneously) for copying selected content.

5 KEYBOARD Positional keys such as the Home, End, Page Up, and Page Down keys, as well as the directional arrow keys, scroll the display or move the insertion point in applications. A wireless keyboard does not require a cable connection to the computer, allowing for greater ease of use. An ergonomic keyboard is a keyboard that is designed to minimize the stress on the user s body. It may have a built-in palm or wrist support.

6 POINTING DEVICE A pointing device is a piece of hardware that enables you to move an onscreen pointer in a graphical user interface like Microsoft Windows. A mouse is the most common pointing device. It is a palm-sized object that you move across a flat surface to move the pointer on the display. A mouse has one or more buttons on it; you press the buttons to act upon whatever the pointer is pointing at.

7 POINTING DEVICE

8 POINTING DEVICE ACTIONS

9 TOUCH SCREEN ACTIONS

10 DRAWING TABLETS A drawing tablet, also called a digitizing tablet, is a specialized type of touchpad designed for drawing. The user draws on the tablet with a pen-shaped pointer called a stylus, and the drawing shows up onscreen. Professional graphic artists use drawing tablets to draw directly into a computer program to create both technical and artistic drawings.

11 SCANNING DEVICES A scanner digitizes hard-copy photos and documents and stores them electronically. A scanner is a device that captures images from photographic prints, posters, magazine pages, and similar sources for computer editing and display. Scanners come in hand-held, feed-in, and flatbed types and for scanning black-and-white only, or color. Very high resolution scanners are used for scanning for high-resolution printing, but lower resolution scanners are adequate for capturing images for computer display. Scanners work by shining a bright light on the surface of the page and measuring the amount of light that bounces back from it using a photosensitive charge-coupled device (CCD). Lighter areas bounce back more light than darker areas. For color scanning, multiple sensors are used, each one picking up a different color: red, green, and blue.

12 SCANNING DEVICES Most scanners are flatbed models, where you place the image on a flat piece of glass and then a sensor and light bar moves beneath it to capture the image.

13 SCANNING DEVICES One very simple type of scanner is a bar code reader. Bar codes are vertical stripes of varying widths and spaces that represent numeric values. The most common type of bar code is a Universal Product Code (UPC), the bar code that identifies a product that consumers buy at a st A bar code reader examines the bars and inputs their numeric values into the computer. A bar code reader can be hand-held, like a gun-type unit that a warehouse worker might use to look up an item, or stationary, like the scanner in a grocery store checkout kiosk. Bar codes are used everywhere that numeric accuracy is important for tracking physical items.

14 SCANNING DEVICES QR code (which stands for Quick Response) is a new type of scannerreadable code that is replacing UPC codes in many places. It s a two-dimensional barcode. Whereas a standard bar code is read in only one direction (analyzing the width and spacing of the bars), a QR code is a square panel with encoded data in both directions. QR codes can store more data than bar codes, making them more useful for providing information about an item.

15 SCANNING DEVICES Another type of scanner used in many businesses is a magnetic card reader. You use one of these every time you swipe a credit card to pay for a purchase, for example. Magnetic card readers read the encoded data on the magnetic strip on the back of your credit card or ID card and transfer that data into a computer.

16 SCANNING DEVICES A fingerprint reader is a type of biometric scanner that is, a scanner that scans something about a human body that is used to identify that person. Many computer systems use fingerprint readers as a form of user authentication. The fingerprint of the person logging in is compared to a database of pictures of the fingerprints of authorized users. Other types of biometric scanners include facial recognition, voice recognition, and retina scanners.

17 CAPTURE DEVICES A capture device can capture either still images or motion video. Some devices do both, but most are designed primarily for one type or another. A digital camera is designed primarily for still photos, and looks much like a film camera; a digital video camera is designed primarily for motion video. Both work using the same basic technology; the digital video camera captures many frames (individual still images) per second and stores them in a single file. Many modern smartphones have built-in cameras that can take still photos and record video clips.

18 CAPTURE DEVICES Other cameras are webcams, which are simple video cameras. They remain permanently attached to the computer, and store their video clips or still images directly on the computer s storage drives. They rely on video capture software on the computer to start and stop the capture process. Webcams are often used for online video chatting through services such as Skype.

19 AUDIO INPUT DEVICES Most personal computers support audio input, either through a built-in audio adapter on the motherboard or through an add-on sound card. A computer s audio ports may support speakers, headphones, and microphones. If you have a microphone and voice input software, you can speak into the microphone to issue commands to the computer and to input text into a word processing program. Some people with disabilities use voice input to control the computer as a substitute for a keyboard or mouse, and some people who have a lot of text to enter but don t type very quickly may find voice input more efficient than trying to type all the text.

20 AUDIO INPUT DEVICES- SOUND CARD CONNECTIONS The picture is an example of a sound card audio ports or audio jacks on the back of your computer, associated colors, and the connector symbols. Digital Out (White or Yellow; words: "Digital" or "Digital Out") - Used with surround sound or loudspeakers. Sound in or line in (Blue; Arrow pointing into waves) - Connection for external audio sources, e.g. tape recorder, record player, or CD player. Microphone or Mic (Pink; Microphone) - The connection for a microphone or headphones. Sound out or line out (Green; Arrow pointing out of waves) - The primary sound connection for your speakers or headphones. Firewire (Not pictured) - Used with some high-quality sound cards for digital video cameras and other devices. MIDI or joystick (15 pin yellow connector) - Used with earlier sound cards to connect MIDI keyboard or joystick

21 AUDIO INPUT DEVICES There are two kinds of voice input software: voice recognition and speech recognition. Voice recognition software: Software that recognizes spoken words that match words in its database to digitize spoken language. Speech recognition software: Software that can learn an individual s pronunciation and vocal inflection and translate it into digitized text.

22 DISPLAY SCREENS A display screen is a video screen that the computer uses to provide information to a human user. A display screen can be built into a device, as it is with smartphones, tablets, and notebook PCs, or it can be a separate unit (a monitor), as it is with the majority of desktop PCs. Display screens create their images by filling in tiny dots called pixels with different colors.

23 DISPLAY SCREENS Built-in display screens are thin and flat, and most of them use liquid crystal display (LCD) technology. This technology has two polarized filters, with a liquid crystal substance between them. One filter is at an angle, so light doesn t pass through it automatically. When electricity hits a crystal, it twists, refracting the light so that it passes through the second filter and lights up the display in a certain spot.

24 DISPLAY SCREENS Some new mobile devices use organic light-emitting diode (OLED) technology, which used organic matter that lights up in response to an electrical current. An LED display is a flat panel display, which uses an array of light-emitting diodes as pixels for a video display. A display screen relies on the computer s display adapter to tell it what to do. The display adapter, in turn, takes its orders from the operating system to specify the display mode (resolution, refresh rate, and color depth). If the display adapter is built into the motherboard, the display adapter may reserve some of the motherboard s memory for its own use. If the display adapter is a separate circuit board, it has its own memory mounted directly on the circuit board.

25 DISPLAY SCREENS Resolution: The number of pixels that comprise a display, horizontally and vertically. Aspect ratio ration between width and height 4:3 for most screens, 16:9 for wide-screen TV Color depth: how many different colors for each pixel? 256 from a pallete 8 bits each for red/green/blue = millions of colors

26 DISPLAY SCREENS A display mode specifies a color depth, which is the number of binary digits needed to uniquely describe the color of each pixel. For example, an 8-digit binary number has 256 possible combinations of 0 and 1, so 8-bit color would allow for 256 different colors. Windows 7 defaults to 32-bit color that would allow for over four billion colors (also called True Color); an alternative is 16-bit color (also called High Color). Refresh rate The number of times each pixel in a display is refreshed per second. It is measured in Hertz.

27 PRINTERS A printer is an external output device that takes data from a computer and generates output in the form of graphics / text on a paper. Dot-Matrix Printers The dot-matrix printer uses print heads containing from 9 to 24 pins. These pins produce patterns of dots on the paper to form the individual characters. The 24 pin dot-matrix printer produces more dots that a 9 pin dot-matrix printer, which results in much better quality and clearer characters. The general rule is: the more pins, the clearer the letters on the paper. The pins strike the ribbon individually as the print mechanism moves across the entire print line in both directions, i-e, from left to right, then right to left, and so on. The user can produce a color output with a dot-matrix printer (the user will change the black ribbon with a ribbon that has color stripes). Dot-matrix printers are inexpensive and typically print at speeds of characters per second.

28 PRINTERS Ink-jet Printers Ink-jet printers work in the same fashion as dot-matrix printers in the form images or characters with little dots. However, the dots are formed by tiny droplets of ink. Ink-jet printers form characters on paper by spraying ink from tiny nozzles through an electrical field that arranges the charged ink particles into characters at the rate of approximately 250 characters per second. The ink is absorbed into the paper and dries instantly. Various colors of ink can also be used.

29 STORAGE DEVICE Alternatively referred to as digital storage, storage, storage media, or storage medium, a storage device is any hardware capable of holding information either temporarily or permanently.

30 STORAGE DEVICE HARD DISK DRIVE Hard disk is a fixed disk. The disk is not removable from the drive, unlike floppy disk. Hard disk can store much more data than floppy disk. The data in hard disk are packed more closely (because fast spinning uses smaller magnetic charges) and they have multiple platters, with data being stored on both sides of each platter. The function of the motor is to spin the platters to the speed according to the drive's specification. Typical speeds on modern drives are 5400, 7200, 10,000 and 15,000 RPM. Have an access time of 9 14 ms. Data is stored on the hard disk in the form of 0 and 1. Number of tracks can be 200,000 to 300,000. Sector sizes of 512 and 1024 bytes on 5.25-inch drives and 512 and 2048 bytes on 3.5-inch drives.

31 STORAGE DEVICE HARD DISK DRIVE Hard disk is the key secondary storage device of computer. The operating system is stored on the hard disk. The performance of computer like speed of computer boot up, loading of programs to primary memory, loading of large files like images, video, audio etc., is also dependent on the hard disk.

32 STORAGE- OPTICAL DISKS A storage medium from which data is read and to which it is written by lasers. Optical disks can store much more data -- up to 6 gigabytes (6 billion bytes) -- than most portable magnetic media, such as floppies. The access time for an optical disk ranges from 100 to 200 ms. There are two most common categories of optical disks readonly optical disks and recordable optical disks.

33 STORAGE- OPTICAL DISKS Optical disk is a flat and circular disk which is coated with reflective plastic material that can be altered by laser light. Optical disk does not use magnetism. The bits 1 and 0 are stored as spots that are relatively bright and light, respectively. An optical disk consists of a single spiral track that starts from the edge to the Centre of disk. Due to its spiral shape, it can access large amount of data sequentially, for example music and video. The tracks on optical disk are further divided into sectors which are of same length. Thus, the sectors near the centre of disk wrap around the disk longer than the sectors on the edges of disk. Reading the disk thus requires spinning the disk faster when reading near the centre and slower when reading near the edge of disk. Optical disks are generally slower than hard disks.

34 STORAGE- OPTICAL DISKS

35 STORAGE- CD-ROM Originally, Compact Disk (CD) was a popular medium for storing music. Now, it is used in computers to store data and is called Compact Disk-Read Only Memory (CD-ROM). As the name suggests, CD-ROM is an optical disk that can only be read and not written on. CD-ROM is written on by the manufacturer of the CD-ROM using the laser light. A CD-ROM drive reads data from the compact disk. Data is stored as pits (depressions) and lands (flat area) on CD-ROM disk. When the laser light is focused on the disk, the pits scatter the light (interpreted as 0) and the lands reflect the light to a sensor (interpreted as 1).

36 STORAGE- CD-ROM

37 STORAGE- CD-ROM As CD-ROM is read only, no changes can be made into the data contained in it. Since there is no head touching the disk, but a laser light, CD-ROM does not get worn out easily. The storage density of CD-ROM is very high and cost is low as compared to floppy disk and hard disk. Access time of CD-ROM is less. CD-ROM drives can read data at 150Kbps. They come in multiples of this speed like 2x, 4x, 52x, 75x, etc.

38 STORAGE- DVD-ROM Digital Video Disk-Read Only Memory (DVD-ROM) is an optical storage device used to store digital video or computer data. DVDs look like CDs, in shape and physical size. A full-length movie can be stored on a single disk. Each side of DVD-ROM can store 4.7 GB of data, so a single DVD can store 9.4 GB of data. New DVD-ROMs use layers of data track, to double its capacity. Such dual layer disks can store 17 GB of data.

39 STORAGE-RECORDABLE OPTICAL DISK Users can record music, video, audio and data on it. The recordable optical disks are Compact Disk-Recordable (CD-R) is a Write Once-Read Many (WORM) disk. A CD- R disk allows the user to write data permanently on to the disk. Once the data is written, it cannot be erased. CD-R disk uses a laser that burns pits into the disk surface. It looks like a CD disk externally. To write to a CD-R disk, a device named CD-Writer or CD burner is required. A CD-R disk can store 700 MB of data that can run for 80 minutes. CD-R is used to create music CDs in home computers, back up data from other storage devices, archives of large data, etc.

40 STORAGE-RECORDABLE OPTICAL DISK Compact Disk-ReWritable (CD-RW) allows data to be written, erased and re-written on. The capacity of CD-RW is same as a CD. They generally do not play on all CD-ROM drives. Digital Video Disk-Recordable (DVD-R) allows recording of data on a DVD. A DVD writer device is required to write the data to DVD. The data once written on a DVD cannot be erased or changed.

41 STORAGE DVD- Almost all DVDs have a standard definition resolution of 480 or enhanced definition resolution of 520. These resolutions look great on a standard tube TV utilizing all available pixels on the screen. However, if blown up to accommodate a widescreen HDTV the picture may look grainy. Although a DVD can store high definition data it would only fit about 30 minutes maximum. Blu-ray- Blu-ray was designed for high definition 1080 display. Since they can store 25 GB of data you can fit an entire HD movie on a single layer disc. Blu-ray currently has the best image resolution on the market and looks great on HDTVs.

42 STORAGE-RECORDABLE OPTICAL DISK

43 STORAGE A USB flash drive, also variously known as a USB drive, USB stick, thumb drive, pen drive, jump drive, disk key, disk on key, flash-drive, memory stick or USB memory, is a data storage device that includes flash memory with an integrated USB interface.