SRI LANKA STANDARD CODE OF PRACTICE FOR GRID CONNECTED PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER SYSTEMS SLS 1522:2016

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1 SRI LANKA STANDARD CODE OF PRACTICE FOR GRID CONNECTED PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER SYSTEMS SLS 1522:2016 BY H S W Karunaratne Assistant Director - Engineering Sri Lanka Standards Institution. 1

2 DEFINITIONS Ac module: PV module with an integrated inverter in which the electrical terminals are AC only module inverter: inverter that is integrated to the output of a single PV module (A module inverter is usually attached to the rear of a module). micro inverter: small inverter designed to be connected directly to one or two PV modules. NOTE: A micro inverter will normally connect directly to the factory fitted module leads and be fixed to the module frame or mounted immediately adjacent to the module. Source: IEC :2016 grid-interactive inverter: an inverter or inverter function intended to export power to the grid NOTE: Also commonly referred to as grid-connected, grid-tied, utility-interactive. Power exported may or may not be in excess of the local load. IEC :2011 2

3 OBJECTIVES To Improve the safety, performance and reliability of solar photovoltaic power systems installed in the field. To Encourage industry Best Practice for all design and installation work involving solar photovoltaic power systems. To Provide a network of competent solar photovoltaic power system designers and installers. To Increase the uptake of solar photovoltaic power systems, by giving customers increased confidence in the design and installation work. To performance of a reliable installation that fulfils customer expectations requires both careful design and correct installation practice. Compliance with relevant state health and safety regulations is also necessary and any other regulatory requirement imposed by other relevant bodies. 3

4 SCOPE This Sri Lanka Standard defines the minimal information and documentation required to be handed over to a customer following the installation of a grid connected PV system. This standard also describes the installation, testing & commissioning procedure and documentation expected to verify the safe installation and correct operation of the system. This document can also be used for periodic retesting. This standard is written for grid connected net energy metered solar PV systems only and not for AC module systems or systems that utilize energy storage (e.g. batteries) or hybrid systems. 4

5 SCOPE con. This standard is for use by system designers and installers of grid connected net energy metered solar PV systems as a template to provide effective documentation to a customer. By detailing the expected installation, testing & commissioning procedure, it is also intended to assist in the verification / inspection of a grid connected PV system after installation and for subsequent re-inspection, maintenance or modifications. 5

6 SYSTEM DOCUMENTATION This information will ensure key system data is readily available to a customer, inspector or maintenance engineer. System Data Basic system information System designer information System installer information Wiring diagram Array - general specifications PV string information Array electrical details Earthing and overvoltage protection AC system Datasheets PV Module Inverter Mechanical design information Operation and maintenance information Test results and commissioning data 6

7 PV ARRAY INSTALLATION PV array maximum voltages shall not greater than V d.c.. The Modules that are electrically in the same string shall be all in the same orientation and minimum tilt angle is 10 Roof mounting Structure Ensure that the suitability of the roof support structure can withstand additional loads (array frames structure, PV modules and wind load) Sufficient space below the array ( minimum 50 mm) Earthing of array All exposed parts of module frame and mounting frame shall be earthed. Wiring of array PV array cable between array and inverter String or array protection Due to short circuit in module, junction boxes, combiner boxes, module wiring or earth fault PV array isolator at array Switch-disconnector shall be installed adjacent to the PV array Switch-disconnector shall be installed adjacent to the inverter, if distance between inverter and array more than 3m. 7

8 INVERTER INSTALLATION The inverter shall be installed as to the manufacturer s instructions. PV array Isolator near inverter Inverters with an integrated switch-disconnector, a separate switchdisconnector is not required if the switch-disconnector is mechanically interlocked. AC Isolator near inverter Inverter is not adjacent to the a.c. isolator with overcurrent protection, it shall be provided at the inverter. It shall be under manual control only. AC cable selection Shall comply with the wiring requirement of BS 7671 requirements Shutdown procedure Protection against lightning and overvoltage 8

9 SUPPORTING PRODUCT STANDARDS SLS 1542:2016 Electric cables for photovoltaic systems SLS 1543 Safety of power converters for use in photovoltaic power systems Part 1:2016 General requirements Part 2:2016 Particular requirements for inverters SLS 1544 Terrestrial photovoltaic (PV) modules Design qualification and type approval Part 1:2016 Test requirements Part 1-1:2016 Special requirements for testing of crystalline silicon photovoltaic (PV) Modules Part 2:2016 Test procedures SLS 1545 Photovoltaic (PV) module performance testing and energy rating Part 1:2016 Irradiance and temperature performance measurements and power rating Part 2: 2017 Spectral responsivity, incidence angle and module operating temperature measurements 9

10 SUPPORTING PRODUCT STANDARDS SLS 1546:2016 Photovoltaic systems Power conditioners Procedure for measuring efficiency SLS 1547:2016 photovoltaic (PV) Systems Characteristics of the utility interface. SLS 1553 Photovoltaic (PV) module safety qualification Part 1: 2017 Requirements for construction Part 2: 2017 Requirements for testing SLS Low-voltage switchgear and controlgear Part 1: 2017 General rules Part 2: 2017 Circuit-breakers Part 3: 2017 Switches, disconnectors, switch-disconnectors and fuse-combination units. 10

11 SLS 1542: (EN 50618:2014) ELECTRIC CABLES FOR PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS SCOPE: This standard applies to low smoke halogen free, flexible, single core power cables with cross link insulation and sheath. In particular for use at the direct current (d.c.) side of photovoltaic system, with a nominal d.c. voltage of 1.5kV between conductors and between conductor and earth. The cables are suitable to be used with Class II equipment. The cable are design to operate at a nominal maximum conductor temperature of 90 C, but for a maximum of hours a max. conductor temperature of 120 C at a max. ambient temperature of 90 C is permitted. 11

12 SLS (IEC :2010) SAFETY OF POWER CONVERTERS FOR USE IN PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER SYSTEMS Part 1:2016 General requirements Part 2:2016 Particular requirements for inverters 12

13 Part 1:2016 General requirements SCOPE: This part of IEC applies to the power conversion equipment (PCE) for use in Photovoltaic (PV) systems where a uniform technical level with respect to safety is necessary. This standard defines the minimum requirements for the design and manufacture of PCE for protection against electric shock, energy, fire, mechanical and other hazards. This standard provides general requirements applicable to all types of PV PCE. There are additional parts of this standard that provide specific requirements for the different types of power converters, such as Part 2 - inverters. Additional parts may be published as new products and technologies are commercialised. 13

14 Part 1:2016 General requirements EQUIPMENT INCLUDED IN SCOPE: This standard covers PCE connected to systems not exceeding maximum PV source circuit voltage of V d.c. The equipment may also be connected to systems not exceeding V a.c. at the a.c. mains circuits, nonmains a.c. load circuits, and to other DC source or load circuits such as batteries. This standard may be used for accessories for use with PCE, except where more appropriate standards exist. Evaluation of PCE to this standard includes evaluation of all features and functions incorporated in or available for the PCE, or referred to in the documentation provided with the PCE, if such features or functions can affect compliance with the requirements of this standard. 14

15 Part 1:2016 General requirements EQUIPMENT FOR WHICH OTHER REQUIREMENTS MAY APPLY: This standard has not been written to address characteristics of power sources other than photovoltaic systems, such as wind turbines, fuel cells, rotating machine sources, etc. Additional or other requirements are necessary for equipment intended for use in explosive atmospheres (see IEC 60079), aircraft, marine installations, electromedical applications (see IEC 60601) or at elevations above m. 15

16 SLS (IEC 61215:2016) TERRESTRIAL PHOTOVOLTAIC (PV) MODULES DESIGN QUALIFICATION AND TYPE APPROVAL Part 1:2016 Test requirements Part 1-1:2016 Special requirements for testing of crystalline silicon photovoltaic (PV) Modules Part 2:2016 Test procedures 16

17 Part 1:2016 Test requirements SCOPE: This part of IEC lays down IEC requirements for the design qualification and type approval of terrestrial photovoltaic (PV) modules suitable for long-term operation in general open-air climates, as defined in IEC This standard is intended to apply to all terrestrial flat plate module materials such as crystalline silicon module types as well as thinfilm modules. This standard does not apply to modules used with concentrated sunlight although it may be utilized for low concentrator modules (1 to 3 suns). For low concentration modules, all tests are performed using the current, voltage and power levels expected at the design concentration. This standard does not address the particularities of PV modules with integrated electronics, nit may however be used as a basis for testing such PV modules. The objective of this test sequence is to determine the electrical and thermal characteristics of the module and to show, as far as possible within reasonable constraints of cost and time, that the module is capable of withstanding prolonged exposure in climates described in the scope. The actual lifetime expectancy of modules so qualified will depend on their design, their environment and the conditions under which they are operated. 17

18 Part 1-1:2016 Special requirements for testing of crystalline silicon photovoltaic (PV) Modules SCOPE: This part of IEC lays down IEC requirements for the design qualification and type approval of terrestrial photovoltaic modules suitable for longterm operation in general open air climates, as defined in IEC This standard is intended to apply to all crystalline silicon terrestrial flat plate modules. This standard does not apply to modules used with concentrated sunlight although it may be utilized for low concentrator modules (1 to 3 suns). For low concentration modules, all tests are performed using the current, voltage and power levels expected at the design concentration. The object of this test sequence is to determine the electrical and thermal characteristics of the module and to show, as far as possible within reasonable constraints of cost and time, that the module is capable of withstanding prolonged exposure in climates described in the scope. The actual lifetime expectancy of modules so qualified will depend on their design, their environment and the conditions under which they are operated. This standard defines PV technology dependent modifications to the testing procedures and requirements per IEC :2016 and IEC :

19 Part 2:2016 Test procedures SCOPE: This International Standard series lays down IEC requirements for the design qualification and type approval of terrestrial photovoltaic modules suitable for long-term operation in general open-air climates, as defined in IEC This part of IEC is intended to apply to all terrestrial flat plate module materials such as crystalline silicon module types as well as thin-film modules. This standard does not apply to modules used with concentrated sunlight although it may be utilized for low concentrator modules (1 to 3 suns). For low concentration modules, all tests are performed using the current, voltage and power levels expected at the design concentration. The objective of this test sequence is to determine the electrical and thermal characteristics of the module and to show, as far as possible within reasonable constraints of cost and time, that the module is capable of withstanding prolonged exposure in general open-air climates. The actual lifetime expectancy of modules so qualified will depend on their design, their environment and the conditions under which they are operated. 19

20 SLS 1545 PHOTOVOLTAIC (PV) MODULE PERFORMANCE TESTING AND ENERGY RATING Part 1:2016 (IEC :2011) Irradiance and temperature performance measurements and power rating Part 2: 2017 (IEC :2016) Spectral responsivity, incidence angle and module operating temperature measurements 20

21 Part 1:2016 (IEC :2011) Irradiance and temperature performance measurements and power rating SCOPE: This part of IEC describes requirements for evaluating PV module performance in terms of power (watts) rating over a range of irradiances and temperatures. IEC describes test procedures for measuring the performance effect of angle of incidence; the estimation of module temperature from irradiance, ambient temperature and wind speed; and impact of spectral response on energy production. IEC describes the calculations of PV module energy (watt-hours) ratings. IEC describes the standard time periods and weather conditions that can be utilized for calculating standardized energy ratings. The object of this part of IEC is to define a testing and rating system, which provides the PV module power (watts) at maximum power operation for a set of defined conditions. A second purpose is to provide a full set of characterization parameters for the module under various values of irradiance and temperature. This set of measurements is required in order to perform the module energy rating described in IEC

22 Part 2: 2017 (IEC :2016) Spectral responsivity, incidence angle and module operating temperature measurem SCOPE: The IEC series establishes IEC requirements for evaluating PV module performance based on power (watts), energy (watthours) and performance ratio (PR). It is written to be applicable to all PV technologies, but may not work well for any technology where the module performance changes with time (e.g. modules change their behaviour with light or thermal exposure), or which experience significant non-linearities in any of their characteristics used for the modelling. The purpose of this part of IEC is to define measurement procedures for measuring the effects of angle of incidence of the irradiance on the output power of the device, to determine the operating temperature of a module for a given set of ambient and mounting conditions and measure spectral responsivity of the module. A second purpose is to provide a characteristic set of parameters which will be useful for detailed energy predictions. The described measurements are required as inputs into the module energy rating procedure described in IEC

23 SLS 1546: (IEC 61683:1999) PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS POWER CONDITIONERS PROCEDURE FOR MEASURING EFFICIENCY SCOPE: This standard describes guidelines for measuring the efficiency of power conditioners used in stand-alone and utilityinteractive photovoltaic systems, where the output of the power conditioner is a stable a.c. voltage of constant frequency or a stable d.c. voltage. The efficiency is calculated from a direct measurement of input and output power in the factory. An isolation transformer is included where it is applicable. 23

24 SLS 1547:2016 (IEC 61727:2004) PHOTOVOLTAIC (PV) SYSTEMS CHARACTERISTICS OF THE UTILITY INTERFACE. SCOPE: This International Standard applies to utility-interconnected photovoltaic (PV) power systems operating in parallel with the utility and utilizing static (solid-state) non-islanding inverters for the conversion of DC to AC. This document describes specific recommendations for systems rated at 10 kva or less, such as may be utilized on individual residences single or three phase. This standard applies to interconnection with the lowvoltage utility distribution system. The object of this standard is to lay down requirements for interconnection of PV systems to the utility distribution system. NOTE 1: An inverter with type certification meeting the standards as detailed in this standard should be deemed acceptable for installation without any further testing. This standard does not deal with EMC or protection mechanisms against islanding. NOTE 2: Interface requirements may vary when storage systems are incorporated or when control signals for PV system operation are supplied by the utility. 24

25 Harmonics and waveform distortion Table 1 Current distortion limits Odd harmonics Distortion limit 3 rd through 9 th Less than 4 11 th through 15 th Less than 2 17 th through 21 st Less than 1 23 rd through 33 rd Less than 0 Even harmonics Distortion limit 2 nd through 8 th Less than 1 10 th through 32 nd Less than 0 25

26 Table 2 Response to abnormal voltages Voltage (at point of utility connection) V < 0.5 x V nominal Maximum trip time* 0.1 s 50 % V < 85 % 2.0 s 85 % V 110 % Continuous operation 110 % < V < 135 % 2.0 s 135 % V 0.05 s Trip time refers to the time between the abnormal condition occurring and the inverter ceasing to energize the utility line. The PV system control circuits shall actually remain connected to the utility to allow sensing of utility electrical conditions for use by the reconnect feature. 26

27 Table 2. of guide line and procedures document Utility grid parameters Parameter Maximum output voltage of the inverter Flicker DC injection Frequency range Value 230V rms (±6% of the nominal grid voltage) IEC (less than 16A per phase), IEC (greater than 75A) 1% of the rated inverter output current (IEC 61727) 50±1%Hz Total harmonic distortion < 5% Power factor Islanding protection Lagging power factor greater than 0.90 at the 50% of rated inverter output power De-energized within 2 S 27

28 SLS 1553 PHOTOVOLTAIC (PV) MODULE SAFETY QUALIFICATION Part 1: 2017 (IEC :2016) Requirements for construction Part 2: 2017 (IEC :2016) Requirements for testing 28

29 Part 1: 2017 (IEC :2016) Requirements for construction SCOPE: This part of IEC specifies and describes the fundamental construction requirements for photovoltaic (PV) modules in order to provide safe electrical and mechanical operation. Specific topics are provided to assess the prevention of electrical shock, fire hazards, and personal injury due to mechanical and environmental stresses. This part of IEC pertains to the particular requirements of construction. IEC defines the requirements for testing. This International Standard series lays down IEC requirements of terrestrial photovoltaic modules suitable for long-term operation in open-air climates. This standard is intended to apply to all terrestrial flat plate module materials such as crystalline silicon module types as well as thin-film modules. PV modules covered by this standard are limited to a maximum DC system voltage of V. 29

30 Part 2: 2017 (IEC :2016) Requirements for testing SCOPE: The scope of IEC is also applicable to this part of IEC While IEC outlines the requirements of construction, this part of the standard lists the tests a PV module is required to fulfill for safety qualification. IEC is applied for safety qualification only in conjunction with IEC The sequence of tests required in this standard may not test for all possible safety aspects associated with the use of PV modules in all possible applications. This standard utilizes the best sequence of tests available at the time of its writing. There are some issues such as the potential danger of electric shock posed by a broken PV module in a high voltage system that should be addressed by the system design, location, restrictions on access and maintenance procedures. The objective of this standard is to provide the testing sequence intended to verify the safety of PV modules whose construction has been assessed by IEC The test sequence and pass criteria are designed to detect the potential breakdown of internal and external components of PV modules that would result in fire, electric shock, and/or personal injury. The standard defines the basic safety test requirements and additional tests that are a function of the PV module end-use applications. Test categories include general inspection, electrical shock hazard, fire hazard, mechanical stress, and environmental stress. 30

31 SLS LOW-VOLTAGE SWITCHGEAR AND CONTROLGEAR Part 1: 2017 (IEC :2014) General rules Part 2: 2017 (IEC :2016) Circuitbreakers Part 3: 2017 (IEC :2015) Switches, disconnectors, switch-disconnectors and fusecombination units 31

32 Part 1: 2017 (IEC :2014) General rules SCOPE: The purpose of this standard is to harmonize as far as practicable all rules and requirements of a general nature applicable to low-voltage switchgear and controlgear in order to obtain uniformity of requirements and tests throughout the corresponding range of equipment and to avoid the need for testing to different standards. All those parts of the various equipment standards which can be considered as general have therefore been gathered in this standard together with specific subjects of wide interest and application, e.g. temperature-rise, dielectric properties, etc. For each type of low-voltage switchgear and controlgear, only two main documents are necessary to determine all requirements and tests: 32

33 Part 2: 2017 (IEC :2016) Circuit-breakers SCOPE: This part of IEC series applies to circuit-breakers, the main contacts of which are intended to be connected to circuits, the rated voltage of which does not exceed V a.c. or V d.c.; it also contains additional requirements for integrally fused circuit-breakers. Circuit-breakers rated above V a.c. but not exceeding V a.c. may also be tested to this standard. It applies whatever the rated currents, the method of construction or the proposed applications of the circuit-breakers may be. 33

34 Part 3: 2017 (IEC :2015) Switches, disconnectors, switchdisconnectors and fuse-combination units SCOPE: This part of IEC applies to switches, disconnectors, switch-disconnectors and fuse combination units to be used in distribution circuits and motor circuits of which the rated voltage does not exceed V a.c. or V d.c. The manufacturer shall specify the type, ratings and characteristics according to the relevant standard of any incorporated fuses. This part does not apply to equipment coming within the scope of IEC , IEC and IEC ; however, when switches and fuse-combination units coming into the scope of this part are normally used to start, accelerate and/or stop an individual motor they shall also comply with the additional requirements given in Annex A. 34

35 PV array diagram multiple parallel string case with array divided in to sub-arrays 35

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