Beginner s Guide to the Environment

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1 Beginner s Guide to the Environment by Len Ssso for Version 3.0 e October 1997 E Soft- und Hrdwre GmbH

2 Tble of Contents Chpter 1 Overview of the Environment Chpter 2 Some Things Chnge Some Things Sty The Sme Chpter 3 Chpter 4 Chpter 5 Fders, Fders, Fders It s About Time Techniques Beginner s Guide to the Environment I

3 Tble of Contents Chpter 1 Overview of the Environment 1.1 MIDI Setup In the Beginning There Were No Output nd Folder It Doesn t Tke Much More 6 Physicl Input? To Sequencer? Huh?!? Monitoring Your Progress A Different View An Instrumentl Improvement 14 But wit! Where re the cbles? 15 Wht You See Is Not Necessrily Wht You Get 16 It s in the Bnk 17 Chse, Reset or Forget? 18 Reducing Instrument Clutter Getting Multi-Instrument to Spek 23 Seprting Sub-Instrument Output A Specil Instrument for Drums Mps, Zones nd Chords 29 Using the Chord Memorizer Running Sttus of the Humn Kind Prt I 32 Wht s It Good For? 33 Chpter 2 Some Things Chnge Some Things Sty The Sme Stuck Notes Things I Forgot to Sy Not To Do 46 Chpter 3 Fders, Fders, Fders 4.1 Building Simple MIDI Mixer The GM Mixer Automting the Mix A Mixer for Ech Port A Signl Pth Mixer with Rel Muting Q: Wht s Met? A Little More About SysEx Fders 67 Beginner s Guide to the Environment II

4 Tble of Contents 4.8 The Absolutely, Gurnteed Simplest Environment Ptch in the World The Fder As Trnsformer The Audio Object: Fder & Instrument in one Pckge Voice Limiting High Crimes & Misdemenors Running Sttus of the Humn Kind Prt II 75 Chpter 4 It s About Time 5.1 The MIDI Metronome Click The Dely Line 79 Dely Line Arpeggitor 80 Multi-Tp The Arpeggitor A MIDI Controlled Arpeggitor A Strummer with Rndom Accents Touch Trcks The Finl Frontier 88 Assigning Sequences To One or Severl Notes 91 How the Columns Work Running Sttus of the Humn Kind Prt III 93 Chpter 5 Techniques 6.1 Recording Environment Processes The Environment Menus 96 The New Menu 97 The Edit menu 98 The View Menu 98 The Options Menu Importing Environments from Other Logic Songs 101 Importing Single-Lyer Ptches 102 Importing Whole Environment 103 Updting n Environment 103 Updting Re: Port & Chnnel 104 Replcing the Whole Environment 104 Doing It All by Hnd 104 Importing Multi-Lyer Ptches 106 Beginner s Guide to the Environment III

5 Tble of Contents 6.4 So Much for The Bsics Wht s Next? 106 Ordering The Environment Toolkit 108 Beginner s Guide to the Environment IV

6 Chpter 1 Overview of the Environment Fig. 1: MIDI signl pth through the environment First nd foremost, the environment is Logic s contct with the outside world of MIDI controllers nd sound devices. As figure 1 shows, ll MIDI dt psses through the environment once when being recorded by Logic nd gin before being plyed pck. Think of the environment s virtul rck contining ptch by nd vrious MIDI processing modules. In environmentese, the modules re clled objects nd the ptch cbles re, conveniently, clled cbles. There is little bit of normling built in, but mostly you need to do the cbling yourself. At the cost of little setup time you gin system tht is totlly customized to your working wht? (You guessed it environment.) In Logic, you come in contct with the environment in two plces: 1) the Arrnge window s Instrument menu which becomes visible when you click nd hold on ny item on the trck list nd 2) the Environment window. Every item (lmost) on the Instrument menu is n object in the environment. There re two exceptions, nmed Folder nd No Output. Any object in the environment cn be plced on the Instrument menu, but for clrity of opertion, there re usully mny environment objects which do not pper there. I.e. the Instrument menu contins some but not ll environment objects (nd little else). Why do environment objects pper on the Instrument menu? The MIDI dt tht mkes up Logic song is contined in sequences. The sequences re plced on (i.e. plyed by) trcks. Since the environment is Logic s conduit to the outside world, trcks need to be linked to environment objects. Prior to version 2.5.3, trcks were in fct, nmed fter their environment object. Now trcks cn hve individul nmes but the essentil link to n environment object remins. Beginner s Guide to the Environment 1

7 Chpter 1 Overview of the Environment There re mny kinds of environment objects but the kind tht is most often linked to trck is clled n Instrument. This is why the menu tht opens up when you click on trck-nme is clled the Instrument menu. The importnt thing to remember is tht ech trck is linked to some environment object, but not necessrily n Instrument-type object. When we tlk bout the Instrument menu we re relly tlking bout menu of environment objects only some of which re Instrument-type objects. Although every trck is linked to n environment object, there is difference between trck nd its environment object. A trck is plce holder in the Arrnge window for continers of MIDI dt (i.e. sequences nd folders). A trck s environment object is the destintion to which this MIDI dt is sent. Mny trcks cn send to the sme environment object nd s we shll see lter, these trcks hve lot in common. Wht they do not hve in common is the MIDI dt they hold. There re mny uses for the environment beyond getting MIDI dt into nd out of Logic. MIDI dt cn be modified there for exmple, notes cn be trnsposed, duplicted, chnnelized, filtered, ccented nd even chnged to other kinds of MIDI events. MIDI dt cn be creted there for exmple, virtul sliders cn be moused to generte volume, pn, expression, fter touch, mod wheel or ny other kind of controller dt in rel-time. And, MIDI dt cn be time-processed there for exmple rpeggited nd delyed. So, the environment is virtul rck of MIDI processors, cbles nd ptch points which cn be s simple or complex s you mke it. But, for this to hve ny vlue, MIDI dt still hs to get in nd out of your computer. Throughout this guide, I hve referred to environment objects in smll cpitls to distinguish them from similrly nmed objects in the rel world. For exmple, Keybord, lwys refers to the object in the environment which looks like pino keybord. On the other hnd, keybord, my refer to your computer keybord or your MIDI controller keybord but never to the environment s Keybord object. 1.1 MIDI Setup Most likely, your computer is not designed to hndle MIDI dt nd you will need MIDI interfce with jcks for the plugs on the MIDI cbles nd hrdwre for synchronizing the dt to your computer s seril or prllel port formt. MIDI interfces often provide other functions s Beginner s Guide to the Environment 2

8 Chpter 1 Overview of the Environment well things like time code synchroniztion nd multiple virtul ports. For our purposes, it is sufficient to think of the MIDI interfce s providing one or more incoming nd outgoing MIDI dt spigots. Logic hndles the mngement of dt to nd from these spigots through objects in the environment cbles to nd from these objects control the flow of MIDI dt tht Logic records nd plys bck. To follow the exmples in this guide, you will need MIDI controller keybord nd MIDI sound device. Preferbly but not necessrily the MIDI sound device should be multi-timbrl (i.e. be ble to ply different sounds on different MIDI chnnels) nd hve generl-midi mode. Also, the MIDI keybord should hve modultion controller, foot switch, pitch wheel nd provision for sending MIDI progrm chnges. You will need to hve the MIDI-out from your MIDI keybord connected to the MIDI-in of one of your MIDI interfce s ports nd to hve the MIDI-out from one of your MIDI interfce s ports connected to the MIDI-in of your MIDI sound device. If the MIDI keybord nd MIDI sound device re the sme, you will lso need to turn internl (locl) control off. Set the MIDI chnnel of your MIDI keybord to 1 nd ensure tht t lest chnnel 1 on your MIDI sound device is enbled to receive MIDI dt. You cn test your MIDI setup within Logic: Lunch Logic nd crete new song. Select the first trck nd, from the Instrument menu, select No Output. Select (crete if necessry) second trck nd, from the Instrument menu, select Modem Port. [PC: Interfce] Open trnsport window in Logic nd locte the MIDI indictor disply in the top right corner (see figure 2). Fig. 2: Testing MIDI connections to Logic Mke sure your interfce is not in Thru mode nd select the No Output trck. Now, ply nd hold note on your MIDI keybord. You should see the note displyed in the MIDI indictor but you should not Beginner s Guide to the Environment 3

9 Chpter 1 Overview of the Environment her it on your MIDI sound device. If you do her the note, your MIDI keybord is communicting with your MIDI sound device through some other connection (possibly internl) serch nd destroy. Next select the Modem Port [PC: Interfce] trck nd ply note on your MIDI keybord. This time you should her the note on your MIDI sound device. If you do not her the note, check the chnnel of your MIDI keybord; ensure tht this chnnel is enbled on your MIDI sound device nd re-check ll the MIDI connections. 1.2 In the Beginning There Were No Output nd Folder Let s strt by seeing wht you bsolutely must hve in the environment. Open new Logic song nd use File > Sve As to sve it in convenient loction with some provoctive new nme like Eg. (This protects your Autolod song from the hvoc we re bout to wrek.) Set up screen set #1 so tht it contins just n Arrnge window nd n Environment window. Depending on your screen s size, these cn be fully visible or prtilly overlpping. The point is to be ble to esily switch bck nd forth between them. Top the Arrnge window nd delete ll but one trck. (Crete trck if none exists.) Click nd hold on this trck s nme to see the Instrument menu. You ll see bunch of junk there just remember tht it s firly long nd tht the top two items re nmed No Output nd Folder. Now top the Environment window. On the left side of the window you ll see the prmeter box (figure 3). (If you don t see this, select Prmeters from the Environment window s View menu nd it will open up.) In the Prmeters section find nd open the Lyers menu nd select the lyer nmed All Objects. This shows text-style list of everything in the environment. Beginner s Guide to the Environment 4

10 Chpter 1 Overview of the Environment Fig. 3: Environment & Arrnge windows w/ prmeter box & View menu Use Logic s Edit menu or key-commnd (Commnd-A on the Mc) to select ll environment objects. Every object on the All Objects lyer should now be selected. Use Logic s Edit menu or the delete key to delete ll these objects. Congrtultions, you hve just trshed your environment. No rel dmge hs been done though, becuse: Ech logic song hs it s own environment. To void hving to recrete the environment ech time you strt new song, it is customry to crete n Autolod song s strting point for new songs. Another pproch is to lod song which lredy hs n environment suitble for the new song nd to delete ll other song dt. A third possibility is to import suitble environment from ny other Logic song. (Importing environments is discussed in detil t the end of this guide.) The lst two pproches involve more steps when you strt Beginner s Guide to the Environment 5

11 Chpter 1 Overview of the Environment new song but mke it esier to mintin constntly updted environment. Go bck to the Arrnge window nd open the Instrument menu. Notice tht there re now only two items No Output nd Folder. 1.3 It Doesn t Tke Much More We re now going to crete the minimum environment for running Logic. Use the environment s Lyers menu to select the lyer clled Clicks & Ports. This lyer is currently empty but we re bout to dd some objects to it. Objects re creted in Logic s environment by selecting them from the Environment window s New menu. From this menu select Physicl Input. A tll object with lots of cble outlets should pper in the Environment window. Next select Modem Port [PC: Interfce] from this menu. A smller object with n icon resembling telephone hndset should pper. [PC:?] (You cn check the Arrnge window to see tht these objects lso show up on the Instrument menu.) [PC:?On the PC, the Physicl Input object does not hve multiple outputs. It hs the ppernce of smll MIDI plug nd ll dt comes out of the sme outlet. This outlet serves the sme purpose s the SUM outlet on the Mc s Physicl Input object nd should be used ccordingly. In version 3.0, the Physicl Input will hve the sme ppernce in both the Mc nd PC.] [PC: The environment s New menu on the PC hs one output object nmed MIDI Out Port. This object looks like MIDI connector (the sme s the icon used for the MIDI tool or the Multi-Instrument). When creted, it hs the defult nme Interfce. In its prmeter box, you cn select which physicl port on your MIDI interfce it ddresses.] With the mouse, drw cble from Physicl Input s top output, lbeled Sum, to the Modem Port object. The Clicks & Ports lyer of your environment should now look like figure 4. Ply your MIDI controller keybord nd you should her your MIDI sound device. This replictes the thru function of your MIDI interfce. Beginner s Guide to the Environment 6

12 Chpter 1 Overview of the Environment Fig. 4: Physicl input nd modem port objects Top the Arrnge window nd select the first (nd only) trck. As this trck s instrument, select the Modem Port [PC: Interfce] from the Instrument menu. Now with the pencil tool, crete new sequence on this trck. Open the sequence in Score or Mtrix editor nd gin with pencil tool, put notes in the sequence. Ensure these notes re on chnnel your MIDI sound device is responding to (for exmple, the chnnel your MIDI controller keybord is using) use the Event editor to edit the chnnel of the notes in the sequence if necessry. Move Logic s SPL (Song Position Loctor) to the beginning of the sequence nd strt Logic plying. You should her the sequence Logic cn now function s primitive MIDI-plybck device. Delete the sequence you just creted. Return the SPL to the beginning of the song nd strt Logic recording. Ply your MIDI keybord. You will her wht you ply but, frustrtingly, you will see tht it s not being recorded. Bck to the environment. Top the Environment window nd select Sequencer Input from the New menu. This will crete new object in the environment nmed to Sequencer. Click the mouse on the SUM output of Physicl Input nd notice its cble disconnect from the Modem Port object. While holding the mouse, drw this cble to the new to Sequencer object. Your environment should now look like figure 3. Return to the Arrnge window nd try recording gin. This time you not only her the notes but they get recorded in new sequence. Logic now functions s primitive MIDI-recorder. This is the minimum environment you must hve to mke Logic work. It s kind of like putting lwnmower engine in your Ferrri, but it will work. Physicl Input? To Sequencer? Huh?!? Logic could hve been creted with just one kind of input. It would be single object functioning like the two objects, Physicl Input nd to Sequencer, with the cble between them everything coming into your Beginner s Guide to the Environment 7

13 Chpter 1 Overview of the Environment MIDI interfce would be sent directly into Logic. This object would probbly be clled Physicl Input to Sequencer nd becuse Physicl Input hs no inputs nd to Sequencer hs no outputs, this object would hve no inputs nd no outputs. Hving no inputs or outputs, we could eliminte it entirely. But, this would rob the environment of lot of flexibility. Physicl Input is ctully n output it s spigot from your MIDI interfce into Logic. To Sequencer is like hose from the environment to Logic s Arrnge window. Connecting Physicl Input to to Sequencer s we hve done, plugs the MIDI spigot directly into the Arrnge window. This is the most common configurtion nd is suitble for mny pplictions. But suppose you wnted to chnge the MIDI dt in some wy before it got to the Arrnge window. Suppose for exmple, tht you didn t cre for the velocity curve (feel) of your MIDI keybord or tht you wnted to trnspose it nd it hd no controls to do so or tht you wnted to split the keybord. All of these things nd much more cn be done to the incoming MIDI dt before it ever gets to the Arrnge window simply by inserting environment objects between Physicl Input nd to Sequencer. Tht s why they re seprte. The to Sequencer hs only one prmeter checkbox nmed Chnnelize (figure 5). When turned on (checked), incoming MIDI dt hs its chnnel chnged to the chnnel of the instrument for the currently selected trck. If the trck s instrument does not hve chnnel prmeter then no chnnelizing will occur. Fig. 5: The chnnelize prmeter of the to Sequencer object Let s look gin t wht hppens to MIDI dt entering Logic when the environment is configured s in figure 3. The MIDI dt flows out of Physicl Input which is like spigot from your MIDI interfce. From there it flows directly into the Arrnge window through the cble connecting Physicl Input to to Sequencer. Wht hppens next depends in the Arrnge window. Anything coming into to Sequencer goes to the currently selected trck. The trck sends it to the environment object which is selected from the Instrument menu with the mouse by clicking on the trck nme. (Exceptions re when No Output or Folder hve been selected from the Instrument menu.) So, with Physicl Input cbled directly to to Sequencer, the only pth into the environment is through the trcks in the Arrnge window. Beginner s Guide to the Environment 8

14 Chpter 1 Overview of the Environment Selecting trck is like connecting temporry cble from to sequencer to the trck s environment object. De-selecting the trck breks the cble. When turned on (checked), the Chnnelize prmeter for the to Sequence object cuses incoming MIDI dt to hve its chnnel chnged to the chnnel of the instrument for the currently selected trck. If the trck s instrument does not hve chnnel prmeter then no chnnelizing will occur. Let s look t our current Instrument menu choices? First, there re No Output nd Folder. These choices send the dt nowhere. Next there s the Modem Port [PC: Interfce] object. This sends the dt directly to your MIDI interfce which, hopefully, sends it on to your MIDI sound device. Selecting this from the Instrument menu llows you to ply your sound device from your MIDI keybord. Then there s to Sequencer. This sends the dt bck into Logic not n intelligent choice t the moment, but we will see lter tht it hs its uses. Finlly, there s the Physicl Input object. This is like sending the dt bck out the entrnce it hs no uses nd this object could well be removed from the Instrument menu. So let s do it: In the Arrnge window select Physicl Input from the Instrument menu. Now in the prmeter box t the left side of the Arrnge window you ll see check box next to the icon (figure 6). Click this box so tht the X disppers. Physicl Input no longer ppers on the trck Instrument menu. Check it nd see. Fig. 6: Tking the Physicl Input object off of the Instrument menu 1.4 Monitoring Your Progress Go to the Environment window nd select Monitor from the New menu. The Monitor is one of the simplest but most useful environment objects. It llows you to see exctly wht MIDI dt is coming out of ny environment object tht is cbled into it nd for convenience, it will pss this MIDI dt on (unltered) to ny object to which it is cbled. Beginner s Guide to the Environment 9

15 Chpter 1 Overview of the Environment If you strt nd end ech environment ptch with Monitor, you cn see wht s hppening s you re building the ptch. Click on the SUM output of Physicl Input. When its cble disconnects from to Sequencer, drw the cble to the Monitor object you just creted. Now cble the Monitor s output to to Sequencer. Ply your MIDI keybord nd wtch the note-events pper in the Monitor window (figure 7). Notice tht ech line in the Monitor window begins with n icon (note or note with slsh) followed by number (chnnel), note nme (e.g. C4) nd nother number (velocity). Move the modultion controller of your MIDI keybord. Now the Monitor shows smll fder icon followed by three numbers (chnnel, controller number, controller mount). Move the pitchbend controller; step on foot switch; mke progrm chnge. Ech of these ctions shows up in the Monitor. Fig. 7: Lrge nd smll monitors between PI nd to Sequencer Although this connection shows the Monitor in ction, it is bit redundnt it shows the sme informtion contined in the Trnsport s MIDI-in/MIDI-out window. In other loctions, it becomes n invluble debugging tool nd remember, you cn hve more thn one Monitor t time. Beginner s Guide to the Environment 10

16 Chpter 1 Overview of the Environment 1.5 A Different View Logic s Keybord object is nother wy to Monitor wht s going on in the environment. Unlike the Monitor, the Keybord only shows MIDI note events nd hs no history. If you use it s trck s instrument, it will show the currently held notes during sequence plybck. If you select the trck, it will lso show currently held, incoming MIDI notes. The Keybord object cretes notes when you click on it with the mouse. This is our first exmple of wy to generte MIDI dt directly in the environment nd cn be useful testing nd debugging tool. MIDI provides for 128 notes using note numbers 0 thru 127. This is 10 octves plus 8 notes. Ignoring the extr 8 notes, the middle of the rnge is note number 60 nd this is usully clled middle C. On the Keybord object, the key mrked C3 corresponds to MIDI note number 60. In the Pino score style, the ledger line between the two stves corresponds to MIDI note number 60. As figure 8 shows, the Disply Middle C s C3 checkbox in the disply preferences determines whether C3 or C4 corresponds to MIDI note number 60 in the Monitor, Event editor, Mtrix editor nd Keybord prmeter box. (This lso pplies to the Mpped Instrument which we ll discuss lter.) Beginner s Guide to the Environment 11

17 Chpter 1 Overview of the Environment Fig. 8: Middle C disply options & relted note numbers The Keybord object s prmeter box llows you to ssign n icon, check whether the object ppers on the Instrument menu, designte n output chnnel nd velocity when the Keybord is clicked (incoming dt is not ffected by these settings) nd set the lowest note of the Keybord disply. Notice tht the lowest note setting in the prmeter box follows the disply choice but tht the Keybord object itself lwys displys middle C s C3. Middle C lso hs stndrd musicl mening: the ledger line between treble nd bss stves the middle key on the 88-note pino keybord the pitch of the C below A440 (roughly 262Hz). But on the shifting snds of interconnected MIDI devices, keybord position nd pitch re the domin of the MIDI keybord controller nd MIDI sound device respectively nd only the MIDI note number is vilble s common reference point. You cn octve-shift nd trnspose your keybord so tht ny key plys MIDI note number 60 nd you cn edit your MIDI sound device presets so tht MIDI note number 60 produces vrious Beginner s Guide to the Environment 12

18 Chpter 1 Overview of the Environment pitched or non-pitched sounds but when you crete or edit MIDI dt in Logic, you re relly working with MIDI note numbers. Pino Logic Octve number C C# D Eb E F F# G Ab A Bb B C-1 C C0 C C1 C C2 C C3 C C4 C C5 C C6 C C7 C C8 C C9 C Tble 1: MIDI Note Number s (Middle C = 60) Beginner s Guide to the Environment 13

19 Chpter An Instrumentl Improvement With only one output object, the Modem Port [PC: Interfce], in the environment Logic s output configurtion is very limited. All MIDI dt whether incoming or contined in sequences is dumped, unedited, directly to your MIDI interfce. Since one of Logic s primry sequencing functions is to control vrious MIDI sound devices, there re three environment objects designed specificlly for this tsk nd not surprisingly, they re clled instruments. The three kinds re Instrument, Multi-Instrument nd Mpped Instrument. The Instrument is intended to control single chnnel of single MIDI sound device. Select the first environment lyer nmed Instruments there re two such lyers in the Logic defult song. From the environment s New menu, select Instrument to crete new Instrument object (figure 9). Select this object nd look t its prmeters in the prmeter box on the left side of the Environment window. The prmeter box lwys shows the prmeters for the currently selected object. If more thn one object is selected, only the common prmeters (if ny) re shown. Fig. 9: Instrument object, prmeter box & icon menu At the top of the prmeter box is the Instrument nme, (Instrument) by defult. You cn double-click on this nd nme the Instrument nything you like. (When we move to the Arrnge window nd select this object from the Instrument menu, the Instrument nme will become the defult trck nme.) Below the nme re the icon nd menu checkboxes. Click on the icon to open the menu of icons tht cn be used for the Instrument. The choice of icons is importnt becuse when Beginner s Guide to the Environment 14

20 Chpter 2 you link this Instrument object to trck in the Arrnge window nd give the trck its own nme, the icon my be the only quick wy of identifying wht environment object is linked to the trck. As we sw with Physicl Input, the check-box next to the icon determines whether the Instrument object ppers on the Instrument menu. In this cse, leve it checked since the whole point of the Instrument object is for trck output. We cn drg & drop or use the environment s MIDI tool (MIDI icon in the tool box) to select ny object s trck object even if it s not on the Instrument menu, but it is often more convenient to select it from the menu. Now, move to the Arrnge window, select trck nd use the Instrument menu to select the Instrument you just creted. Notice tht the prmeter box which ppers in the Arrnge window is identicl to the one which ppers when this object is selected in the Environment window. Settings mde in either window show up in the other: An object hs only one set of prmeters! Ply your MIDI keybord. You should her your MIDI sound device. If you don t, look just below the icon in the prmeter box where you will see port designtion like M0 or P5 followed by chnnel number. Ensure tht the port nd chnnel mtch your current setup nd you will her something. But wit! Where re the cbles? Recll tht when we creted this Instrument in the Environment window, we didn t cble it to nything it s just sitting there. As we sid erlier, there is smll mount of normling in the environment. This is it: Instruments cn be cbled mnully but they don t need to be there is n utomtic cbling for ech Instrument which is indicted in the Instrument s prmeter box. Mnul cbling cn either override this or be in ddition to it. When n Instrument is utomticlly cbled, its cble outlets will be filled in, even if there is lso mnul cbling. If the outlets re hollow the defult, utomtic cbling hs been removed. Let s mnully connect the Instrument to the Modem Port [PC: Interfce]. Since the Modem Port is on different lyer, we ll use short cut. Hold down the O key [PC: Control key] nd click the Instrument s cble outlet. You will see the Instrument menu just s it ppers in the Arrnge window. Scroll to select Modem Port [PC: Interfce]. Logic will pop up dilog box sking if you wnt to remove the utomtic port setting (figure 10). Click Remove nd two things will hppen: The port Beginner s Guide to the Environment 15

21 Chpter 2 setting in the prmeter box will chnge to indicting no utomtic connection nd cble will pper leving the Instrument. Since the cble is to n object on different lyer, only the cble beginning is shown. Wnt to see where it goes? Select the Instrument nd from the Environment window s Edit menu, choose Select Cble Destintion. Fig. 10: Recbling the instrument & Remove dilog box Wht You See Is Not Necessrily Wht You Get In ddition to routing MIDI dt, Instruments cn lso filter, modify nd even crete MIDI dt using the Instrument s prmeter box. Let s look t the vilble prmeters (figure 11). Fig. 11: Instrument prmeter grouping by function The Instrument s prmeters fll into three groups. The first group is used to initilize your MIDI device s progrm, volume nd pn settings. These vlues will be sent only if the corresponding box is checked this llows you to initilize device s progrm without chnging its volume, Beginner s Guide to the Environment 16

22 Chpter 2 for exmple. The vlues re sent whenever trck tht uses this device is selected. They my lso be sent whenever Logic resets depending on the No Reset checkbox nd Logic s reset preferences settings (see below). The second group is used to modify nd/or block MIDI dt. Trnspose & Velocity settings re dded to both MIDI input nd sequence dt. Lim & VLim settings block dt outside the specified rnges. The third group ffects sequences only these prmeters do not pply to MIDI input. Dely cuses sequence events to be sent erly or lte by set number of ticks. This is especilly useful in conjunction with MIDI devices tht re slow to respond or with sounds with longer ttcks. No Seq Trp prevents sequence dt from being trnsposed in spite of the sequence-prmeter settings. This is intended to keep multi-smpled MIDI instruments like drums from being trnsposed. No Reset blocks Smrt Reset messges (described below). Finlly, the bottom vlue Auto in the illustrtion selects the initil score style when sequence is opened in the Score editor picking the most likely style bsed on note rnge. The score style setting cn be overridden by the individul sequence prmeters. It s in the Bnk Becuse of the limited rnge of MIDI progrm chnge vlues (0-127), most mnufcturers orgnize the presets of their MIDI sound devices into bnks of 128 presets ech. To select preset it is then necessry to tell the MIDI sound device both which bnk nd which preset number. The most common wy of doing this is to use MIDI controller #0 to select the bnk number followed immeditely by the desired progrm number within the bnk. Logic provides for the stndrd method s well s llowing you to crete custom bnk select messges. You specify the bnk number in the Instrument s prmeter window by setting the vlue between the Prg checkbox nd the progrm number to the desired bnk number. By defult this setting is which tells Logic to not send ny bnk select messge. Setting this to ny number will cuse Logic to send the stndrd bnk select messge for tht bnk number controller #0 with vlue equl to the bnk number. To define custom bnk select messges, select the Instrument in the environment, then choose Define Custom Bnk MessgesÉ from the Options menu. This will open the window shown in figure 12 where you cn define custom messge for ech bnk. Beginner s Guide to the Environment 17

23 Chpter 2 Fig. 12: Custom bnk messge window Chse, Reset or Forget? When you strt plybck from the middle of song, you my wnt your MIDI devices updted with the controller, pitch bend nd progrm vlues tht would hve been most recently sent, hd you plyed from the beginning of the song. This function is clled Chse nd the Chse Events section of the Song Settings (figure 13) llows you to specify wht MIDI dt to chse. Chsing events cn cuse lot of MIDI dt to be sent thus cusing hiccup in timing. This is especilly nnoying on cycle jumps. As generl rule, chse s little s possible. Fig. 13: Song settings window - chse events section Reset messges re specil kind of chse-event rther thn sending the most recent vlue, they send stndrd or neutrl vlue. The events to which reset pplies re: Beginner s Guide to the Environment 18

24 Chpter 2 Smrt MIDI Event Reset Vlue All Notes Off (Controller 123) 0 Reset Controls (Controller 121) 0 Ö Sustin Pedl (Controller 64) 0 Foot Control (Controller 4) 0 Breth Control (Controller 2) 0 Ö Modultion (Controller 1) 0 Ö Chnnel Pressure 0 Ö Pitch Bend Centered There re four conditions tht will cuse Logic to send reset messges: Pressing the Stop key twice. Clicking the MIDI out disply on the Trnsport. Pressing the full pnic key-commnd. Opening or ctivting new song. Logic cn hndle resets in one of two wys: smrt nd not?so?smrt. When you turn reset messge on by X-ing its checkbox in the Reset Messges section of the Preferences window, Logic resets tht controller for every chnnel on the X d port. This is the not?so?smrt method it results in lot of unnecessry MIDI dt. For pitch bend, chnnel pressure, modultion nd the sustin pedl, Logic will determine for ech trck in the Arrnge window, whether the lst (if ny) vlue sent ws different thn the reset vlue nd only then will Logic send reset messge to the port nd chnnel of tht trck. This is the smrt method only the necessry MIDI dt is sent. X-ing the checkbox of one of these event types in the Reset Messges dilog, stupefies the smrt reset don t do it. X the other event types only if necessry. This brings us to the No Reset Instrument-prmeter. When it is X d, Logic does not send smrt resets to the port nd chnnel of this Instrument. (Note tht if there is nother trck s Instrument with No Reset not X d nd using the sme port nd chnnel, smrt resets will be sent.) Reducing Instrument Clutter So fr, we ve seen how the Instrument my be used to control one chnnel of MIDI sound device. You probbly hve severl sound Beginner s Guide to the Environment 19

25 Chpter 2 devices nd some of them my be multi-timbrl ble to ply different sounds on different MIDI chnnels. When you crete complex song, you re going to wnt n Instrument for ech chnnel of ech MIDI sound device you use in the song. There is nother Instrument object, the Multi-Instrument, designed to reduce the number of seprte objects you need to ccomplish this. The Multi-Instrument is relly 16 Instruments rolled into one. Why 16? Becuse MIDI port crries informtion for 16 MIDI chnnels nd most multi-timbrl MIDI sound devices re connected to one port nd support up to 16 seprte sounds. Logic s Multi-Instrument is intended for controlling multi-timbrl MIDI sound devices but it is eqully well suited for controlling single chnnel MIDI sound devices. One importnt dvntge of using Multi-Instruments is tht they provide for preset nmes. When you re working on song nd wnt to choose sound for prticulr prt, it s obviously much esier to choose from list of nmes thn simply by number. Squinting to red your synth s LCD cross the room while scrolling thru progrm numbers is decidedly unfriendly. If you use Multi-Instrument for single chnnel MIDI sound device, you cn select progrms by nme. Multi-Instruments will even hold sets of preset nmes for up to 15 different bnks. But, this comes t price Multi-Instruments tke up significntly more memory thn Instruments nd s result, your songs get bigger. So, when n stndrd Instrument will do, use it. Logic provides hndy trick for combining Instruments nd Multi- Instruments. If n Instrument is cbled to Multi-Instrument, the Instrument s progrm menu will show the Multi-Instrument progrm nmes. (It even works if the cble psses through couple of other objects the limit seems to be 2). This llows you to hve seprte environment objects for individul Multi-Instrument chnnels without hving severl Multi-Instruments contining the sme progrm nmes. Note tht when using n Instrument cbled to Multi-Instrument, the progrm nmes do not pper in the Arrnge window s trck list you must use sub-instrument of Multi-Instrument for this. Go to the Environment window nd on the sme lyer s the Instrument you creted, choose Multi-Instrument from the New menu. A Multi- Instrument object will pper with the defult nme (Multi Instr.). The 16 numbered squres on the Multi-Instrument object correspond to the 16 individul sub-instruments contined in the Multi-Instrument. Ech sub-instrument hs its own set of prmeters nd these re exctly the sme s for the Instrument discussed bove. The one exception is tht the port nd chnnel prmeters cn not be chnged if you try you will get wrning dilog (figure 14). Wht this mens is tht the port is Beginner s Guide to the Environment 20

26 Chpter 2 controlled by the Multi-Instrument s globl settings nd the chnnel is fixed for ech sub-instrument the chnnel is sme s the sub-instrument number. Fig. 14: Dilog when trying to chnge sub-instrument chnnel You cn chnge the chnnel setting from the Arrnge window s prmeter box the effect here is to chnge the selected trck s instrument to different subinstrument. Select the Multi-Instrument by clicking in the top region of the object, somewhere ner the MIDI connector icon. Now look t the prmeter box (figure 15) nd you will see n bbrevited set of prmeters: the fmilir icon nd Instrument menu checkbox, the port nd chnnel settings nd the progrm, volume nd pn checkboxes nd settings. The icon nd its checkbox work s usul you cn use the Multi-Instrument itself (rther thn one of the sub-instruments) s trck s instrument. The port setting is globl for ll the sub-instruments. The chnnel setting is lso globl setting it to chnnel number rther thn its defult setting of All will cuse ll sub-instruments to send to the sme chnnel. You probbly don t wnt this so leve it set to All. Finlly, the progrm, volume nd pn settings, if X d, will result in vlues being sent to the Multi-Instruments chnnel (or to chnnel 1 if this is set to All). You probbly wnt to leve these unchecked lso. Leve the Multi-Instrument s globl prmeters t their defult settings nd set the sub-instrument s prmeters s you would n instrument. Beginner s Guide to the Environment 21

27 Chpter 2 Fig. 15: Prmeter boxes for multi-instrument nd sub-instruments Double clicking on the Multi-Instrument opens window for entering preset nmes (figure 16). It comes filled with the Generl MIDI (GM) stndrd preset nmes. You cn edit this list in vrious wys: you cn initilize the nmes to GM stndrd or to progrm numbers; you cn enter individul nmes by double-clicking on nme; you cn cut, copy & pste to nd from your fvorite text editor [PC:?]; you cn copy & pste from Sound Diver nd under just the right circumstnces, you cn utomticlly updte the nmes from Sound Diver using AutoLink. Fig. 16: Window for entering MI preset nmes Checking the checkbox t the bottom of the Multi-Instrument window will cuse the chnnel 10 sub-instrument to behve differently thn the rest. Insted of showing the progrm nmes in the Multi-Instrument window, it will show the GM-stndrd drumset nmes. You cn copy nd pste nmes between the multiinstrument window nd ny text editor for esier Beginner s Guide to the Environment 22

28 Chpter 2 editing. Nmes cn lso be psted to the multi-instrument from Sound Diver. You cn use the Multi-Instrument s preset nme window to select presets on your MIDI sound device. In order for this feture to be enbled, the Prg checkbox for the desired sub-instrument must be checked. Then, double-clicking sub-instrument s number nd clicking nmes in the preset nme window will cuse progrm chnge messges to be sent to the chnnel of tht sub-instrument. (Using the globl instrument for this when its chnnel is set to ALL will result in progrm chnges on chnnel 1.) Whether bnk messge is lso sent depends on the globl Prg bnk indictor indictes no bnk messge nd number specifies which bnk messge. The selected trck in the Arrnge window hs no effect on this process nd neither does enbling or selecting sub-instruments. There re two convenient tricks for opening nd using the preset nme window from the Logic s Arrnge window. If you click on the Multi-instrument s nme in the sub-instrument s prmeter box, the window will open for selecting presets on the sub-instrument s chnnel. Alterntively, holding the Option or Control keys nd double click the trck nme will lso open the preset nme window. 2.2 Getting Multi-Instrument to Spek Wht follows ssumes you hve multi-timbrl MIDI sound device with GM mode nd tht the Multi-Instrument s globl port setting mtches the port to which this device is connected. If you do not hve such MIDI sound device, you will need to dpt the informtion to your setup. When you first crete Multi-Instrument, ech of the 16 squres corresponding to the 16 sub-instruments hs slsh through it. This indictes tht the sub-instrument is not ctivted i.e. its icon checkbox is not X d nd it does not show up on the trck list s Instrument menu. When you click on one of these squres on the Multi-Instrument object, the slsh disppers nd the sub-instrument s prmeter box opens with the icon checkbox X d. This is how you ctivte sub-instrument. You cn dectivte it by clicking the icon checkbox thus un-x ing it. Note tht this only hppens the first time you click on sub-instrument Beginner s Guide to the Environment 23

29 Chpter 2 number. Once you ve dectivted sub-instrument, you must use its icon checkbox to rectivte it. There is good reson for this: The purpose of ctivting nd dectivting sub-instruments is s with ll other environment objects, to control Instrument menu clutter. It hs no other effect on the sub-instrument nd indeed, you cn drg subinstrument s numbered squre to the trck list nd then use it s trck s instrument without ever ctivting it. This is the reson tht ctivtion is not utomtic fter the first time you my wnt to use sub-instruments without putting them on the Instrument menu. (Another method of getting sub-instrument on the trck list is to first select the desired trck then click the sub-instrument with the MIDI tool in the Environment window.) Putting sub-instrument on the trck list does not enble the MIDI sound device. You must lso put your Midi sound device in multi-timbrl mode nd enble its vrious chnnels. In generl when using Multi-Instrument, you will wnt to dectivte the Multi-Instrument disply nd you will only wnt to ctivte those sub-instruments for enbled chnnels on the MIDI sound device. You my wnt to use Multi-Instrument for single chnnel MIDI sound devices in order to hve preset nmes rther thn numbers. In this cse, you still wnt to dectivte the Multi-Instrument nd ctivte the subinstrument for the desired chnnel. This wy you will hve full set of Instrument prmeters rther thn the bbrevited set ssocited with the Multi-Instrument. As mentioned bove, you could lso use n Instrument cbled to the Multi-Instrument. Let s first use the Multi-Instrument itself (not one of its sub-instruments) s trck instrument either by selecting it from the Instrument menu or drgging it to the trck list. Your Arrnge window should look something like figure 17. One quick wy to check who s listening on this port is to scroll the Multi-Instrument s chnnel (shown s All here) through the 16 chnnels while plying your MIDI keybord. (You could lso do this with n Instrument.) If you don t her nything on prticulr chnnel, this could be for severl resons: The chnnel my not be enbled on the receiving MIDI device. The sound my be muted t your mixer. The chnnel preset s volume my be too low. Beginner s Guide to the Environment 24

30 Chpter 2 The chnnel preset my be silent (e.g. defult blnk preset). The lst two of these cn be checked by temporrily enbling Prg nd Vol on the Multi-instrument nd djusting their vlues. Fig. 17: Multi-instrument selected for Arrnge window trck A Multi-Instrument nd its 16 sub-instruments cn ech hve their own icon. In ddition, if the Prg checkbox is X d, the trck list will show the short nme of the Multi-Instrument followed by the preset nme. (The short nme is blnk by defult but cn be chnged in the upper-right region of the Multi-Instrument window.) The Multi-Instrument comes equipped with menu of bnk-select options. When the Multi-Instrument is creted this is set to us MIDI controller #32 for bnk select use the menu to select ny of the other options. One of these options is *Custom Bnk Messges* nd this is exctly the sme s for Instruments (described bove). Multi-Instruments provide for 15 seprte bnks of preset nmes. These re intended to mtch the bnks of the ssocited MIDI sound device. Bnks other thn the first bnk need to be initilized. You initilize bnk simply by selecting it from the bnk menu in the Multi- Instrument window. Things to remember: If you initilize new bnk, ll lower numbered bnks re utomticlly initilized. All un-initilized bnks use the preset nmes of the previous initilized bnks. A bnk s preset nmes re shown when tht bnk number is selected in the prmeter box. Beginner s Guide to the Environment 25

31 Chpter 2 Ech initilized Multi-Instrument nme-bnk tkes up dditionl song memory. Don t initilize bnks unless you need to. Seprting Sub-Instrument Output Notice tht Multi-Instrument hs only single cble outlet. If you connect this to something, Monitor object for exmple, new outlet will pper. If you connect this new outlet to something, third outlet will pper. If you select trck tht uses the Multi-Instrument or ny of its sub-instruments nd ply your MIDI keybord, ll the dt will come out ll of the Multi-Instrument s cble ports. There is no wy, using just the Multi-Instrument, to seprte the outputs of the subinstruments. But there is n environment object designed just for such tsks. From the New menu in the Environment window, select Chnnel Splitter. A tll object with 17 cble outlets will pper (figure 18). While the object is selected, ensure tht the icon checkbox in its prmeter box is unchecked. (This is good hbit to get into whenever creting new environment object tht is not intended s trck instrument it gretly reduces Instrument menu clutter nd it s much esier to do it when the object is creted thn lter. Some objects, like the Chnnel Splitter, hve this box unchecked by defult others, like the Instruments hve it checked.) Fig. 18: Chnnel Splitter illustrted w/ monitors The Chnnel Splitter hs n outlet for ech MIDI chnnel s well s n outlet t the top lbeled SUM. Everything tht does not go out one of the chnnel outlets will go out the SUM outlet. (E.g. if you cble the chnnel 3 outlet to nother environment object then ll dt from the chnnel 3 sub-instrument will go out there nd everything else will go out the SUM outlet.) This is very hndy for pplying seprte environment processes to different sub-instruments. The Chnnel Splitter hs mny useful pplictions. Another is splitting Physicl Input before it gets to to Sequencer. For exmple, if you hve Beginner s Guide to the Environment 26

32 Chpter 2 merged the dt from two MIDI controller devices, sy fder-mtrix nd keybord, you might wish to send the keybord to to Sequencer but pss the fder vlues directly to the output. Physicl Input hs seprte port cbles but ll chnnel dt for single port is combined. Use the Chnnel Splitter. 2.3 A Specil Instrument for Drums Logic hs one more kind of Instrument nd it is designed especilly for use with drum sequences. Wht mkes drum sequence different is tht different notes produce different sounds rther thn different pitches of the sme sound. Once MIDI note messge is sent to your MIDI drum-sound device, the device decides which sound to ply. It does so by using note-mp list of MIDI note numbers nd their corresponding sounds. When creting or editing drum sequence, it would be nice to work with drum-sound nmes (e.g. snre, sidestick, kick, etc.) rther thn pitches. This is one of severl things Mpped Instrument does for you it llows you to give ech note nme. These nmes re used in the Mtrix, Event nd Hyper-editors to fcilitte drum sequence editing. The Hyper-editor s Auto Define feture llows you to esily define drum-editing Hyper set by selecting individul drum notes in ny sequence.] The first thing tht hppens when you crete Mpped Instrument using the environment s New menu is tht the Mpped Instrument window ppers (figure 19). This is where you set up the individul note chrcteristics, but before going into tht, notice tht the Mpped Instrument s prmeter box does not hve the Trnspose, Velocity, Lim or VLim prmeters of the Instrument. The reson is tht these prmeters cn be set on note-by-note bsis for Mpped Instruments. See lso tht the No Seq Trp checkbox is X d by defult for the Mpped Instrument. When using Mpped Instruments for percussion sequences, you generlly do not wnt to trnspose the whole sequence. For other pplictions, you my wnt to re-enble this prmeter. Beginner s Guide to the Environment 27

33 Chpter 2 Fig. 19: Mpped instrument window nd prmeters In ddition to nming notes, you cn chnge the output note, define velocity offset, ssign the note to specific chnnel nd cble nd determine how it will pper in the score. Let s look t ech of these chrcteristics. Recll tht MIDI note messge contins three pieces of informtion note-number (0-127), MIDI chnnel (0-15) nd note-velocity (0-127). Logic shows you pitch insted of note number with C-1 corresponding to note-number 0 nd G9 corresponding to note-number 127. (If you select Ymh numbering in Logic s preferences, the pitch nmes rnge from C-2 to G8.) The Mpped Instrument llows you to mp ny input note whether coming from your MIDI keybord or from Logic sequence, to ny output note. In essence, the Mpped Instrument chnges the note-number of notes pssing through it. (As we ll see below, you cn lso do this using the Trnsformer object s mp mode but using the Mpped Instrument s window is simpler nd more grphic.) When you crete Mpped Instrument, its mp is set up to mke no chnges the in-note number nd the out-note number re the sme. Why would you wnt to chnge this? Suppose for exmple, tht you wnt to ply snre roll live from your MIDI keybord. Mpping djcent keys to the sme output note mkes this esy. As we go long we will see mny other uses for note mpping nd severl other wys to chieve it? Beginner s Guide to the Environment 28

34 Chpter 2 The Mpped Instrument s velocity setting llows you to chnge incoming note velocities by positive or negtive mount. There is seprte velocity offset for ech note. This is useful for blncing percussion ccents nd sound levels. The individul chnnel nd cble settings for ech note llow you to divide the Mpped Instrument s output mong severl MIDI chnnels or mong severl of the Mpped-Instrument s cbles for individul environment processing. You could, for exmple, divide sequence mong severl MIDI sound devices or pss snre sound through n Arpeggitor to get n utomtic roll. Finlly, the three scoring options Hed, Rel. Pos nd Group determine how drum sequences will pper in the Score editor when drumtype style is selected. (A drum style is one whose nme is preceded by #. For norml styles, drum sequences pper just like other sequences the in-notes determine their stff position.) When you use drum style, the group determines which voice the notes pper in (similr to chnnel for stndrd style) nd the Rel. Pos determines the spcing reltive to the top stff line. Fig. 20: Drum nd norml scoring of drum trcks 2.4 Mps, Zones nd Chords Aside from plying percussion prts from pino-style keybords, there re other resons to redefine the reltion between keybord nd note plyed. Some re: Keybord splitting nd redesigning Key-correcting & scle-filtering Automting chording & hrmony Multi-timbrl instrumenttion Besides the Mpped Instrument, the environment contins two other objects for ccomplishing these tsks. One is the Trnsformer, perhps the most verstile object in the environment. We will discuss the Trns- Beginner s Guide to the Environment 29

35 Chpter 2 former in detil little lter. The other object is the Chord Memorizer which, s its nme implies, is intended to mp single notes to chords. Remember tht chord cn men zero, one or severl notes. This mkes the chord memorizer idel for scle-correcting nd scle-filtering s well s for plying chords. Choose Chord Memorizer from the environment s New menu then double click on the Chord Memorizer object. A double keybord window will open (figure 21). This is where you mp in-notes to outnotes. First select the in-note on the top keybord then select the outnote(s) on the bottom keybord. You cn toggle out-notes on nd off on the bottom keybord s long s the in-note remins selected on the top keybord. Notice tht you cn toggle ll the out-notes off, mpping the in-note to nothing. The Chord Memorizer s note mp is only for one octve. You cn choose n in-note in ny octve nd the reltion between its octve nd the outnote(s) octve(s) will be preserved but ll other in-notes in the sme pitch-clss will be mpped in the sme wy. This llows chords to be trnsposed to different octves but restricts the Chord Memorizer to 12 individul chords. The Chord Memorizer s chnnel prmeter sets the chnnel of ll notes coming out of it. The Lim prmeter determines which incoming notes re mpped nd which re left unchnged. Notes outside of the Lim rnge re not mpped by the Chord Memorizer they ply through s though the Chord Memorizer were not there. Beginner s Guide to the Environment 30

36 Chpter 2 Fig. 21: Chord memorizer window nd prmeters The Chord Memorizer s Trp nd Key prmeters often cuse confusion. Trp ffects only the out notes while Key ffects both the in nd out notes. Suppose only one chord, CÆC mjor trid, is defined with no Trp nd with the Key set to C. As figure 22 illustrtes, chnging the Trp to 5 will cuse C to ply n F mjor trid while chnging the Key to F will cuse n F to ply n F mjor trid. (Chnging both will cuse n F to ply Bb mjor trid.) Fig. 22: Chord memorizer trnspose nd key prmeters The CbleSplit prmeter llows individul notes in chords generted by the Chord Memorizer to be split mong seprte cbles. When this prmeter is ON the lowest chord note will pper t the top outlet nd the remining notes will pper t successively lower outlets with the highest note ppering t the bottom outlet. If there re more notes thn outlets, the extr notes will pper t the bottom outlet. If there re fewer notes thn outlets, nothing will pper t the extr outlets. Beginner s Guide to the Environment 31

37 Chpter 2 Using the Chord Memorizer There re severl wys to connect Chord Memorizer. The simplest is to use it s trck s instrument nd cble its output directly to n output port. MIDI input or sequence plybck on this trck will result in MIDI output of the corresponding out notes. All output will be chnnelized ccording to the Chord Memorizer s chnnel prmeter nd incoming notes outside the Lim rnge will pss through unchnged (i.e. will not be mpped to out notes). Sometimes it s useful to cble the Chord Memorizer into one or more Instruments rther thn directly to MIDI output. This is especilly useful when the Chord Memorizer is in cble split mode. Finlly, there re pplictions when you might wnt to cble n Instrument into the Chord Memorizer for exmple, when you lwys wnt the output of tht Instrument to follow the Chord Memorizer s mp. 2.5 Running Sttus of the Humn Kind Prt I Before moving on to the Trnsformer object let s tke brief look t wht we hve nd wht we cn do with it. First, we hve objects for getting MIDI dt in nd out of Logic. These include Physicl Input, to Sequencer nd the port [PC: interfce] objects. Physicl Input is like spigot for ll the MIDI-in ports on your MIDI interfce. The port [PC: interfce] objects re like hose to your computer s MIDI interfce your MIDI interfce determines where the dt goes fter it leves the hose. To Sequencer is connection from the environment to Logic s Arrnge window incoming dt is routed to the currently selected trck s instrument. The next objects we hve re the three types of Instruments. Instruments re intended for routing MIDI dt to specific MIDI sound devices nd the Instrument types re tilored for the single-chnnel, multi-chnnel nd mpped MIDI sound devices. Instruments cn store initil progrm, volume nd pn vlues. They cn lso chnge the pitch, velocity nd timing of incoming notes nd they cn set pitch nd velocity rnges outside of which notes will be blocked. Beginner s Guide to the Environment 32

38 Chpter 2 Fig. 23: Running sttus I - illustrtion of objects so fr Then we hve Chnnel Splitter nd Chord Memorizer both of which ffect the dt pssing through them. The Chnnel Splitter routes the dt ccording to its intended MIDI chnnel. Dt for chnnels without specific cbles is sent to the SUM outlet. The Chord Memorizer mps incoming notes to none or more outgoing notes. The outgoing notes re determined by the mp defined in the Chord Memorizer s window. Finlly we hve Keybord nd Monitor. Both re used for viewing MIDI ctivity nywhere in the environment. The Keybord shows only MIDI note-events nd only shows those while they re being held. The Keybord will lso generte MIDI note-events. The Monitor shows ll MIDI ctivity nd keeps n historicl record until it is clered by clicking inside its window. Wht s It Good For? These objects re enough to crete simple operting environment nd even to do some interesting processing. The environment in figure 24 ddresses two output ports through two Monitor objects. The Monitors serve two purposes they show wht dt is going to ech port nd they isolte the environment so tht it cn be esily moved to nother song nd connected to the output port objects in tht song s environment. (Moving environments between songs is discussed t the end of this guide.) Beginner s Guide to the Environment 33

39 Chpter 2 Fig. 24: Beginning Setup possible with these objects The Multi-Instrument is intended for controlling multi-timbrl MIDI sound device. Ech of its sub-instruments except #10 hs been enbled (icon checked) so tht it will show up on the Instrument menu. The output of the Multi-Instrument is pssed through Chnnel Splitter so tht the individul MIDI chnnels could be routed nd processed independently. For our purposes, the Chnnel Splitter s SUM output crries ll chnnels to the Monitor which feeds the first port. Insted of enbling the chnnel 10 sub-instrument, Mpped Instrument using chnnel 10 hs been cbled into the Multi-Instrument. The reson for this is tht chnnel 10 is commonly reserved for drum nd percussion prts nd these re most esily edited nd scored using Mpped Instrument. Since the Mpped Instrument is cbled into the Multi-Instrument, the Multi-Instrument s preset nmes will show up in the Mpped Instrument s progrm pop-up menu for esy selection of the desired percussion preset. The purpose of the ptch leding to the second port is to chnnel the Chord Memorizer s output to six seprte MIDI chnnels the chnnels being determined by the Instruments cbled between the Chord Memorizer nd the Multi-Instrument. This could be used, for exmple, to chnnel six note guitr chords to six different guitr presets one for ech string. The reson for the Multi-Instrument is to provide nmes to the Instruments progrm pop-up menus. From the Multi-Instrument the MIDI dt psses through the Monitor to the desired MIDI port. Beginner s Guide to the Environment 34

40 Chpter 2 The six cbles from the Chord Memorizer crry the six chord notes in bottom-to-top order. Ech chord note is chnneled by the Instrument between it nd the Monitor. This Instrument could lso be used to ffect the note s velocity, pitch nd dely. Finlly, the outputs re combined t the Monitor nd sent to the pproprite port. This ptch works best when ech of the Chord Memorier s chords contins six notes since there is no convenient wy to mute middle string ll unused strings will be t the bottom of the Chord Memorizer s outlets. In generl, setup in this style would hve Monitor leding to ech virtul port of the MIDI interfce. Environment ptches using the vrious instrument object types would be constructed to control the MIDI sound device(s) on ech port. Beginner s Guide to the Environment 35

41 Chpter 3 Some Things Chnge Some Things Sty The Sme If you re fmilir with Logic s Trnsform window, the environment s Trnsformer object will look very fmilir. As its nme implies, the purpose of the Trnsformer is to chnge MIDI dt. But, n object tht simply chnged everything pssing through it would be of limited vlue, so the Trnsformer is lso cpble of selecting wht dt to chnge. Wht does it do with the rest? It either psses it through unchnged or throws it wy. The min difference between the Trnsformer object nd the Trnsform window is tht the Trnsformer object opertes on MIDI dt in rel time the dt which flows through it during n environment process. The Trnsform window, on the other hnd, mkes chnges to dt tht hs lredy been recorded in sequences. One thing the Trnsform window cn do tht the Trnsformer object cn t is use the position of the recorded dt in its clcultions. The dt hs no position until it s recorded nd this is why the Trnsformer lcks position conditions nd opertions. Select Trnsformer from the environment s New menu. A smll object will pper with the defult nme (Trnsformer). Double-click this object nd the Trnsformer window will pper (figure 25). This is where you tell the Trnsformer wht to do: The Conditions section selects wht dt to chnge nd the Opertions section tells wht to do with the selected dt. At the top is menu where you decide wht to do with the unselected dt. Since it s there, it provides couple of other, convenient options. One of these options is to throw wy the selected dt (keeping the rest) nd nother is to spit the dt between the Trnsformer s top two outlets dt mtching the conditions ppers t the top outlet nd non-mtching dt ppers t the second outlet. A third option is to pss the selected dt unchnged s well s chnged seprte choices llow the chnged dt to precede or follow the originl dt. Beginner s Guide to the Environment 36

42 Chpter 3 Some Things Chnge Some Things Sty The Sme Fig. 25: Trnsformer window nd signl pth menu One of the most bsic nd lso most useful functions of the Trnsformer is to simply select dt without doing nything to it, thus llowing us to split the dt strem, routing some kinds of dt through one process nd other kinds through nother. One typicl split is between notes nd everything else (figure 26). To set up this split, select = from the conditions menu lbeled Sttus nd then select Note from the submenu which ppers. Since we wnt ll notes, leve the other conditions set to All. Since we don t wnt to mke ny chnges, leve ll the opertions set to Thru. Finlly, since we only wnt the notes, select Condition Splitter (true -> top cble) from the menu t the top of the window. Renme this Trnsformer to split notes so we don t hve to open its window to see wht it does. Beginner s Guide to the Environment 37

43 Chpter 3 Some Things Chnge Some Things Sty The Sme Fig. 26: Mon->Splitter->Mon + Mon If we set some of the opertions prmeters to something other thn Thru, these opertions will ffect the notes only. In Condition Splitter mode, opertions pply to those MIDI events which mtch the conditions nonmtching events re unffected by the opertions. You cn cscde either brnch of the splitting process s often s needed. Suppose for exmple, tht you re plying bss line with your left hnd (stying below F3), plying chords with your right hnd, stomping on the sustin pedl with your right foot nd working the pitch bend wheel with your nose. Suppose further (if you re up to it), tht you only wnt pitch bend pplied to the bss line nd only wnt sustin pplied to the chords. Figure 27 shows one wy to do it. The everything else brnch t the bottom is very importnt without it, events tht you re not intending to route get left out rther thn sent to their intended trget. Beginner s Guide to the Environment 38

44 Chpter 3 Some Things Chnge Some Things Sty The Sme Fig. 27: Hnd, Foot & Nose Controller When you wnt more thn one cble from either outlet of condition splitting trnsformer, you must cble tht outlet to some object serving s dt junction Monitor or neutrl Trnsformer, for exmple which llows multiple cbles for the sme dt (figure 28). (Typiclly ech new outlet from n object crries the sme dt but in some cses Physicl Input, Chnnel Splitter, Chord Memorizer, Mpped Instrument in cble split mode, Trnsformer in condition split mode ech outlet crries different dt. Getting multiple cbles from such n outlet requires dt junction.) Fig. 28: Junctions nd Prioritizing Dt Flow Besides connecting severl cbles from single outlet, you cn use dt junction to control the order of environment processes. All processing from the top outlet tkes plce before ny processing from the second one, etc. This mens tht dt coming out of the top outlet will be processed before ny dt emerges from the lower outlets. The ptch shown in figure 28 processes ech note event three times. The first (top) process converts the note to MIDI pn event (controller #10) using the note s pitch to set the pn position. The second (middle) process scles the note s velocity thereby ffecting the velocity curve of the MIDI keybord or sequence being processed this is the pth tht Beginner s Guide to the Environment 39

45 Chpter 3 Some Things Chnge Some Things Sty The Sme results in note event t the output. The third (bottom) process converts the note to MIDI chnnel pressure event using the note s velocity to set the chnnel pressure. The order of these three processes is importnt we wnt pn to come first becuse some MIDI sound devices don t pn in rel time nd we wnt chnnel pressure to come lst becuse it pplies to the note(s) just sounded. Cbles from higher outlets hve priority over cbles from lower outlets. Figure 29 shows the Trnsformer settings for the pitch to pn conversion. One thing to notice is the slnted line from the pitch condition to the velocity opertion. This is how we get pitch rther thn velocity to control the pn position the line indictes tht controller vlue (right most opertion vlue) comes from the second condition vlue (pitch in the cse of notes) rther thn the third. Another point is tht we ve excluded notes with velocity 0 (i.e. note-off events). Including these would cuse the pn position to jump full left t ech note-off becuse Logic will not llow Trnsformers to chnge the right most opertion vlue when the incoming event is note with velocity 0. (This is sfety feture to help prevent hnging notes nd you cn hndily defet it by using two Trnsformers in series.) Fig. 29: Pitch to Pn: Dt junction pitch to pn trnsformer Figure 30 shows the Trnsformer settings for velocity scling. The grph t the bottom shows the velocity curve tht is being pplied by the Trnsformer. The Trnsformer opertion is set to Exponent. nd the prmeter is negtive which results in the logrithmic curve shown. Beginner s Guide to the Environment 40

46 Chpter 3 Some Things Chnge Some Things Sty The Sme Fig. 30: Vel Curve: Dt junction velocity curve trnformer Finlly, figure 31 shows the velocity to chnnel pressure (often clled fter touch) conversion. The ide here is to brek the velocity rnge into 8 zones by rounding the velocity to the closest multiple of 16. This is wht results from the Trnsformers Quntize opertion. Notice tht the Filter Duplicte Events checkbox is checked. This prevents the sme chnnel pressure vlue from being sent out multiple times in row nd is gret dt sver we ll see it used gin in the dt thinner exmple below. Beginner s Guide to the Environment 41

47 Chpter 3 Some Things Chnge Some Things Sty The Sme Fig. 31: Vel to AT: Dt junction velocity to fter touch trnsformer Figure 32 shows nother ppliction of the Trnsformer to split the dt flow. This time, notes re sent to splitting Trnsformer which divides them ccording to pitch nd other MIDI events re pssed directly to the output. This results in keybord split with the top zone trnsposed down n octve. Notice tht the two notes shown in the input Monitor re C2 nd B1 but tht the two notes going out re C1 nd B1, so tht the note to the chord instrument is below the note to the bss instrument. This is the point of this ptch to void hnd collisions while llowing pitches to overlp on split keybord. It is idel for guitr / bss splits since guitr prts re scored n octve higher thn they sound. Beginner s Guide to the Environment 42

48 Chpter 3 Some Things Chnge Some Things Sty The Sme Fig. 32: Notes split t C2 with higher zone 8vb d With the Trnsformer s Copy mtching Events & Apply Opertion mode, notes cn serve double duty the incoming note is pssed directly to the output s well s being copied for nother use. In figure 33, second note is creted two octves (24 note numbers) higher. Its velocity is lso multiplied by 1.2 so tht it stnds out. Fig. 33: Notes re doubled 2 octves higher (w/ velocity bump) Figure 34 gin illustrtes the dt thinning function of the Trnsformer s Quntize opertion when used with Filter Duplicte Events option. In this cse, MIDI chnnel pressure (fter touch) dt is quntized by the Trnsformer so tht ech incoming fter touch event is rounded to the nerest multiple of 3 (i.e. the fter touch resolution is reduced by 2/3rds.) With the Filter Duplicte Events option turned off, Beginner s Guide to the Environment 43

49 Chpter 3 Some Things Chnge Some Things Sty The Sme ech incoming fter touch messge would result in n outgoing messge which would likely result in lot of dupliction. With the option turned on, only chnged fter touch messges will be sent out most likely resulting in significnt reduction in the number of MIDI messges. For exmple, n incoming string 1,2,3,4,5,6... of fter touch vlues would result in the output string of vlues 0,3,3,3,6,6 with the filter turned off but results in the output string of vlues 0,3,6 with the filter turned on. Fig. 34: Quntized & Thinned fter touch The lst choice on the pop-up menu for the numericl Trnsformer opertions (i.e. the Ch, -1- nd -2- opertions) is clled Use Mp. When you select this option, grph lbeled Universl Mp opens up t the bottom of the Trnsformer window. Below the grph re two numericls nd buttons lbeled Init, Reverse, Invert nd Smooth. The Use Mp mode llows you complete freedom in defining Trnsformer opertions you cn mp ny incoming vlue to ny outgoing vlue. If for exmple, you hve MIDI sound device which hs ll the stndrd Generl MIDI sounds but does not correspond to the GM preset numbers, you could use the mp to convert the GM preset numbers to those which mtch your MIDI sound device. As nother exmple, you could use the Trnsformer mp to remp your MIDI keybord lthough, the Mpped Instrument or Chord Memorizer is usully better choice for this tsk. Ech Trnsformer hs only one mp tht s why it s lbeled Universl Mp lthough you cn use this mp for more thn one of the opertions. You cn define ech of the 128 mp vlues using the numericls below the grph the left numericl selects wht number gets mpped Beginner s Guide to the Environment 44

50 Chpter 3 Some Things Chnge Some Things Sty The Sme nd the right numericl sets the mp vlue. There re lso some hndy shortcuts: If none of the opertions is in Use Mp mode nd none of the conditions is set to Mp (see below) then ny setting for the -2- opertion will be reflected in the mp grph lthough the mp numericls nd buttons won t pper. To fix this s the mp, it is necessry to choose Use Mp for one of the eligible opertions (Ch, -1- or -2-) or to choose Mp for one of the conditions. If you do not do this before chnging the -2- opertion or one of its prmeters, the grph will lso chnge. In short, ny of the stndrd opertions with ny prmeter setting(s) cn serve s strting point for the mp. Note tht when using this with one of the rndomizing opertions (e.g. Rndom or +-Rnd.), once Use Mp is selected the rndom mp becomes fixed the sme input will lwys result in the sme output. The buttons in the mp section lso simplify mp construction. The Init button mps ech number to itself (i.e. the digonl grph). The Reverse button reverses the position of ech vlue (i.e. the mp flips horizontlly round the middle position). The Invert button tries to swp the numbers in the left numericl (the positions) with the numbers in the right numericl (the vlues). Since mny positions cn be mpped to the sme vlue, this is not lwys possible so the Invert button cn produce some strnge results for one thing, using the button twice will not often result in the originl mp. The Smooth button smoothes out lrge jumps in the mp by djusting djcent vlues. This cn be hndy for producing smooth controller mps fter drwing in rough version. Repeted pplictions produce greter smoothing. The condition setting lbeled Mp llows events to be selected or rejected bsed on the mp vlue of the ssocited prmeter. When this condition is selected, two prmeter fields open up for setting vlue rnge. When n event enters the Trnsformer nd one of the eligible conditions (Ch, -1- or -2-) is set to Mp, the event meets the condition if the mpped vlue of tht prmeter is within the rnge. Suppose, for exmple, tht the Pitch condition is set to Mp nd tht the top nd bottom rnge boxes re both set to 0. Then note events entering the Trnsformer meet the condition only if their note number is mpped to 0. (Different pitches will, of course, be llowed by different mps.) There is one other plce tht the word Mp ppers nd tht is in the Sttus opertion menu. Here the choice MpSet mens tht the Trnsformer will trnsform incoming events which meet its conditions into pir of events clled met-events. (Notice tht the condition nd opertion Sttus menus llow Trnsformers to both select nd crete Beginner s Guide to the Environment 45

51 Chpter 3 Some Things Chnge Some Things Sty The Sme these strnge sounding events.) We ll tlk bout met-events lter but suffice it to sy tht if these events enter nother Trnsformer they will set one of its mp vlues. Which position s vlue gets set is determined by the first met-event ( met-event #123) nd wht vlue it s set to is determined by the second met-event ( met-event #122). When using the Trnsformer s MpSet mode, the -1- opertion controls the mp position nd the -2- opertion controls the mp vlue. In summry, mps my be used to set dt vlues (vi Trnsformer opertions) or they my be used to select incoming events (vi Trnsformer conditions). Furthermore, one Trnsformer cn be set up to chnge the mp vlues of nother Trnsformer. Although they my seem confusing t first, mps gretly enhnce the environment s power s well s simplifying ptch construction. The Environment Toolkit contins numerous exmples of this technique. Fig. 35: Don t forget to hve some fun Stuck Notes Things I Forgot to Sy Not To Do Every note hs beginning nd n end (we hope). On your MIDI keybord, the beginning is when you press the key nd the end is when you relese it. These ctions, pressing nd relesing, result in seprte Beginner s Guide to the Environment 46

52 Chpter 3 Some Things Chnge Some Things Sty The Sme MIDI messges the first one is clled note-on messge (NON) nd the second is clled note-off messge (NOF). A stuck note results when there is note-on messge which is not followed by note-off messge for the sme note number nd chnnel. A MIDI note messge (NON or NOF) contins four pieces of informtion: messge-type (NON or NOF), chnnel number (0-15), notenumber (0-127) nd velocity (0-127). If the messge-type is NON but the velocity is 0, the messge is interpreted s NOF. Logic will record rel NOFs, remember their velocities nd ply them bck s NOFs nevertheless, Logic equtes NOFs with NONs hving velocity 0 nd the ltter form is how they re identified by the Trnsformer object. Setting the Trnsformer s Sttus condition to = NOTES nd its Vel condition to = 0 will ctch both forms of NOFs. Notes re recorded in Logic s complete events ech note-on nd its corresponding note-off is single logicl pcket. It is virtully impossible to seprte note-on from its note-off once it hs been recorded. (One sure wy is to unplug the MIDI cble or turn off your MIDI interfce during plybck.) If note enters the environment from sequence, you cn convert it to nother messge type, filter out the velocity =0 prt nd chnge ny of its prmeters but if you ever convert it bck to note, the NON nd the NOF will both be there. So, cn we crete stuck notes within Logic? You bet! For one thing, NONs coming in over MIDI do not hve NOFs ttched if you chnge ny of their prmeters their lter-rriving prtners will get lost. You cn lso just filter out NOFs. Another thing tht cn result in stuck notes is converting other event-types to notes. This is true even when the originl event is pre-recorded in sequence s long s it wsn t recorded s note, it does not hve ny corresponding off event nd will result in stuck note. If you get stuck note here re severl things you cn try: Double-click the MIDI indictor disply in the Trnsport. Press the key for the commnd nmed Full Pnic. Ply the sme note gin (on nd off) if you cn identify it. Turn the offending MIDI sound device off nd bck on. Then there s lwys the elbow-to-elbow method: plce your right elbow on the top note of your MIDI keybord plce your left elbow on the bottom note len on your forerms. When you remove yourself from the keybord, there my be blissful silence. Beginner s Guide to the Environment 47

53 Chpter 4 Fders, Fders, Fders All the objects we ve discussed so fr re designed to disply, route or process MIDI dt. The primry purpose of the Fder object is to crete MIDI dt. As the nme fder implies, it ws originlly intended for creting virtul MIDI mixing consoles but its uses go fr beyond tht. Fders cn lso be used to: Switch MIDI dt between different environment processes. Control Trnsformer condition nd opertion prmeters. Progrm externl MIDI devices with custom SysEx messges. Store btches of MIDI events for one-shot dumping over MIDI. Store snpshots of environment control settings. Control tempo, chnge screen sets nd jump to mrkers. Fders cn lso be used to process, route nd disply MIDI dt in sense, they re the most verstile object in the environment. This verstility is reflected in the hierrchicl Fder menu tht ppers when you select Fder from the Environment window s New menu (figure 36). Fig. 36: Fders sub-menu of the New menu Beginner s Guide to the Environment 48

54 Chpter 4 Fders, Fders, Fders There re three key pieces of informtion bout ny Fder: how it looks, wht it does nd wht it rects to. A Fder s ppernce is completely seprte from wht it does. You decide Fder s ppernce either when you select it from the Fder sub-menu or by using the style menu in the Fder s prmeter box (figure 37). Wht Fder does is determined by its Out definition which is set in its prmeter box (figure 37). Wht it rects to is determined by its In definition, lso set in the prmeter box. The Out definition hs three prmeters lbeled Out, Chnnel nd -1-. Out is where you choose the type of MIDI event the Fder sends out. Chnnel sets the MIDI chnnel of the event. For controller events, the -1- prmeter determines the controller number. For other event types it hs other menings but we ll get to tht lter. Fig. 37: Style nd I/O definition menus The simplest wy to use Fder is to connect its outlet to port nd chnge its vlue with the mouse. When you crete new Fder, its Out definition is set to control MIDI volume (controller #7) on chnnel 1 nd its style is set to Auto Style. If you cble it to ny port object nd hve MIDI sound device listening on chnnel 1, this Fder will control its volume. If you mke 15 copies of this Fder; set their Out definition chnnels to 2 thru 16 nd cble ech of them to the sme port, you hve simple MIDI mixer. But don t do it just now we re going to build better one below nd lern few tricks in the process. Beginner s Guide to the Environment 49

55 Chpter 4 Fders, Fders, Fders The re four bsic styles of Fders: sliders, buttons, text nd vector. Sliders come in severl vrieties verticl, horizontl, circulr (i.e. knobs) nd numericl. The thing they ll hve in common is tht you cn scroll through their rnge of vlues using the mouse. Some sliders disply their vlue numericlly nd for those, you cn type in their vlue by double-clicking on the number. (Numericls hve only this type of disply but they cn still be scrolled with the mouse like other sliders.) For ny Fder with numericl disply, you cn scroll by single steps if you grb the numericl rther thn the slider hndle. You set Fder s rnge of vlues in the Rnge section of its prmeter box. The mximum rnge is 0 thru 127 which is the MIDI dt vlue rnge. For SysEx Fders which we ll discuss lter, this rnge is -128 thru You cn lso set up one Fder to control nother Fder s rnge limits. (See the section on met-events below.) Unlike sliders, buttons hve only two possible vlues nd you click them to chnge between the two. The two possible vlues re the minimum nd mximum of the vlue rnge. Text-style Fders re like sliders in llowing you to scroll through their rnge of vlues, but unlike sliders, ech vlue cn be given its own nme. Also, text Fders cn be configured to pop up like menus rther thn to be scrolled with the mouse. You enter text Fder s nmes by double-clicking on it to open window with 128 nme positions. If text Fder s rnge contins fewer thn 128 vlues, only tht number of nme-slots is vilble nd regrdless of the rnge minimum, the nmes lwys strt in the top-left slot. Nmes cn be copied & psted to nd from text Fders nd it is often esiest to edit them in simple text editor. Also, nmes from Multi-Instruments cn be psted directly into text Fders nd vice-vers. Beginner s Guide to the Environment 50

56 Chpter 4 Fders, Fders, Fders Fig. 38: All Fder Styles illustrted Vector style Fders re like two-dimensionl sliders horizontl movement chnges one control vlue nd verticl movement chnges nother. For vector Fders, the In nd Out definitions re replced by Vert nd Horz definitions, respectively. The chnnel nd messge type for verticl movement is set by the Vert definition. For horizontl movement, it is set by the Horz definition. Ech mousing of the vector Fder results in two vlues, even if one of them hsn t chnged. You cn thin out these repeted vlues by inserting neutrl trnsformer fter the vector fder nd checking its Filter Duplicte Vlues checkbox. Incoming dt (e.g. from nother Fder) which mtches one of the vector s definitions will ffect only the corresponding dimension nd will result in output of only tht dimension s vlues. If the Vert nd Horz definitions of vector Fder re the sme, the vector Fder becomes four chnnel Fder. Ech mousing of the vector cuses events to be output for four consecutive chnnels strting with the chnnel set in the Vert nd Horz definitions. This is gret for controlling four mixer chnnels or two chnnels nd their pns. The vlues output for ech of the four chnnels re (roughly) mesure of the distnce of the mouse from ech of the four corners of the vector Fders window. If for exmple, the chnnels re 1 thru 4 then numbering the corners s in figure 39 then the closer the mouse is to chnnel s corner, the higher the vlue. Beginner s Guide to the Environment 51

57 Chpter 4 Fders, Fders, Fders Fig. 39: Vector fder with numbered corners (closer is higher) At the bottom of the Fder prmeter box is prmeter lbeled Filter (figure 40). This cts much like the Trnsformer s conditions section it determines wht incoming MIDI events the Fder rects to nd/or llows to pss through. The choices indicte wht items re filtered (i.e. blocked) by the Fder with reference to the Fder s In definition. In the cse of Mtch or All there is no Fder output for incoming dt mtching the In definition but the Fder s disply will still be updted. The Thru setting blocks ll dt coming from MIDI input to Logic (see The Absolutely, Gurnteed Simplest Environment Ptch in the World below) but llows ll dt recorded in Logic sequences. The Shot setting is not relly filter-setting with this setting mousing the Fder results in only the finl vlue s being sent (i.e. the vlue when the mouse is relesed). Fig. 40: Fder Filter Menu (Annotted) 4.1 Building Simple MIDI Mixer Since this is the intended nd most stright forwrd ppliction of Fders, let s see wht it involves. One thing to recognize is tht MIDI mixer is different niml thn the mixing consoles you re probbly used to. Not only is it different becuse it involves MIDI dt rther thn udio it is different in principle, in tht it is not ffecting something pssing through it but rther is sending out MIDI informtion of its own. The informtion being sent out controls MIDI sound devices Beginner s Guide to the Environment 52

58 Chpter 4 Fders, Fders, Fders by chnging the volume nd pn prmeters of their presets. The importnt thing to keep in mind is tht this is done on chnnel-bychnnel bsis ny MIDI sound device listening on given chnnel nd port will hve its volume nd pn controlled by ny MIDI mixer informtion sent on tht chnnel. As we ll see below, it is possible nd often desirble to put the MIDI mixer in the signl pth by hving the MIDI note events pss through it. The Environment Toolkit contins complex signl pth mixer which mong other things, fetures trim controls nd n effects bus. Mixers of ny kind look repetitive becuse they re. For our simple MIDI mixer we strt with module consisting of volume nd pn control then repet this module for ech desired chnnel. Figure 41 shows how the bsic module nd how it is wired. Fig. 41: How the bsic mixer module is wired For the volume Fder we ve chosen the verticl-mute style nd for the pn Fder we ve chosen knob. There is single cble from the volume Fder to the pn Fder. To instll this module, we would connect the output of the pn knob to the port serving the MIDI sound device whose chnnel it is ment to control. Tke look t the prmeter boxes for ech control. Notice tht their In nd Out definitions mtch so tht if cbled into the dt pth, they would disply ny incoming settings. We will use this feture lter. The pn knob s controller number is set to 10 nd the volume slider s controller number is set to 7 these re the stndrd MIDI pn nd volume controller numbers. The Fder s Vl s prmeter (figure 42) determines how the numericl disply will represent the current Fder vlue. For the pn knob this is set to Pn which mens the vlue rnge (0 thru 127) will be displyed s -64 thru 63 representing fr left to fr right pnning. For the volume knob the Vl s prmeter is the defult setting of Num the ctul dt vlue is displyed. All the other choices except Hz divide the vlue Beginner s Guide to the Environment 53

59 Chpter 4 Fders, Fders, Fders rnge into equl steps with displys pproprite to vrious other Fder functions. Hz grows exponentilly over the vlue rnge. Fig. 42: The Vl s menu - nnotted To crete our simple MIDI mixer we need first to copy this module for s mny chnnels s we wish to include. Next we need to chnge the In nd Out definition chnnels of ech Fder in ech module nd to chnge the nme of ech Fder in ech module. Finlly we need to crete MIDI signl pth through ech of the volume nd pn Fders. Logic provides shortcuts for ech of these steps which we ll illustrte by creting sixteen chnnel mixer. First, disconnect the cble from the volume Fder to the pn Fder in the single module we creted bove we ll recble the 16 chnnel mixer in different wy. Next, duplicte the volume/pn module 15 times for totl of 16 modules (one for ech MIDI chnnel). The esiest wy to copy the module is to select both Fders then while holding down the O key, click on the nme section of one of the Fders nd drg. Do this to crete 2 modules from 1, select ll 4 Fders nd do it gin to crete 4 modules from 2, select ll 8 Fders nd do it gin to crete 8 modules from 4 nd finlly, select ll 16 Fders nd do it gin to crete 16 modules from 8. You should now hve 16 modules looking like figure 43. Fig. 43: 16 identicl mixer modules The next step is to select ll the volume Fders. The top of the prmeter box will now sy Multiple Sel. Click on this nd n editing box will pop open. Replce Vol 1 by #1 in this box nd press the return key. The 16 volume Fders will now be nmed #1 thru #16. Open the Beginner s Guide to the Environment 54

60 Chpter 4 Fders, Fders, Fders editing box for the 16 pn knobs in the sme wy but this time simply delete Pn 1 so tht the knobs hve no nme. The next step is to chnge the chnnels. Select the Fder nmed Vol 1 nd choose Copy from the Edit menu. Now select ll 16 volume Fders; open the Options menu nd choose Definition, chnnel increment from the Apply Buffer Templte to sub-menu (figure 44). (Copying the selected Fder is wht creted the buffer templte it hs the sme effect s choosing Define Templte from the sub-menu.) Repet this process for the pn Fders nd then look t ech Fder s prmeter box to stisfy yourself tht the modules re correctly chnneled. Fig. 44: Apply buffer templte sub-menu The finl step is to crete chin of cbles from the first volume fder to the lst pn fder. When building complex mixer you my wnt to keep ech module seprte in order to use different ports or pply different processing for ech chnnel, but for simple mixer with ll outputs going to the sme port, cbling ll Fders in series is the esiest solution. To do this, you don t need to mke 32 seprte cble connections Logic provides shortcut. Select ll the volume Fders nd from the Options menu select Cble serilly. This will cble ech volume Fder to the one to its right, leving the rightmost one uncbled. Cble this Fder to the leftmost pn knob (the one for chnnel 1). Next select ll the pn knobs nd repet the process. Finlly, connect cble from the rightmost pn knob to the desired port (or to Monitor if you wnt the mixer to be importble) nd except for little houseclening, you re done (figure 45). Beginner s Guide to the Environment 55

61 Chpter 4 Fders, Fders, Fders Fig. 45: finished 16 chnnel mixer w/ protected view s insert In prctice (especilly with lrger mixers) it is confusing to see the cbles nd hve the modules so fr prt. To get the controls s close together s possible, first select Cbles from the View menu until it hs no beside it (i.e. the cbles nd outlets dispper). Next, select the 16 pn knobs nd choose Align Objects from the Clen Up sub-menu of the Options menu. Now do the sme for the volume Fders. Finlly from the View menu turn Protect Cbling/Positions on ( ) nd turn Prmeters off (no ). The Environment window should now look like the insert in figure 45. Any serious udio mixer hs more thn pn nd volume with mute. Some of the things you find there hve no rel MIDI mixer nlogy (effects send/return, trim nd monitor re exmples) becuse MIDI mixer is not processing something pssing through it. (The signl pth mixer in the Environment Toolkit does feture trim controls nd effects busses.) On the other hnd, controls like EQ my hve counterprt mong the MIDI sound device preset prmeters. There s nothing to prevent you from dding ny controllers you like to the volume/pn chin but ber in mind tht if you chnge the MIDI sound device listening to controller s chnnel, the result my lso chnge pn nd volume re (nerly) universl but the effect of most other MIDI controllers is device-specific. Also remember tht since you re building the mixer yourself, there is no reson ll chnnel modules hve to be the sme. A pn knob is usully useless on drum module, for Beginner s Guide to the Environment 56

62 Chpter 4 Fders, Fders, Fders exmple, so why include it? Different ppering modules re lso more esily recognized. Figure 46 shows the simplest wy to dd nother controller Fder which we ve nmed Exp. The circulr connection from Pn to Exp nd bck to Pn looks s if it will cuse MIDI feedbck but Logic prevents this. The result is tht moving Exp sends its MIDI messges through Pn to the output while events entering the module t Vol pss through Pn to the output nd to Exp for disply updting. You cn dd s mny new controls s you wnt in this wy nd in fct, you could connect Vol directly to the output nd then cble Pn this wy, too. Fig. 46: Adding knob to mixer 4.2 The GM Mixer Logic contins redy mde, 16 chnnel mixer clled GM Mixer on the environment s New menu. The GM Mixer (figure 47) contins volume/ mute sliders, bnk nd preset numericls nd four dditionl controller knobs for ech of the 16 MIDI chnnels. The four controller knobs cn be ssigned to ny MIDI controller by defult they re ssigned to pn (#10), portmento (#5), chorus depth (#91) nd reverb (#93). The GM Mixer supports Rolnd s GS MIDI stndrd nd Ymh s XG MIDI stndrd. Beginner s Guide to the Environment 57

63 Chpter 4 Fders, Fders, Fders Fig. 47: Illustrtion of GM Mixer The only GM Mixer prmeters re Legend which determines whether the fder nmes pper on the left (when off the mixer is smller), How which determines the style of the mixer s Fders nd knobs nd Ch which determines the port for the mixer s defult cbling (just s with Instruments) nd chnnel. The chnnel setting lso determines the lowest (leftmost) mixer chnnel nd therefore controls the size of the mixer since it lwys goes up to chnnel 16. Plce Trnsformer fter the mixer to chnge the chnnel offset for exmple, set the GM Mixer s chnnel to 11 then set the Trnsformer to subtrct 10 from the chnnel to get mixer for chnnels 1 thru 6. (Note tht if there is dt coming into the GM Mixer, you ll need Trnsformer before the mixer to dd 10 to the chnnel in order for the input nd output chnnels to correspond.) There re three disdvntges to the GM Mixer: you cn not tke snpshots of its Fder settings (see Automting the Mix below); its progrm selectors lwys use the GM preset nmes nd it cn t be bnged (see the section Q. Wht s Met? below). A mjor dvntge to the GM Mixer is tht its mute button is not toggled off by moving the corresponding slider (s is the cse with Logic s Vert./Mute style Fder). The GM Mixer does put out multiple volume 0 events when the slider is moved but Trnsformer fter the GM Mixer with its Filter Duplicte Beginner s Guide to the Environment 58

64 Chpter 4 Fders, Fders, Fders Events option turned on cn be used to suppress these duplicte volume events. 4.3 Automting the Mix The most obvious wy to use MIDI mixer is to mouse the vrious sliders nd knobs. This will send the corresponding controller vlues to whtever output port(s) the mixer is cbled to. Y, ok... next. A more interesting use is to record the Fder movements. Fortuntely, you don t hve to do nything more in order for this to work. Fder movements re utomticlly sent to the currently selected trck nd if recording is going on, they will be cptured. Of course, they will then be plyed bck over the instrument for tht trck nd subject to ny processing this my involve. In prticulr, if n Instrument is used it will typiclly re-chnnelize everything. So, recording Fder movements on n Instrument trck is best suited for volume & pn chnges on single chnnel the Instrument s chnnel. For multi-chnnel mixing, use generic trck one whose instrument is the port itself or n Instrument whose chnnel is set to All, for exmple. It my seem like this will result in duplicte controller events being sent over MIDI but this does not hppen. While the Fder movements re being recorded, they re not being pssed through to the trck s instrument. On the other hnd, while they re being plyed bck, they re not being sent from the mixer itself. So, in neither cse re there duplicte events. If you wnt the MIDI mixer to disply the results of n utomted mix, you need to crete new environment object nd cble it to the beginning of the volume/pn Fder chin. In the Logic defult song, n Instrument nmed Plybck whose chnnel is set to All is used. Other good cndidtes for this object re Chnnel Splitter, Trnsformer or Monitor. Agin, becuse informtion is not pssed through during recording, you cn record nd plybck on trck which uses this Plybck instrument. Logic s trnsport does not need to be running to record Fder movements. In Record-Puse mode, moving Fder will cuse snpshot of its position to be recorded on the selected trck. Beginner s Guide to the Environment 59

65 Chpter 4 Fders, Fders, Fders 4.4 A Mixer for Ech Port In the Wht s It Good For section we constructed two port setup. One pproch to mixing consoles is to crete seprte mixer for ech port, customized for the specific MIDI sound devices on tht port. To dd the 16 chnnel mixer bove or GM Mixer to the setup for the first port in tht exmple simply cble the Multi-Instrument into the #1 volume slider (or GM Mixer) nd cble the lst pn knob (or GM Mixer outlet) into the Chnnel Splitter. One dvntge to plcing the mixer fter the Multi-Instrument is tht ny ctive volume nd pn sub-instrument prmeters will be displyed by the mixer. If you wnt seprte mix trck, you cn use the Multi-Instrument for the trck instrument insted of creting seprte plybck Instrument. Figure 48 uses the sme pproch to dd GM Mixer to the Chord Memorizer guitr setup we constructed for second port in our exmple. Notice tht the GM Mixer reflects the individul String Instrument s prmeter settings. To use this setup, select the Chord Memorizer s trck s instrument. Choose Used Instruments MIDI Settings from the Send to MIDI sub menu of the Arrnge window s Options menu to send ll the String Instrument prmeters thru the GM Mixer to the MIDI sound device connected to port #2. Fig. 48: Adding GM Mixer to Chord Memo bsic setup Beginner s Guide to the Environment 60

66 Chpter 4 Fders, Fders, Fders 4.5 A Signl Pth Mixer with Rel Muting In the exmple bove, the GM Mixer is in the MIDI signl pth ll MIDI note events pss through the GM Mixer on their wy to their port. But, this is merely convenience to get the GM Mixer to show incoming (rel time or recorded) mixer events. The GM Mixer doesn t ctully ffect the notes pssing through it. Let s cll this n in line mixer to distinguish it from mixer environment which works by ffecting the MIDI note events pssing through it. We ll cll mixer tht does ffect MIDI note events signl pth mixer. One thing tht signl pth mixer will shre with ny other MIDI mixer is tht it will still control MIDI volume nd pn position by sending MIDI controller events. Beyond tht wht cn we do? The prmeters of MIDI note event re its pitch (note number) nd velocity so one thing we cn do is ffect these prmeters. In ddition, we cn control note s destintion nd crete lternte destintion busses for dditionl environment processing. The Environment Toolkit fetures mixer environment which does ll these things nd lso includes mster fder, but for now let s crete simple signl pth mixer with different kind of mute button. As with the 16-chnnel mixer we constructed in the Building Simple Mixer section, we will strt with single chnnel module then duplicte it until we hve ll 16 chnnels. This time, the module will hve four elements volume nd pn Fders, muting switch nd Trnsformer to split notes from other MIDI event types. Since we re constructing seprte mute button, the volume Fders don t need to hve the mute button on top so we ve used different style of Fder. For the mute button we ll use specil kind of Fder clled Cble Switcher. At the bottom of the Fders sub menu of the Environment window s New menu, there s nother sub-menu lbeled Specils. The first choice from this sub menu is Cble Switcher. A Cble Switcher hs In nd Out definitions like ny other Fder but the Out definition is irrelevnt becuse rther thn creting MIDI events, the Cble Switcher simply routes incoming MIDI events to one of its outlets. The number of outlets Cble Switcher hs is determined by the number of cbles tht re drwn from it ech outlet cn hve only one cble leving it nd when n outlet is cbled, new outlet ppers below it. The mximum number of outlets is 128, numbered from 0 to 127 corresponding to the MIDI dt rnge. Clicking the Cble Switcher steps through its outlets, but outlets cn lso be selected by number using MIDI events mtching the Cble Switcher s In definition. (These events re not pssed through Beginner s Guide to the Environment 61

67 Chpter 4 Fders, Fders, Fders the Cble Switcher so if you wnt Cble Switcher to route everything you must give up MIDI control nd set its In definition to ) A Cble Switcher cn hve ny style nd for our mute button we ve used the Button 3 style. In this cse the out position (drk center) routes dt to the first outlet (position #0) nd the in position (white center) routes dt to the second outlet (position #1). We wnt the mute button block MIDI note-on events but let other MIDI events pss thru. The reson for this is twofold: we wnt incoming volume nd pn events to be reflected by the mixer nd sent to the MIDI port even when the chnnel is muted nd we don t wnt to leve hung notes when chnnel is muted while note is being held. In order to ccomplish this we ve dded two splitting Trnsformers one to split note-off events from everything else nd the next to split note-on events from the remining MIDI dt. The reson two Trnsformers re needed is tht, s sfety feture to prevent hung notes, Trnsformer will not select just note-on events. Figure 49 shows the cbling for module of the signl pth mixer. The top outlet of the note-off splitting Trnsformer (the cble tht crries note-off events) is cbled directly into the signl pth through the volume Fder. The second outlet from this Trnsformer is cbled to the note-on splitting Trnsformer. The top outlet of the note-on splitting Trnsformer (the cble tht crries the note-on events) is cbled to the mute button nd the second outlet is cbled to the volume Fder. The volume Fder is cbled to the pn knob. Once 16 modules hve been creted, the pn knobs should be cbled in series nd the chnnels should be incremented just s ws done with the simple 16-chnnel mixer bove. There s no need to cble the volume Fders in series becuse ech is fed by its own mute button. (The mute buttons re not connected in series becuse otherwise, muting chnnel would lso mute ll higher numbered chnnels not the desired outcome.) Beginner s Guide to the Environment 62

68 Chpter 4 Fders, Fders, Fders Fig. 49: A single module of the signl pth mixer In figure 50 we ve used the signl pth mixer in conjunction with the Multi-Instrument / Chnnel Splitter from the bsic setup we constructed in the Wht s It Good For section. Insted of the Chnnel Splitter s SUM outlet going directly to the Monitor, to Port #2, ech chnnel is cbled seprtely to the corresponding splitting Trnsformer. Then we ve cbled the lst pn knob to the output Monitor. Beginner s Guide to the Environment 63

69 Chpter 4 Fders, Fders, Fders Fig. 50: Simple signl pth mixer w/ mute buttons We ve dded one other feture progrmmble mutes by splitting off controller #20 events from everything else nd sending them through seprte Chnnel Splitter to the mute buttons. (The mute buttons In definitions hve been set to control #20 on chnnels 1 to 16.) This llows mute events to be entered mnully into sequences or input from n externl MIDI controller in rel time. Beginner s Guide to the Environment 64

70 Chpter 4 Fders, Fders, Fders 4.6 Q: Wht s Met? A: A river in northest Colombi flowing prtilly long the border with Venezuel. B: Two positions in the benzene ring seprted by one crbon tom. C: An object of higher logicl type. D: All of the bove. E: Something else entirely. Fders, except for the Cble Switcher, send out events. Mostly these re MIDI messges but occsionlly they re messges to Logic itself nd not intended for MIDI consumption. These re clled metevents. Met-events don t hve to come from Fders nd they re not just used in the environment. Mny of the specil nottion symbols in score re met-events nd if you open scored sequence s Event list, chnces re you ll see some met-events in there. In fct, you cn crete metevents directly in the Event editor by holding down the C key nd clicking the full messge button the one with the 0 s nd 1 s on it. If you now scroll the vlue in the Num column you will see the met-event type nmes s they pss. Here re the relevnt ones for controlling Logic: Met-event Number Wht it Does 127 *Sets top Trnsformer opertion prmeter. 126 *Sets bottom Trnsformer opertion prmeter if there is one. 125 *Sets top Trnsformer condition prmeter. 124 *Sets bottom Trnsformer condition prmeter if there is one. 123 *Sets Trnsformer s mp position. 122 *Sets Trnsformer s mp vlue (for current position). 100 Sets tempo to vlue+50 (temporry until stop or cycle jump). 99 Bng - cuses Fders to resend their current vlue. 98 Silent - sets the Fder vlue without sending it. 97 Sets Fder rnge mximum. 96 Sets Fder rnge minimum. 52 Stops Trnsport. Beginner s Guide to the Environment 65

71 Chpter 4 Fders, Fders, Fders 51 Sets loctors by mrker number nd jumps to left loctor. 50 Selects song. 49 Selects screen set. 47 Sends single MIDI byte. (Use severl to roll-yer-own.) * Events must get to the Trnsformer Cn not be used s met-fder s -1- prmeter Met-events cn be entered directly into sequences in the Event editor, they cn be generted by met-fders nd they cn be entered directly into SysEx buttons (see below). As we will see time nd gin, the ones tht control Trnsformer prmeters ( ) re extremely powerful. They re the ones tht llow the environment to spek in higher logicl type. Figure 51 shows simple exmple of the usefulness of this combintion. Recll tht the Chord Memorizer is chnnelized object ll output is chnnelized ccording to its Ch prmeter setting. One wy to void hving to reset this prmeter is to follow the Chord Memorizer with Trnsformer to fix the chnnel s desired. In order to hve the chnnel follow the input, notes re first converted to controller events (control #20 in this cse) which mtch the met-fder s In definition. The met- Fder in turn, sets the Trnsformer s chnnel opertion Fix prmeter. So, incoming notes first set the Fix prmeter then re sent to the Chord Memorizer to generte the desired chords. Fig. 51: Chnnelizing the CM with met-fder/ trnsformer combo Another useful met-event is the bng event (#99). This event cuses Fders to resend their current vlue nd in this sense it functions s kind of Fder memory. (Recll tht events entering Fder normlly Beginner s Guide to the Environment 66

72 Chpter 4 Fders, Fders, Fders either chnge its vlue or pss through unchnged.) One use for bng Fders is s setup button connect button style bng Fder to ll Fders in mixer. Here re some things to remember bout bng events: Bng events must use chnnel 1 the chnnel of the trget Fder is irrelevnt. Bng events pss through Trnsformer you cn use Trnsformer s junction. Bng event vlues of 123 nd 127 cuse the trget Fder vlue to increment. Bng event vlues of 121 nd 125 cuse the trget Fder vlue to decrement. Bng event vlues of 121 & 123 cuse Fder rollover while vlues 126 & 127 do not. Bng event vlue of 1 simply cuses the current Fder vlue to be resent. The bng events listed bove do not bng thru the trget fders to other Fders in the chin. Subtrcting 1 from the bove bng vlues produces bng events which DO bng thru. 4.7 A Little More About SysEx Fders As the nme implies, SysEx Fders were originlly intended for sending MIDI system exclusive messges the messges usully used to set MIDI sound device preset prmeters not ccessible vi stndrd MIDI controller messges. In brief, system exclusive mens exclusively used by the system in this cse the system is the MIDI sound device. The first prt of SysEx messge (fter the sttus byte which identifies it s SysEx messge) identifies the system to which it is exclusive. This usully mens MIDI mnufcturer, fmily of tht mnufcturer s products nd specific model within the fmily. Everything tht comes fter this is peculir to the system involved there re no stn- Beginner s Guide to the Environment 67

73 Chpter 4 Fders, Fders, Fders drds until the end when nother sttus byte nnounces the end of the messge. A SysEx Fder works from list of MIDI messges some or none of which my be SysEx messges. When the Fder is moved (or when messge mtching its In definition rrives), the entire list of messges is sent out. When you open the messge list window (figure 52) by doubleclicking the word SysEx in the Out definition, you cn edit the messges just s in Logic s list editor. The only difference is tht the position hs no effect other thn to order elements within the list. When you close the window, Logic remembers which events in the list were selected nd which were not. For the selected events, the Fder or incoming vlue is substituted for the vlue displyed in the list. The unselected events re sent s written. Fig. 52: SysEx fder list window For non-sysex messges, the VAL position is wht is replced. For SysEx messges the sitution is little more complicted. You cn choose wht position is replced nd you cn even choose more thn one position. Also you cn specify the form of the replcement. Finlly, you cn cll for checksum. All of these choices require knowledge of how the receiving system works knowledge which is nywhere from hrd to impossible to glen. Sometimes, there is n esier wy. The SysEx window hs n IN button which llows it to listen to incoming SysEx messges. If you click this button, then send SysEx messge from your MIDI sound device, it will pper in the window. (One messge t time, plese.) The messge shown here, for exmple, ws sent by JV-1080 when its Output Assign prmeter ws chnged Beginner s Guide to the Environment 68

74 Chpter 4 Fders, Fders, Fders on the front pnel. Pressing the button now toggles tht vlue between 0 nd 127 on the JV Whether or not you get into SysEx, don t forget bout SysEx Fders. They re gret buckets for lists of MIDI messges nd cn be used to setup both externl MIDI sound devices nd internl environment ptches. 4.8 The Absolutely, Gurnteed Simplest Environment Ptch in the World Figure 53 is it text Fder with no Out or In definition. This Fder does bsolutely nothing when you mouse it. Whtever comes into it from Logic (i.e. from sequence or other environment ptch) psses through unltered. Fig. 53: Locl Off - fder filter thru mode However, whtever comes into it from MIDI (i.e. s trck s instrument or ptched from Physicl Input) is blocked. This is the mening of the filter prmeter Thru. The point of defining n object like this is to prevent MIDI doubling nd feedbck. MIDI doubling occurs when MIDI controller sends dt directly to nother MIDI device s well s into Logic. If Logic psses the dt through, it will rech the receiving MIDI device twice. MIDI feedbck Beginner s Guide to the Environment 69

75 Chpter 4 Fders, Fders, Fders occurs when the receiving MIDI device sends the MIDI dt it receives bck thru its MIDI out port. Normlly these hppen when the controller is internl to the device nd they cn usully be prevented by chnging the device s Locl On or MIDI thru settings. But, some older MIDI devices don t hve these options. In the MIDI Options section of Logic s Song Settings you cn designte one item on the Instrument menu for which to disble the MIDI thru function. Putting this Locl Off Fder fter the Instrument will ccomplish the sme thing. And, of course, you cn hve more thn one of them. 4.9 The Fder As Trnsformer It is probbly obvious by now tht one of the things Fder does is trnsform incoming dt mtching its In definition to dt of the type nd chnnel specified by its Out definition. This is similr to setting Trnsformer s Sttus nd Ch conditions to mtch the Fder s In definition nd setting its Sttus nd Ch opertions to mtch the Fder s Out definition. So, why not just use Trnsformer? There re two resons: you cn use Fder s screen object to generte dt nd you cn t trnsform met-events 122 thru 127 with Trnsformer. Recll tht met-events 122 thru 127 re used to set Trnsformer condition nd opertion prmeters. Since the Trnsformer rects to them, it cn not filter or operte on them. There re two situtions where you might wnt to do this. One is when you wnt to use incoming MIDI messges to chnge Trnsformer s settings nd the other is when you wnt met-events to both set Trnsformer prmeters nd do something else. An instnce when you might wnt to do this is illustrted in the ptch Sfe Trnspose figure 54. Beginner s Guide to the Environment 70

76 Chpter 4 Fders, Fders, Fders Fig. 54: Ptch to turn ll notes off before trnsposing The Fder Trnspose sends out met-events which set the prmeter of n dd opertion in the Trnsformer Pitch. The button-fder All Notes Off receives the met-event first nd converts it to n ll-notes-off controller messge to void leving hnging notes. (The Trnsformer Fix vl=0 fixes the ll-notes-off control messge s vlue to 0 which is necessry to hve the messge work.) 4.10 The Audio Object Fder & Instrument in One Pckge If you re using the udio version of Logic, the lst item on the environment s New menu is the Audio Object. If you select it you will crete the Fder-like environment object similr to the one pictured below. Although this object does hve some of the Fder s chrcteristics, it is relly more like n Instrument. Its purpose is to mnge udio input nd output. Since Logic supports number of different hrd disk recording systems, it hs severl species of Audio Object. The one pictured in figure 55 reltes to Digidesign Audio Medi II crd. The other forms re pictured nd described in your Logic Audio mnul. Beginner s Guide to the Environment 71

77 Chpter 4 Fders, Fders, Fders Fig. 55: The udio object, its prmeters nd menus As you cn see the Audio Object s prmeter box lcks most of the fmilir Fder prmeters nd hs couple of new prmeters of its own. Below the fmilir icon nd Instrument menu checkbox, the Dev prmeter llows you to select wht udio source the object ddresses. If you re using more thn one source, you will crete seprte Audio Objects for ech udio chnnel of ech source. The Ch prmeter selects the udio trck of your hrd disk recording system ddressed by the Audio Object. Chnging the Ch setting utomticlly chnges the MIDI Ch setting (see below). Usully you will wnt mtching udio nd MIDI chnnel numbers, but if not, bewre to chnge the MIDI chnnel number bck. The MIDI Ch determines wht MIDI chnnel the object will respond to. The Audio Object responds to the stndrd MIDI controllers for volume nd pn (controllers #7 nd #10 respectively). For EQ prmeters, controller #16 controls frequency (lbeled Hz), #17 controls bndwidth (lbeled Oct), #18 controls gin (lbeled db) nd #19 controls the bypss button (lbeled BP). Controllers #20 thru #23 control EQ-2 on systems with two EQs vilble. Controllers #24 thru #31 control uxiliry sends when vilble. Consult your Logic Audio mnul to lern the specifics of the Audio Objects in your system. Although the Audio Object hs no outlets, you cn record the movement of Audio Object controls just like ny other Fder. The only difference is tht you must do so on MIDI trck, not n udio trck. For plybck, you will not wnt these controller events sent out over MIDI where they my well wrek hvoc. Insted, you wnt them to be sent bck to the Audio Object. The Instrument, A-Plybck, in Logic s defult song is cbled into ll Audio Objects nd not to ny MIDI output port. Plybck Beginner s Guide to the Environment 72

78 Chpter 4 Fders, Fders, Fders of MIDI controller events on trck using this s its instrument will ffect the Audio Objects only. The sme thing pplies to HyperDrw do it on n A-Plybck trck Voice Limiting High Crimes & Misdemenors Like the Trnsformer nd Fder, the Voice Limiter cts on MIDI events pssing through it. The Voice Limiter keeps running totl of the number of note-ons minus the number of note-offs pssing through it i.e. running count of notes tht re on nd genertes note-offs to keep this totl less thn or equl to its Voices prmeter setting. The method of generting the note-offs is controlled by the Priority prmeter setting (figure 56). In some circles, this is clled note steling. If the priority is Top then the lowest note currently on is turned off to mke wy for new note. If the priority is Bot then the highest note is turned off nd if the priority is Lst then the erliest note (the one tht s been on the longest) is turned off. Fig. 56: Three kinds note steling The uses for this include: to simulte solo instrument (voices=1) Beginner s Guide to the Environment 73

79 Chpter 4 Fders, Fders, Fders to limit the number of voices climed by chnnel on multi-timbrl MIDI sound device. to crete stndrd MIDI files for systems with voice constrints (e.g. gme-plyer sound crds) The Voice Limiter is very esy to use. Simply cble it into ny Logic Instrument nd use it s trck instrument or cble it between ny Logic Instrument nd its output port. (Be sure to Remove the defult port connection when doing this.) There is one priority missing from the Voice Limiter. In some cses, you might wnt to prohibit ny more note-ons from pssing through until the note count flls below the limit. (This might be clled first-notepriority.) The Environment Toolkit contins ptch for doing just this. The ide is to first crete note-counter (using met-fders nd Trnsformers, wht else?) then use it to control Cble Switcher. This llows seprte route for ech voice in the count nd the simplest ppliction is to leve dngling the outlets for voices bove the desired voice limit. Since the Voice Limiter utomticlly genertes note-offs of the right pitch, it s tempting to try using it to prevent hung notes, for exmple when the pitch of incoming note-events is rndomized. Unfortuntely, the Voice Limiter is helpless when it comes to turning the lst note off, so nother method is needed. (In generl you cn not use the Trnsformers rndom opertions on note pitches Logic prohibits this to prevent hung notes but there re severl wys to subvert this. One is discussed in the section entitled The Arpeggitor below. Severl others re presented in the Environment Toolkit.) Beginner s Guide to the Environment 74

80 Chpter 4 Fders, Fders, Fders 4.12 Running Sttus of the Humn Kind Prt II Fig. 57: Running sttus II - objects so fr We hve introduced four new objects the Trnsformer, Fder, Voice Limiter nd Audio Object. The Voice Limiter nd the Audio Object re firly simple s ech hs one bsic function. The Audio Object is sort of n Instrument nd Fder combined. Audio trcks must hve n Audio Object s their instrument nd tht is their only function. The Voice Limiter ensures tht the number of held notes stys below certin threshold level. It does this by voice steling nd it cn be set to stel voices from the top, bottom or in chronologicl order. The one thing it cn not do is inhibit new notes from sounding until the voice count drops below the threshold level. The Trnsformer nd Fder hve some similrities nd some differences. One similrity is tht the they both chnge MIDI dt flowing through them. One difference is tht s screen objects, the Trnsformer is pssive while the Fder is ctive mousing the Fder cretes dt. Another difference is tht the Fder cn ffect Logic by sending out met-events nd tht Trnsformer prmeters re one of the things met-events cn control. When MIDI event enters Trnsformer four things cn hppen: 1) It cn come out unchnged. 2) It cn come out chnged. 3) Both of the bove. Beginner s Guide to the Environment 75

81 Chpter 4 Fders, Fders, Fders 4) None of the bove (it gets thrown wy). MIDI events typiclly hve four prts sttus (type of event), MIDI chnnel (1-16) nd two dt vlues (between 0 nd 127). But in some cses, there is only one dt vlue. A Trnsformer cn chnge ny or ll of these prts. (The one kind of MIDI dt Trnsformer cn t chnge is SysEx dt.) For the numericl prts the chnnel nd dt vlues the Trnsformer cn perform mny mthemticl nd logicl opertions like dding, multiplying, quntizing, flipping, limiting nd user-defined mpping. When MIDI event enters Fder, three things cn hppen: 1) It cn come out unchnged. 2) It cn come out chnged. 3) None of the bove (it gets thrown wy). A Fder cn only chnge three prts of the incoming MIDI event the sttus, chnnel nd first dt vlue nd it is limited to simply chnging these prts to nother fixed vlue (like the Trnsformer s Fix opertion). The second dt vlue chnges the Fder rther thn the other wy round which mens tht the Fder remembers the lst vlue it hs seen. Since Fder cn set Trnsformer s prmeters using metevents, Trnsformer prmeter cn lso be mde to remember the lst vlue seen. The difference is tht Trnsformer cn use this remembered vlue in ny number of wys while Fder cn only resend it (vi the bng event) in its originl form the form mtching the Fder s Out definition. When you simply wnt to resend the current Fder vlue, use bng met-event. Finlly, there is the Fder s unique Thru filter mode which blocks incoming MIDI dt but llows dt coming from sequences or environment objects to pss. Here re some rules-of-thumb for when to use Trnsformer nd when to use Fder: When you just wnt to lter MIDI dt, use Trnsformer. When you wnt to crete MIDI dt with the mouse, use Fder. When you wnt MIDI dt displyed, use Monitor, Keybord or Fder ccording to the type of disply desired. When you wnt to select or lter MIDI dt bsed on other MIDI dt rriving erlier or from different source, use met-fder/trnsformer combintion. Beginner s Guide to the Environment 76

82 Chpter 5 It s About Time Ech of the objects we ve discussed so fr is independent of Logic s MIDI clock. Unless the input to ptch is coming from sequence or the output is being recorded, the Trnsport needn t be running for the ptch to function. Put nother wy, once n event hs strted its pssge through ptch, it proceeds s quickly s possible. Although the cbling in ptch controls the order in which things hppen, the ptch processing is virtully instnt. The remining four objects, the MIDI Metronome Click, the Dely Line, the Arpeggitor nd Touch Trcks ll depend on Logic s MIDI clock for the timing of their ctions nd ll require tht the Trnsport be running in order to function. MIDI (s opposed to SMPTE) time displys in Logic typiclly contin four numbers: br, bet, division nd ticks (figure 58). This is the formt in the Event editor nd the Trnsport s loctor nd position disply. The time could hve been indicted just in ticks but the four number disply is much esier to red. The reltion between brs nd bets is the time signture. This cn chnge during the song nd the displys will chnge ccordingly. The division is n rbitrry note size which determines the grid disply in the Mtrix editor nd the increment mount in vrious numericl displys tht relte to time for exmple, the Dely Line s dely time prmeter. The division is not tied to song position nd it cn be chnged for convenience t ny time. The choice of division lso determines where the tick count rolls over. The reltion between ticks nd note vlues throughout Logic is 960 ticks per qurter note. There re 960 ticks per qurter note this never chnges. The tempo determines the durtion of tick just s it does for qurter note. Fig. 58: How time is mesured - br/bet/div/tick Beginner s Guide to the Environment 77

83 Chpter 5 It s About Time 5.1 The MIDI Metronome Click The purpose of the MIDI Metronome Click (.k.. the Metronome) is to generte MIDI note-events t the three clock divisions of Logic s time signture: bet, br nd division. The Metronome is like n Instrument in tht it cn hve built-in connection to port nd chnnel nd/ or it cn be cbled to other environment objects. There cn be only one Metronome in the environment if you crete new one from the menu when one lredy exists, the existing one will simply be moved to the current lyer. The Metronome is controlled by the Trnsport. If the Metronome icon is drk, the Metronome does not send out MIDI dt. Logic remembers the Metronome s sttus seprtely for recording nd plybck. There re checkboxes for these sttes in the Recording Options portion of the Song Settings nd these mimic nd/or chnge the Trnsport button. Fig. 59: The metronome object nd its prmeters & trnsport controls The Metronome object hs seprte chnnel, note nd velocity settings for ech of its divisions so you cn be firly cretive bout how the Metronome sounds. Also there re Recording Options preferences for Speker Clicks which cuses the Metronome to sound through the computer s internl speker nd for Polyphonic Clicks. If Polyphonic Clicks is enbled, then the smller division clicks will sound t the lrger divisions otherwise, the bet notes won t be sent t the brs nd the division notes won t be sent t the bets or brs. You cn use the Metronome output to trigger other environment processes but this option is somewht limited if you lso wnt to use the Metronome for its intended purpose. Notice, however, tht the output of the Metronome is functionlly equivlent to looped, one-mesure sequence with notes on the br, bet nd division positions. Beginner s Guide to the Environment 78

84 Chpter 5 It s About Time 5.2 The Dely Line The Dely Line (figure 60) repets incoming MIDI events t regulr intervls. The dely intervl is mesured in divisions & ticks nd the Trnsport must be running for the dely to work. Fig. 60: Dely line object nd prmeter box The Thru Originl prmeter determines whether the originl event is pssed through to the output. You might not wnt this to be the cse if the delys re echoed to different sound thn the originl. The Repets prmeter determines how mny MIDI events follow the originl. Its rnge is 0 to 99 nd ech new event is delyed from the preceding one. The Del prmeter sets the dely time. The leftmost number is divisions nd the rightmost number is ticks. The ticks prmeter rolls over by incrementing the divisions prmeter. The dely time stys fixed when you chnge Logic s formt nd the Del disply will therefore chnge. (You must deselect nd re-select the Dely Line object or click its Del prmeter to see this chnge.) The Trp nd Vel prmeters re dded cumultively to ech new event creted by the dely object. Their rnges re -99 to 99. A Trp vlue of 1, for exmple, will cuse the delyed notes to climb by semitones. The Dely Line cts on ll types of MIDI events, not just notes, so only tell it wht you wnt repeted. The repeted notes hve the sme length s the incoming note. As result, sustined notes with fst dely nd mny repets use up MIDI sound device voices very fst keep this in mind when creting ptches with the Dely Line. There re mny cretive wys to use the Dely Line. In both of these exmples we use the Metronome to feed the Dely Line. This is convenient wy to build nd debug Dely Line ptches but ultimtely, sequence is the best source of input. If metronomic result is Beginner s Guide to the Environment 79

85 Chpter 5 It s About Time intended, use 1 br sequence with single qurter note t the beginning nd loop it. Dely Line Arpeggitor The ptch shown in figure 61 incoming note-ons (generted by the Metronome in this cse) re converted to control events so tht the pitch nd velocity cn be rndomized. They re then converted bck to notes nd pssed to the Dely Line. The Dely Line sends out the originl nd 15 repets t 240 tick (16th note) intervls. Ech repet is trnsposed up minor 3rd producing diminished scle. From the Dely Line, the notes pss through nother Trnsformer where their velocity is gin rndomized. This is to dd velocity contour to the rpeggio since ll notes leving the Dely Line hve the sme velocity. Finlly, the notes pss through the Chord Memorizer which mps ll blck keys up to the neighboring white key (i.e. it corrects to the key of C). The result is n rpeggio of mjor nd minor thirds in the key of C strting on rndom pitch. Beginner s Guide to the Environment 80

86 Chpter 5 It s About Time Fig. 61: Dely line rpeggitor ptch Try replcing the key correcting Chord Memorizer with key filtering one (i.e. blck keys mpped to nothing). Do not feed this ptch with live MIDI input hung notes will result. (The Environment Toolkit contins solution for this.) Multi-Tp If multiple outlets of the Dely Line re cbled, the repets will be spred mong them. If two outlets re used then the repets will lternte between them. If the sme number of outlets re used s there re repets (including the originl if Thru Originl is checked) then ech repet will hve its own outlet. Individul repet prmeters cn then be controlled seprtely. Beginner s Guide to the Environment 81

87 Chpter 5 It s About Time In figure 62, ech repet is cbled through Trnsformer which controls its pitch. There is met-fder cbled to ech Trnsformer to set the pitch prmeter. Finlly, ll Trnsformers re cbled through n output Trnsformer which blocks notes of pitch C-2 (note number 0). Thus, when met-fder / Trnsformer combintion sets repet s pitch to C- 2, tht repet is silenced. Fig. 62: Dely line multi-tp - two tp schem Figure 63 expnds the exmple to 8 tps. Although the Metronome is shown feeding the ptch, live input produces more interesting results. Notice the resemblnce of this ptch to n nlog sequencer. Fig. 63: Dely line multi-tp expnded to 8 steps The Dely Line cn be used to crete ny kind of MIDI events. In the Environment Toolkit we use Dely Lines to crete severl styles of MIDI LFOs nd nlog-style sequencers. Beginner s Guide to the Environment 82

88 Chpter 5 It s About Time 5.3 The Arpeggitor Like the Dely Line, the Arpeggitor s ction depends on Logic s MIDI clock nd the Trnsport must be running for it to hve ny effect. The Arpeggitor (figure 64) cts on the currently held notes, repeting them in pttern determined by its prmeter settings. Fig. 64: Arpeggitor object with prmeters & menus The Repet prmeter determines whether the rpeggio is plyed once (blnk) or repeted s long s the notes re held (ON). The Direction prmeter sets the direction of the rpeggio. In the Auto setting the result depends on whether the lowest or highest of the held notes rrived first it is the sme s Up if the lowest note rrived first nd the sme s Down otherwise. UpDn rpeggites the notes from bottom to top then from top to bottom, repeting the top nd bottom notes t the turns. UpD2 is the sme s UpDn except tht the bottom nd top notes re not plyed twice t ech turn. Rnd plys the notes in rndom order. (Smple & hold, nyone?) All repets them s chord. The Octves prmeter sets the number of octves over which the rpeggio is extended. Think of the rpeggio s sequence constructed from bg of notes. If the octve is set to 1, the bg contins only the currently held notes. If the octve is set to 2, the bg contins two notes for ech held note itself nd note n octve higher. If the octve is set to 3, the bg contins three notes for ech held note, etc. The direction prmeter pplies to ll notes in the bg. For exmple, if F3 nd G4 re held with the octve set to 2 nd the direction set to Up then the rpeggio will be: F3 F4 G4 G5 (not F3 G4 F4 G5). The velocity nd crescendo prmeters ffect the velocities of the rpeggited notes. The velocity settings re Orig for the originl note velocity, Rnd for rndomly ssigned velocity or number from 1 to 127 for fixed velocity. The crescendo prmeter only pplies when repet Beginner s Guide to the Environment 83

89 Chpter 5 It s About Time is on. In this cse the crescendo mount is dded to ech note s velocity cumultively t ech repet. The crescendo rnge is -99 to 99. The Lim prmeter limits the incoming note rnge. Notes outside the rnge re pssed through but not used in the rpeggio. The Res, Length nd Snp to prmeters together determine the timing of the rpeggio. Res is the time between rpeggio notes. Length is the note durtion. Snp to delys the strt of the rpeggio to the next SPL position corresponding to its setting. (A setting of None cuses the rpeggio to strt immeditely.) The Snp to prmeter hs no Rnd choice. For Length, None is replced by Orig for the originl (incoming) note length. This is only meningful when sequence feeds the Arpeggitor for MIDI input, the note length is the time to the next occurrence of the sme note. A Res setting of None mens instnt the only effect is octve doubling if the octves prmeter is greter thn 1. When the trnsport is running, you cn use Trnsformer s Rndom nd +-Rnd opertions to rndomize the pitches of notes coming from n Arpeggitor. If you turn Repet off nd set Octves to 1, this will llow you to rndomize pitches but ll notes will hve the sme length. The Ctrl Bse prmeter llows MIDI controller events to chnge the other Arpeggitor prmeters (similr to met-events for Trnsformers). Settings other thn Off determine the controller number tht ffects the direction prmeter. Successive controller numbers control the remining prmeters down the list. For exmple, if Ctrl Bse is set to 20 then controller #21 ffects the Vel prmeter, controller #22 ffects the left Lim prmeter, etc. Note tht the Arpeggitor is one-chnnel object if you feed it multichnnel chord, it will output every thing on the chnnel of the lst note received. 5.4 A MIDI Controlled Arpeggitor The ptch in figure 65 is hndy both for experimenting with Arpeggitor settings nd for recording nd storing Arpeggitor prmeter presets. The ten text Fders control the ten MIDI controllble Arpeggitor prmeters. The Trnsformer nmed Arp Plybck splits incoming MIDI dt between the controller events tht ffect the Arpeggitor nd everything else. The controller events re sent to the Fders nd the Beginner s Guide to the Environment 84

90 Chpter 5 It s About Time rest is sent directly to the Arpeggitor. Note events feed the Arpeggitor nd other MIDI events pss through unchnged. Fig. 65: MIDI controller rpeggitor - schemtic view To set up the ten Fders: Crete new text style Fder nd set its In nd Out definitions to mtch the Arpeggitor s Ctrl Bse setting (controller #20 in this exmple). Mke nine copies of the text Fder. Select the originl text Fder nd from the Options menu, choose Apply Buffer Templte to. Then from the sub-menu, choose Define Templte. Select ll ten text Fders nd from the Options menu, choose Apply Buffer Templte to. Then from the sub-menu, choose Definition, number increment. This sets the ten Fders In nd Out definitions to controllers #20 thru #29. With ll ten Fders still selected, choose Cble serilly from the Options menu. Beginner s Guide to the Environment 85

91 Chpter 5 It s About Time Cble the Trnsformer Arp Plybck nd the Arpeggitor (nmed Arpeggio) s in the illustrtion. Nme the Fders s in the illustrtion nd enter text to mtch the prmeters they control. To use the ptch, choose Arp Plybck s trck instrument. When the Trnsport is running, MIDI input or sequences plyed on this trck will be rpeggited. Chnnel 1 controller #20 thru #29 events will chnge the Arpeggitor s prmeters. To record Arpeggitor prmeter settings, select the pproprite Fders, enble recording in puse mode nd choose Send Selected Fder Vlues from the Options menu. To crete Arpeggitor presets, record the Fder vlues s bove then copy & pste them into SysEx buttons. Cble the output of the SysEx button to the Arp Plybck Trnsformer. Figure 66 shows more eye-plesing version of the MIDI controlled Arpeggitor. Some presets hve been dded nd Trnsformer hs been plced fter the Arpeggitor to filter out notes with velocity 1. The Echo preset shown repets ll held notes s 8th note triplets (1/12th notes) decresing the velocity by 8 on ech repet. When the velocity reches 1, the note is blocked nd the echo stops. Fig. 66: Eye plesing view The Reset preset returns the Arpeggitor to its defult settings. The Up Strum nd Dn Strum presets (figure 67) re effective when lternted using guitr-like sound. The S & H (smple & hold) preset rndomly selects notes from the currently held notes. Becuse of the octves prmeter setting the smpled notes my be rised one or two octves. The crescendo setting of -8 cuse the output to eventully stop s in the Echo preset. Beginner s Guide to the Environment 86

92 Chpter 5 It s About Time Fig. 67: Presets prmeter settings 5.5 A Strummer with Rndom Accents Arpeggitors nd Dely Lines cn be combined to produce mny interesting effects. One exmple is the strummer shown in figure 68. It cn be used by either cbling n Instrument into the Arpeggitor nmed Repet or by using Repet for trck s instrument. The Monitor, Output, should be cbled to the port or into some other environment ptch leding to port. Chords ppering t the Arpeggitor, Repet, re snpped to the next qurter-note nd repeted t qurter-note intervls. They re sent to both the Dely Line nd the Arpeggitor, S & H. The Dely Line sends the originl to the Arpeggitor Up Strum which cretes fst, one-time rpeggio from low note to high note. An 8th-note (480 ticks) lter, the first (nd only) repet from the Dely Line is sent to the Arpeggitor Dn Strum which cretes fster, one-time rpeggio from high note to low note. The first strum is n 8th-note in length nd the second is 16thnote nd its velocity is reduced by 8. The effect is lternting up nd down 1/8th-note strumming until the chord is relesed. Beginner s Guide to the Environment 87

93 Chpter 5 It s About Time Fig. 68: Arpeggitor s strummer with rndom ccents The Arpeggitor Repet lso sends the chord to the Arpeggitor S & H, which sends out rndomly selected notes from the chord within 3 octve rnge nd with velocity reduced by 9. These re snpped to the qurter-note nd sent out s 8th-note triplets (1/12 resolution) which results in smple & hold like melody in 12/8 over the strum in 4/4. The ptch could be further utomted by using Chord Memorizer before the Arpeggitor Repet. 5.6 Touch Trcks The Finl Frontier Logic s Touch Trcks object is triggering device. It llows you to use MIDI note-events to initite plybck of individul sequences or folders. Anything tht cn be put on trck in Logic s Arrnge window cn be put on Touch Trcks EXCEPT udio Touch Trcks only works for MIDI dt. Since you cn select everything in the Arrnge window nd pck it into folder, you cn ssign the MIDI portion of ny Logic song to Touch Trcks key. Since sequence cn consist of single MIDI event, Touch Trcks cn trigger single events (though there s not much point in doing so). Beginner s Guide to the Environment 88

94 Chpter 5 It s About Time Touch Trcks objects (figure 69) ber visul resemblnce to Mpped Instruments but the resemblnce is only superficil. The Touch Trcks prmeter box, for exmple, is vestige left over from the Mpped Instrument nd hs no mening for Touch Trcks you cn ignore it. The Touch Trcks object hs cble outlet but this lso hs no function nd cn be ignored. Both of these will dispper in future versions. Fig. 69: Touch trcks & prmeter box When you crete Touch Trck, window opens up (figure 70) which is similr to the Mpped Instrument s window nd this is where ll the ction is. You ssign sequences or folders to Touch Trcks keys by drgging them to the pproprite line in the Touch Trcks window. The Touch Trcks window hs keybord on the left nd eight columns of plybck prmeters. When you drg sequence to row in the window, the key for tht row triggers the sequence. In order for this to hppen, the Trnsport must be running nd the Touch Trcks must be the instrument for the currently selected trck in the Arrnge window. Beginner s Guide to the Environment 89

95 Chpter 5 It s About Time Fig. 70: Touch trcks window Touch Trcks uses ll the sequence nd trck prmeters of the source sequence or folder. These determine wht instrument plys the sequence, wht environment processing it suffers, etc. In ddition to rel time triggering of sequences nd folders, Touch Trcks cn be used s n rrnging tool. After the constituent sequences hve been ssigned to Touch Trcks keys, crete sequence on the Touch Trcks trck in the Arrnge window nd mnipulte the dt in this sequence to lter the order nd timing of the sequences in the Touch Trcks. Since the sequences nd folders triggered by Touch Trck lso exist in the Arrnge window, you will usully wnt to mute them. This hs no effect on Touch Trcks plybck Touch Trcks ignores the mutes. It s good ide to Collect ll sequences nd folders ssigned to touch trcks into single folder nd mute tht folder. Another use for Touch Trcks is to crete MIDI controller LFO effects. Strt by creting sequence contining one cycle of controller dt volume rmp for exmple then ssign the sequence to Touch Trcks key in GteLoop or ToggleLoop mode. In GteLoop mode, the LFO sequence loops s long s the note which triggers it is held down. In ToggleLoop mode, the first occurrence of the note strts the LFO sequence looping nd the next occurrence stops it. Beginner s Guide to the Environment 90

96 Chpter 5 It s About Time Here s detiled look t how to use Touch Trck: Assigning Sequences To One or Severl Notes In the left column of the Touch Trcks window, you select trget key by clicking on it in the keybord illustrtion. You cn dd keys to the selection by shift-clicking them nd you cn rubber-bnd select continuous groups of keys. Once one or more keys re selected, drgging ny sequence or folder from the Arrnge window to the row of ny one of them ssigns tht sequence or folder to ll the selected keys. If more thn one key is selected, the trnspose prmeter (see below) for ech key bove the trget key is incremented nd the trnspose prmeter for ech key below the trget key is decremented. The trnspose prmeter for the trget key is left blnk (mening no trnspose). For exmple, if you selected ll the keys nd drgged sequence to the C3 row then C#3 would hve trnspose of +1, D3 or +2, C4 of +12 etc. And, B2 would hve trnspose of -1, Bb2 of -2, C2 of -12, etc. In fct, if you simply drg sequence from the Arrnge window to blnk spce in the Environment window, Touch Trck will be creted with just this configurtion. Notice tht the keys don t hve to be djcent. If you select C2, C3 nd C4 then drg sequence to the C3 row, it will lso be ssigned to C2 with trnspose of -1 nd to C4 with trnspose of +1. How the Columns Work In new Touch Trck, the top row (lbeled G8) contins defult settings in ech column nd ech lower row contins n postrophe in ech column. The postrophe mens tht the setting is the sme s for the row bove. In opertion, this tkes little getting used to becuse ech time you chnge column entry, the entry for the column below it will most likely chnge to show its ctul vlue. For exmple the Group column defult entry in row G8 is Off. If you chnge the group setting for row E8 then the disply for row D#8 will chnge from the postrophe to Off to indicte tht this row s setting did not chnge. Beginner s Guide to the Environment 91

97 Chpter 5 It s About Time The Group Column Sequences or folders ssigned to Touch Trcks rows cn be grouped together so tht their plybck is mutully exclusive i.e. only one row in the group cn be triggered t time. Triggering row in the sme group s one which is currently plying, cuses the one tht s plying to stop. There re 99 possible groups s well s Off. Rows in different groups nd rows whose group is Off cn be triggered simultneously. The Sequence/Folder Column This column shows the nme of the sequence or folder ssigned to the row. If nothing is ssigned, it displys (unssigned) or n postrophe. The nmes here re ctively connected to the sequences nd folders they will chnge in rel-time if the sequence or folder nme is chnged. The Trnspose Column The Trp column determines how the sequence or folder (i.e. ll sequences in the folder) is trnsposed when triggered by the Touch Trcks key. The defult trnspose is blnk (no trnspose) except, s mentioned bove, if sequence is drgged to severl selected notes t once. The Velocity Column The setting here determines how much the plybck velocities re ffected by the velocity of the triggering note. The three choices re 100%, 50% nd Off. 100% mens lot, 50% mens not lot nd Off mens not t ll. The Trigger Column Three things cn hppen when you trigger sequence from Touch Trcks: It cn ply to the end (Multi nd Single modes), it cn ply until the trigger-key is let up (Gte nd GteLoop modes) or it cn ply until the trigger-key is let up nd pressed gin (Toggle nd ToggleLoop modes). The difference between multi nd single mode is tht in multi mode, new trigger will cuse the sequence to strt gin without turning off currently plying versions wheres in single mode, ech new trigger strts the sequence over (hlting ll currently plying versions). In the loop versions of the gte nd toggle modes, sequence or folder plybck loops until the event (gte-off or re-trigger) which stops it. Beginner s Guide to the Environment 92

98 Chpter 5 It s About Time The Strt Column The triggering of Touch Trcks event cn be quntized to the next 16th, qurter or whole note by the setting in this column. The defult setting of Free mens tht plybck strts immeditely. The strt setting lso pplies to stopping the sequence if for exmple, you hve the trigger set to gte mode nd the strt set to whole notes then relesing the trigger note will stop the sequence t the next whole note. The Dely Column The triggering of Touch Trcks event cn be delyed by the setting in this column. Clicking the left prt of the field pops menu with the fmilir, note-frction choices. Clicking on the right side llows you to set the dely in ticks. This is how to ensure, for exmple, tht plybck strts on the third 8th-note of mesure (i.e. Strt=1/1 nd Dely=1440 ticks three 8th-notes). 5.7 Running Sttus of the Humn Kind Prt III We ve completed our survey of the environment by introducing four rel-time objects: the MIDI Metronome Click, the Dely Line, the Arpeggitor nd Touch Trcks. They re clled rel-time objects becuse Logic s clock (i.e. the Trnsport) must be running in order for them to operte. Except for the Metronome, cycle jumps lso interrupt their opertion. The MIDI Metronome Click genertes note events t three different intervls. The first two intervls, the br nd bet, re determined by the ctive time signture when the time signture chnges in Logic song, the Metronome s br nd bet clicks chnge ccordingly. The third intervl, the division, is determined by the current time grid which is indicted by the number fter the / in ll of Logic s time signture displys. The grid is not function of song position it is user-set prmeter tht pplies to the whole song but cn be chnged t ny time. The Dely Line rects to incoming MIDI events by repeting them t fixed intervl. The number of repets nd the repet intervl re set in the Dely Line s prmeter box. There re lso prmeters for pssing or blocking the originl event, for trnsposing notes nd for dding or subtrcting from their velocity. Finlly, if multiple outlets re cbled Beginner s Guide to the Environment 93

99 Chpter 5 It s About Time from the Dely Line, the out coming events will be cycled through the cbles from top to bottom nd if there re more repets thn cbles, the cycle strts gin from the top. The Arpeggitor rects to incoming groups of note-events (chords) by plying them one-t--time. The order of plybck of the currently held notes s well s the rte, note-length nd repet mode re set in the Arpeggitors prmeter box. All the Arpeggitor s prmeters cn be controlled by MIDI controller events either from environment Fders or incoming MIDI dt. The Touch Trcks is triggering device for sequences lredy recorded in Logic songs. Anything tht cn be put on trck in the Arrnge window cn be ssigned to Touch Trck key except udio dt. To use Touch Trck, ssign it s trck s instrument in the Arrnge window. Then use note events in sequences on this trck or select the trck nd use MIDI input to trigger Touch Trcks events. Beginner s Guide to the Environment 94

100 Chpter 6 Techniques 6.1 Recording Environment Processes You will often wnt to incorporte the output of n environment process into song. There re severl wys to do this nd the best choice usully depends on the context. One pproch is to plce the environment ptch between Physicl Input nd to Sequencer (figure 71). This only works for processing MIDI input velocity scling for MIDI keybord, for exmple. Fig. 71: Between PI nd TS objects A second method is to record the input dt in sequence then use the ptch s input s the trck s instrument (figure 72). This method is typiclly the best wy to do utomted mixing, for exmple, since Logic utomticlly records ll Fder movements when in record mode. Fig. 72: As trck instrument Beginner s Guide to the Environment 95

101 Chpter 6 Techniques Recording the dt to be processed hs two drwbcks. First, it doesn t llow the sme environment ptch to be reused since it is tken up processing the recorded dt ech time the song is plyed. Second, if there re ny rndom spects to the ptch, you cn not gurntee specific outcome i.e. you cn t choose the best tke. A third method is to first record the dt which the ptch processes then record the output of the ptch (figure 73). With this method it is convenient to hve Cble Switcher to toggle the ptch s output between the desired plybck Instrument (or port or ptch) nd to Sequencer. The reson is tht, when recording the input sequence, you will wnt to her the environment process (switch in position 1). On the other hnd, when recording the ptch s output on trck using the plybck Instrument, you will not wnt the environment ptch lso connected to this Instrument s this would result in double output (switch position 0). After you ve finished recording the ptch s output, use switch position 2 to silence the ptch (or mute the input sequence). As n lterntive to the cble switch, you could record on No Output trck then move the recorded output to Plybck Instrument trck but this is not recommended since the ptch s output would lwys be cbled to to Sequencer nd pper t the currently selected trck. Fig. 73: Recording ptch output 6.2 The Environment Menus The Environment window hs five menus: New, Edit, View, Options nd Import. The Import menu is toggled on nd off by selecting Import Options from the View menu. Mny of the menu selections cn be ssigned to key commnds. In ddition to the menu selections, there Beginner s Guide to the Environment 96

102 Chpter 6 Techniques re ssignble environment key-commnds for nudging the position nd size of the selected object(s). There re key-commnds for most commonly repeted environment tsks nd key-commnds re being dded with ech new relese. The New Menu Fig. 74: The New menu & its sub-menus The New menu is used for creting environment objects. It hs one sub-menu for selecting Fder styles nd types (see the heding Fders, Fders, Fders for discussion of this sub-menu) nd nother for selecting Internl objects. An internl object is MIDI sound device instlled inside your computer which is ccessed internlly rther thn vi MIDI. Three such internl devices re supported Digidesign s SmpleCell, Apple s Quicktime Musicl Instruments nd Morning Str s WveMker. Since these devices re not ccessed vi MIDI, specil, internl port is needed for Logic to communicte with them. The Internl sub-menu is used to crete such objects. Accessing internl devices is often much fster thn the MIDI seril rte nd in ny cse, it does not tke up MIDI bndwidth. Beginner s Guide to the Environment 97

103 Chpter 6 Techniques The Edit menu Fig. 75: The Edit menu & its sub-menus Aside from the usul cut, pste nd undo options, the Edit menu provides for selecting environment objects in vrious useful wys. For the Select Used Instruments nd Select Unused Instruments options, used includes ny object which is non-empty trck s instrument nd ll objects tht cn be reched from it by following cbles. For the Select Similr nd Select Equl options there is only difference for Fders. In this cse ll Fders re similr but only Fders of the sme style re equl. Select Cble Destintion is very hndy for trcing environment ptches. If you use this commnd when n object is selected, the first (top) cble will be followed. If you select one of n objects cbles, tht cble will be followed. Cler Cbles Only is useful when creting new objects by O-drgging or copy & psting. When you duplicte n object this wy, ll of the cbles leding out of it re lso duplicted nd you usully don t wnt them. (The cbles leding into the object re not duplicted.) The View Menu Fig. 76: The View menu & its sub-menus Beginner s Guide to the Environment 98

104 Chpter 6 Techniques The View menu controls the ppernce of the Environment window. A choice is on when it is preceded by. The Protect Cbling/Positions option prevents ny chnge in n object s position or cbling. The Cbles option toggles disply of cbles nd outlets. When Cbles is off (hidden cbles) nd Protect Cbling/ Positions is on (no chnges) the environment chnges to more plesing shded bckground. The by Text option chnges from grphic disply of objects to list of objects by nme. (The list is in the order of the objects unique IDs). The Import Options option toggles the Import menu on nd off. See the sub-heding Importing Environments from Other Logic Songs below. The Colored Cbles options toggles cbles between gry nd colored the cble color is tken from the object the cble comes from. The Object Colors option llows you to select the color for ll currently selected objects. The Options Menu Fig. 77: The Options menu & its sub-menus The environment s Options menu is its most extensive nd most useful menu. It presents mny options for both constructing nd using environments. The menu is divided into four sections: the top section is for moving between lyers, the second section contins shortcuts for using Fders, the third section contins shortcuts for constructing environments nd the bottom section contins utilities for updting environments nd other Logic settings. Beginner s Guide to the Environment 99

105 Chpter 6 Techniques The goto previous Lyer commnd is most useful in conjunction with the Edit menu s Select Cble Destintion nd Select Cble Source commnds for trcing cbles through multi-lyered environment ptches then returning to the strting lyer. The goto Lyer of Object commnd only functions from the All Objects lyer. The All Objects lyer is list, in text formt, of ll objects on ll lyers in the environment. As with the by Text selection on the View menu, the objects re listed in the order of their unique IDs. If you don t see n ll objects lyer on the lyer menu, check the disply section of Logic s preferences. It s toggled off nd on there. The fders section of the Options menu is hndy both for instntly sending group of Fders vlues to your MIDI sound devices nd for recording Fder snpshots in Logic. Since Logic records ll Fder movements when in record mode, selecting the desired snpshot Fders with Logic in record-puse mode, then choosing Send Selected Fder Vlues will record the snpshot t the current song position. Recll tht, the trck on which the snpshot is recorded must eventully be cbled to n output port or bck into the Fders for the snpshot to get to your MIDI sound devices. (The ltter is necessry if you wnt the Fders to reflect the snpshot.) In the environment shortcuts section, the Define Custom Bnk MessgesÉ choice ws discussed under the It s In The Bnk subheding of this section. The Lyer sub-menu llows for creting nd deleting lyers. This is very hndy when working on complex ptches crete new lyer nd temporrily move ny irrelevnt objects to it then move them bck nd delete the temporry lyer when done. If you copy n environment object or select Define Templte from the Apply Buffer Templte to sub-menu, Logic remembers the object s size, position, cble destintion(s) nd in the cse of Fders, their In nd Out definitions. If you select other objects of the sme type nd choose one of the selections from this sub-menu, the remembered prmeters will be pplied to the selected object(s). In the cse of Fders, the choices Definition, chnnel increment nd Definition, number increment pply to both the In nd Out definitions nd the increment prt mens tht the chnnel or -1- prmeter will be incremented for ech of the selected destintion objects. The order of the objects for purposes of incrementing is their grphic order (left to right or top to bottom depending on whether they re more horizontl or verticl). Remember when using this function tht the first of the selected destintion objects mtches the source definitions. If you wnt Beginner s Guide to the Environment 100

106 Chpter 6 Techniques the incrementing to strt with the first destintion object, include the source object in the selection. For exmple, if you hve four volume Fders nd you wnt their chnnels to be successive, select the first Fder nd use it to define the templte then select ll four Fders nd use Definition, chnnel increment. The Clen up options re firly stright forwrd. The Align Objects commnd will line the objects up verticlly or horizontlly depending on whether they re more verticl or horizontl to strt with. The spcing is determined by the objects sizes nd lso by whether the outlets re displyed (no outlets results in closer spcing). The View menu s Snp Positions option, when turned on (blck dot), will force ny object which is drgged or psted to lign to n invisible grid. The Align Objects function does not snp to this grid (control+drgging doesn t either). This cn be problem when nicely ligned ptch is drgged round or psted to nother lyer. This forces ll objects to snp to the grid nd thus, fll out of lignment. One wy to void this is to leve Snp Positions off. Another is to choose Positions by Grid fter doing n lignment, then drgging objects s necessry to restore even spcing. The lst section of the Options menu is for updting the environment. The first choice, Updte OMS Equivlents, cretes new lyer nmed OMS Objects nd cretes pproprite environment objects corresponding (nd mpped) to ll the nodes in your OMS setup. The second selection, Import SettingsÉ, llows you to import Screen Sets, Trnsform Sets, Hyper Editor Sets, Score Instrument Sets, Score Style Sets nd Score Settings from other Logic songs. Choosing this menu selection opens dilog box for deciding which of these ctegories to import. An X in the corresponding button indictes tht import is on. The lst selection, Import Environment, is used to import the environment from other Logic songs into the current song. Importing environments is discussed in detil under the next sub-heding, entitled: 6.3 Importing Environments from Other Logic Songs With little ptching here nd little there, the environment quickly becomes quite complex. Since ech Logic song hs its own environment, utomting the process of importing the environment from one song into nother cn men trying to in some wy mtch up two very Beginner s Guide to the Environment 101

107 Chpter 6 Techniques complex nd very different structures. As usul, Logic gives you lot of choices nd consequently, lot to lern. Let s strt with the simplest cse: you hve ptch in one song tht you wnt to use in nother. Importing Single-Lyer Ptches The esiest wy to move ptch from one song to nother is to either drg or copy & pste it. If the ptch is smll, open Environment windows in both songs nd drg the ptch from one to the other. If it is complex but ll on one lyer then select LyerÉ from the Import Environment sub menu of the Options menu. If the ptch is on more thn one lyer, you cn still copy & pste by moving the ptch to one lyer nd this is lmost lwys the best pproch. There is nother considertion when copying ptches between songs. If the ptch contins globl objects like Physicl Input or to Sequencer, wht hppens to other ptches in the destintion song which re cbled to those objects? One solution is to void cbling directly to such objects when building ptch but rther, s we hve done in the exmples, strt nd end ech ptch with neutrl object like Monitor or Trnsformer. If ptch is self-contined nd is not connected to ny input or output ports, importing it will not disrupt the environment. Importing environments obviously involves two songs source song nd destintion song (figure 78). If you hve two songs open, Logic will llow you to import from either song into the other. If only one song is open nd you choose one of the importing options, Logic will consider the song in memory to be the destintion song nd will present n openfile dilog for you to choose the source song. When the import menu is displyed, the line below the title br will disply which is the source nd which is the destintion song. Fig. 78: Environment window with Import Options disply enbled Before getting into the Import menu, we need to mention couple of things. When you crete n object in the environment either from the Beginner s Guide to the Environment 102

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