5.b Principles of I/O Hardware CPU-I/O communication
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1 Three communication protocols between CPU and I/O 1. Programmed I/O (or polling or busy waiting ) the CPU must repeatedly poll the device to check if the I/O request completed 2. Interrupt-driven I/O the CPU can switch to other tasks and is (frequently) interrupted by the I/O device 3. Direct Memory Access (DMA) the CPU is involved only at the start and the end of the whole transfer; it delegates control to the I/O controller that accesses memory directly without bothering the CPU 4/13/2006 CS 446/646 - Principles of Operating Systems - 5. Input/Output 28
2 1. Programmed I/O 5.b Principles of I/O Hardware the CPU issues an I/O command (on behalf of a process) to an I/O module the CPU (the process) then busy waits for completion before proceeding also called busy waiting or polling Stallings, W. (2004) Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles (5th Edition). 4/13/2006 CS 446/646 - Principles of Operating Systems - 5. Input/Output 29
3 Stallings, W. (2006) Computer Organization & Architecture: Designing for Performance (7th Edition). 4/13/2006 CS 446/646 - Principles of Operating Systems - 5. Input/Output 30
4 1. Programmed I/O 5.b Principles of I/O Hardware basic handshake protocol between CPU and I/O module a. host repeatedly polls occupied bit in status register of I/O module until cleared (this is the busy waiting part) b. host sets write bit in command register of I/O module and writes byte into data-out register of I/O module c. host sets command-ready bit of I/O module d. I/O module notices command-ready bit and sets occupied bit e. I/O module reads command and data-out registers and orders I/O device to perform I/O f. when suceeded, I/O module clears command-ready bit, error bit and occupied bit 4/13/2006 CS 446/646 - Principles of Operating Systems - 5. Input/Output 31
5 Example: writing a string to the printer Steps in printing a string Tanenbaum, A. S. (2001) Modern Operating Systems (2nd Edition). 4/13/2006 CS 446/646 - Principles of Operating Systems - 5. Input/Output 32
6 Example of driver logic: writing a string to the printer using programmed I/O: Tanenbaum, A. S. (2001) Modern Operating Systems (2nd Edition). Programmed I/O code 4/13/2006 CS 446/646 - Principles of Operating Systems - 5. Input/Output 33
7 1. Programmed I/O problems the I/O device (module) is passive and needy: it does not alert the CPU that it is ready and does not transfer data to/from memory by itself the CPU needs to continually check the I/O status and data registers to minimize the CPU waiting time but also to avoid overflow in the small buffer of the controller: needs to be regularly cleared naturally this is a waste of CPU time if the I/O transfer is slower than the CPU... which it always is! no longer an option today 4/13/2006 CS 446/646 - Principles of Operating Systems - 5. Input/Output 34
8 2. Interrupt-driven I/O the CPU issues an I/O command (on behalf of a process) to an I/O module... but does not wait for completion; instead, it continues executing subsequent instructions then, later, it is interrupted by the I/O module when work is complete note: the subsequent instructions may be in the same process or not, depending on whether I/O was requested asynchronously or not: process wait CPU wait! Stallings, W. (2004) Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles (5th Edition). 4/13/2006 CS 446/646 - Principles of Operating Systems - 5. Input/Output 35
9 Stallings, W. (2006) Computer Organization & Architecture: Designing for Performance (7th Edition). 4/13/2006 CS 446/646 - Principles of Operating Systems - 5. Input/Output 36
10 2. Interrupt-driven I/O CPU senses interrupts in a third stage of the fetch/execute cycle control (PC) transfers to an interrupt handler in kernel space, which branches to O/S routines specific to the type of interrupt; the CPU is eventually returned to this user program... or another Stallings, W. (2004) Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles (5th Edition). 4/13/2006 CS 446/646 - Principles of Operating Systems - 5. Input/Output 37
11 Example of driver and interrupt handler logic: writing a string to the printer using interrupts: driver logic only 1st char interrupt handler logic Tanenbaum, A. S. (2001) Modern Operating Systems (2nd Edition). Interrupt-driven I/O code: (a) system call and (b) interrupt service procedure 4/13/2006 CS 446/646 - Principles of Operating Systems - 5. Input/Output 38
12 2. Interrupt-driven I/O relies on an efficient hardware mechanism that saves a small amount of CPU state, then calls a privileged kernel routine note that this hardware mechanism is put to good use by the O/S for other events: in virtual memory paging, a page fault is an exception that raises an interrupt system calls execute a special instruction (TRAP), which is a software interrupt 4/13/2006 CS 446/646 - Principles of Operating Systems - 5. Input/Output 39
13 2. Interrupt-driven I/O problems the I/O device (module) is more active but still very needy wasteful to use an expensive general-purpose CPU to feed a controller 1 byte at a time 4/13/2006 CS 446/646 - Principles of Operating Systems - 5. Input/Output 40
14 3. Direct Memory Access (DMA) avoids programmed/interrupted I/O for large data movement requires a special-purpose processor called DMA controllerbypasses CPU to transfer data directly between I/O device and memory the handshaking is performed between the DMA controller and the I/O module: in essence, the DMA controller is going to do the programmed I/O instead of the CPU only when the entire transfer is finished does the DMA controller interrupt the CPU 4/13/2006 CS 446/646 - Principles of Operating Systems - 5. Input/Output 41
15 Stallings, W. (2006) Computer Organization & Architecture: Designing for Performance (7th Edition). 4/13/2006 CS 446/646 - Principles of Operating Systems - 5. Input/Output 42
16 3. Direct Memory Access (DMA) Silberschatz, A., Galvin, P. B. and Gagne. G. (2003) Operating Systems Concepts with Java (6th Edition). Steps in a DMA transfer 4/13/2006 CS 446/646 - Principles of Operating Systems - 5. Input/Output 43
17 Example of driver logic: writing a string to the printer using DMA: Tanenbaum, A. S. (2001) Modern Operating Systems (2nd Edition). DMA-supported I/O code: (a) system call and (b) interrupt service procedure 4/13/2006 CS 446/646 - Principles of Operating Systems - 5. Input/Output 44
18 Summary 5.b Principles of I/O Hardware Stallings, W. (2004) Operating Systems: Internals and Design Principles (5th Edition). 4/13/2006 CS 446/646 - Principles of Operating Systems - 5. Input/Output 45
19 Principles of Operating Systems CS 446/ Input/Output a. Overview of the O/S Role in I/O b. Principles of I/O Hardware The diversity of I/O devices I/O bus architecture I/O devices & modules c. I/O Software Layers d. Disk Management 4/13/2006 CS 446/646 - Principles of Operating Systems - 5. Input/Output 46
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