Virtual to physical address translation
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1 Virtual to physical address translation
2 Virtual memory with paging Page table per process Page table entry includes present bit frame number modify bit flags for protection and sharing. Page tables can be huge an entry per page of the process large processes -- larger than main memory Page table itself is placed in virtual memory 2
3 Program execution For a program to execute, the following must be present in main memory the relevant portion of the page table the starting instructions of the process the relevant data of the process The page table descriptor is usually in a processor register Has a pointer to the page table 3
4 General address translation CPU virtual address data cache MMU Physical address Global memory 4
5 Memory management unit Translates Virtual Addresses page tables translation lookaside buffer (TLB) Page tables One for kernel addresses one or more for user space processes Page Table Entry (PTE) for user space processes Typically 32 bits page frame, protection, valid, modified, referenced 5
6 Address translation Virtual address: A logical address Virtual page number + offset Finds PTE for virtual page number Extract frame number and adds offset Fail (MMU raises an exception - page fault): bounds error - outside address range validation error - non-resident page protection error - not permitted access 6
7 Address translation example 20 bits virtual page number 12 bits offset in page Real address DRAM Frames Frame X X offset Virtual address add PTE M R control bits frame number current page table register (Process) Page Table 7
8 Two-level page table 8
9 Example with two-level page table Consider a process as described here: Logical address space is 4-GB (2 32 bytes) Size of a page is 4KB (2 12 bytes) There are pages in the process. This implies we need page table entries in the process page table. If each page table entry occupies 4-bytes, then we need a byte large page table The page table will occupy pages. Root table will consist of entries one for each page that holds part of the process page table Root table will occupy 2 12 bytes 4KB of space will be kept in main memory permanently A page access could require two disk accesses 9
10 Example with two-level page table Consider a process as described here: Logical address space is 4-GB (2 32) Size of a page is 4KB (2 12 bytes) There are 2 20 pages in the process. (2 32 /2 12 ) This implies we need 2 20 page table entries in the process page table, one entry per page. If each page table entry occupies 4-bytes, then we need a 2 22 byte (4MB) large page table. The page table will occupy 2 22 /2 12 i.e pages. Root table will consist of 2 10 entries one for each page that holds a part of the process page table Root table will occupy 2 12 bytes 4KB of space will be kept in main memory permanently A page access could require two disk accesses 10
11 Always in main memory Brought into main memory as needed 11
12 Inverted page table The page table can get very large An inverted page table is another solution An inverted page table has an entry for every frame in main memory and hence is of a fixed size This is why it is called an inverted page table A hash function is used to map the page number (and process number) to the frame number A PTE has a page number, process id, valid bit, modify bit, chain pointer 12
13 Inverted page table Virtual Address Physical Address Page # <PID, Page #> Offset Inverted Frame # Offset Page Table Search V M PID,Page # Frame # Page Frame matches Page # and PID Program Paging Hardware Memory 13
14 Inverted page table with hashing Virtual Address Physical Address Page # Offset Frame # Offset Hash <PID, Page #> Hash Table Inverted Page Table Page Frame Search V M PID,Page # Synonym Chain matches Page # and PID Program Paging Hardware Memory 14
15 Hashing techniques Hashing function: X mod 8 (b) Chained rehashing 15
16 Memory management concerns Problem: Page tables require at least 2 memory access per instruction One to fetch the page table entry One to fetch the data Solution: Translation Lookaside Buffer (TLB) A high-speed HW associative cache set up for page table entries Cache the address translations themselves 16
17 TLB details Associative cache of address translations Entries may contain a tag identifying the process as well as the virtual address. Why is this important? MMU typically manages the TLB 17
18 More TLB details Contains page table entries that have been most recently used Functions same way as a memory cache Given a virtual address, processor examines the TLB If present (TLB hit), the frame number is retrieved and the real address is formed No memory access If not found (TLB miss), page number is used to index the process page table Memory access TLB updated to include new PTE 18
19 Address translation with TLB MMU CPU Virtual address TLB Page Table Ptr Table physical address cache Page tables 19
20 Associative cache Direct page lookup Associative page lookup 20
21 Typical TLB use 21
22 TLB use with memory cache 22
23 Access time example with TLB In tlb = 10ns (TLB) + 100ns (data) not in TLB: 10ns (TLB) (PT) + 100ns (data) Average access time = 110ns (.90) + (1-.90) * 210ns = 120ns 23
24 Typical TLB parameters Block Size Hit Time Miss Penalty TLB Size 4 to 8 bytes (1 page table entry) 2.5 to 5 nsec (1 clock cycle) 50 to 150 nsec 32 bytes to 8 KB Desired Hit Rate 98% to 99.9% 24
25 HW/SW decisions: page size Smaller page size less amount of internal fragmentation more pages required per process More pages per process means larger page tables Larger page tables means large portion of page tables in virtual memory Secondary memory is designed to efficiently transfer large blocks of data so a large page size is better 25
26 Page size Smaller page size means large number of pages will be found in main memory As time goes on during execution the pages in memory will all contain portions of the process most recent references Low page faults Increased page size causes pages will contain locations further from any recent reference page faults to rise 26
27 Page size (2) 27
28 Page fault rate 28
29 Page size revisited Multiple page sizes are supported by many architectures Multiple page sizes provide the flexibility needed to effectively use a TLB Large pages can be used for program instructions Small pages can be used for threads Most operating system support only one page size Makes replacement policy simpler Makes resident set management easier how many pages per process, etc 29
30 Virtual memory with segmentation Advantages of using segmentation Simplifies handling of growing data structures OS can shrink or enlarge the segment as required Allows parts of the process to be altered and recompiled independently Does not need to recompile the entire process Lends itself to sharing data among processes Lends itself to protection 30
31 Segment tables Segment table entry present bit (is it in main memory?) starting address (Base address) length of segment modify bit (has the segment since been modified?) protection bit 31
32 Segment table entries 32
33 Address translation in segmentation 33
34 Combined paging and segmentation Each segment is broken into fixed-size pages Paging is transparent to the programmer eliminates external fragmentation Segmentation is visible to the programmer allows for growing data structures, modularity, and support for sharing and protection 34
35 35
36 36
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