Chapter 6 Part 1 Understanding Hardware

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1 Chapter 6 Part 1 Understanding Hardware CS Computer Literacy Chapter 6: Understanding and Assessing Hardware 1

2 System Evaluation The subsystems to understand: CPU subsystem Memory subsystem Storage subsystem Video subsystem Audio subsystem Port subsystem Chapter 6: Understanding and Assessing Hardware 2

3 The CPU Subsystem Recall that the CPU is the brains of the computer and processes user- defined input into information. Chapter 6: Understanding and Assessing Hardware 3

4 The CPU Subsystem The CPU s s responsibilities include: Processing instructions Performing calculations Managing the flow of information through the computer system Chapter 6: Understanding and Assessing Hardware 4

5 The CPU Subsystem Two components do the work The control unit coordinates all the computer components activities. The arithmetic logic unit (ALU) performs the arithmetic calculations and makes logic and comparison decisions. Add, subtract, multiply, divide >, <, =, not equal Chapter 6: Understanding and Assessing Hardware 5

6 The CPU Subsystem The machine cycle is the steps taken by the CPU while processing instructions. Instruction cycle Fetches the data or instruction from RAM Decodes the instruction into useable machine format Execution cycle Executes the instruction after understanding the instruction Stores the instruction result in RAM Chapter 6: Understanding and Assessing Hardware 6

7 The CPU Subsystem Clock speed is the speed or pace of machine cycles as determined by the system clock. The pace is steady, constant and extremely fast. The CPU s s speed is measured in Hertz (Hz) which is machine cycles per second. MHz (1M Hz) and GHz (1B Hz) Chapter 6: Understanding and Assessing Hardware 7

8 The Memory Subsystem Recall that RAM is volatile storage. It remains accessible while the computer is running but disappears when the computer is turned off. RAM holds all the instructions and data needed by the CPU as well as the operating system. Chapter 6: Understanding and Assessing Hardware 8

9 The Memory Subsystem The CPU uses RAM to access data and instructions because it is faster than accessing data and instructions from the hard disk (nanoseconds vs. milliseconds). RAM is located on the motherboard, in memory modules (memory cards). What else is located on the motherboard with RAM? Chapter 6: Understanding and Assessing Hardware 9

10 The Memory Subsystem Virtual memory is a small amount of memory on the hard disk that is dedicated to storing data and instructions when RAM runs out. A page file or swap file is created on the hard disk and it stores the data and instructions. Chapter 6: Understanding and Assessing Hardware 10

11 The Memory Subsystem If files are created on the hard drive, why not just use the hard drive instead of RAM or virtual memory? Speed is the single biggest reason Some applications do not run well in virtual memory Chapter 6: Understanding and Assessing Hardware 11

12 The Storage Subsystem Recall that the hard disk drive is the largest nonvolatile storage unit Other permanent storage units include: Floppy disks ZIP disks Flash drives CD/DVD drives Chapter 6: Understanding and Assessing Hardware 12

13 The Storage Subsystem Why are hard disk drives so popular? Offer the largest amount of permanent storage (nonvolatile) Provide the fastest access time (the time needed for a storage device to locate and retrieve its stored data) in milliseconds Provide the fastest data transfer rate (the speed at which data is transferred to other computer components, particularly RAM) in megabits or megabytes Chapter 6: Understanding and Assessing Hardware 13

14 The Storage Subsystem Hard disk drives (in detail) Platters Round, thin plates of metal (iron oxide) Divided into tracks (concentric circles) Then into sectors (pie-shaped wedges) Then into clusters (smallest sector segments) The spindle is the storage place for stacked platters. Chapter 6: Understanding and Assessing Hardware 14

15 The Storage Subsystem Hard disk drives (in detail) Spindle Platters Where are the Tracks? Sectors? Clusters? Data is stored in magnetized spots, 1=data, 0=space Chapter 6: Understanding and Assessing Hardware 15

16 The Storage Subsystem Hard disk drives (in detail) What else about platters? They spin at high rates of speed, usually between 5400 rpm and 7200 rpm (revolutions per minute) Chapter 6: Understanding and Assessing Hardware 16

17 The Storage Subsystem Hard disk drives (in detail) Special access arms sit between the platters and at the end of the access arms are the read/write heads. Access Arms Read/write heads Chapter 6: Understanding and Assessing Hardware 17

18 The Storage Subsystem Read/write heads (in detail) Do not physically touch the platters, they float above the surfaces Retrieve and record data to and from the hard disk Start at the outer edge of the spinning platters and move towards the center This process is the access time. Average access time 10ms. Chapter 6: Understanding and Assessing Hardware 18

19 The Storage Subsystem Read/write heads (in detail) Access time is a combination of two factors Seek time is the time taken by the read/write heads to locate the proper track Latency is the time taken for the correct sector to spin to the read/write heads Chapter 6: Understanding and Assessing Hardware 19

20 The Storage Subsystem Read/write heads (in detail) A head crash occurs when dust or dirt is located between the read/write heads and the disk platters. Results in hard disk drive stoppage Results in data loss Chapter 6: Understanding and Assessing Hardware 20

21 The Storage Subsystem Specification Mfr Part Number: WD1600AAJS Capacity: 160 GB Rotational Speed: 7200 rpm Cache: 8 MB Interface: SATA 300 Max. External Transfer Rate: 300 MB/s Seek Time: Track to Track: 2 ms Average: 8.9 ms (read) Full Stroke: 21 ms Shock: Operating: 2ms Non-operating: operating: 2ms Dimensions (WxLxH): 4 x x inch / x 147 x 26.1 mm Weight: 1.32 lbs / 0.6 kg Chapter 6: Understanding and Assessing Hardware 21

22 The Video Subsystem Two main components Video card or video adapter Expansion card VRAM for graphics processing redirection from the CPU Translates binary data into images Controls the number of colors displayed by the monitor Monitor Chapter 6: Understanding and Assessing Hardware 22

23 The Audio Subsystem Two main components Sound card Expansion card Processes digital data into sounds Produces the sounds through the speakers Speakers Amplified uses external power Unamplified uses internal power Chapter 6: Understanding and Assessing Hardware 23

24 The Port Subsystem Ports are interfaces used to connect external devices to your computer. Five common types of ports: Serial Parallel USB FireWire Ethernet Chapter 6: Understanding and Assessing Hardware 24

25 The Port Subsystem Serial ports transfer one bit at a time at speeds up to 56Kbps COM 1 Port PS/2 Port and connector Serial connector Chapter 6: Understanding and Assessing Hardware 25

26 The Port Subsystem Parallel ports transfer groups of bits at a time with speeds up to 12Mbps LPT 1 Port Printer Cable Connector Chapter 6: Understanding and Assessing Hardware 26

27 The Port Subsystem USB (universal serial bus) ports transfer mass data up to 480Mbps USB Port USB Connector Chapter 6: Understanding and Assessing Hardware 27

28 The Port Subsystem FireWire ports transfer mass data between Mpbs Also knows as IEEE1394 Digital cameras FireWire Port FireWire Connector Chapter 6: Understanding and Assessing Hardware 28

29 The Port Subsystem Ethernet ports transfer between Mbps 1000Mbps Fast or Gigabit Ethernet Used to connect computers to a local network or cable modem Ethernet Port Ethernet jack Chapter 6: Understanding and Assessing Hardware 29

30 Chapter 6 Part 2 Evaluating Hardware CS Computer Literacy Chapter 6: Understanding and Assessing Hardware 30

31 Evaluating the CPU To identify your CPU s speed from Windows XP: Start My Computer Select Hard Disk Drive Under System Tasks on the left, select View System Information General Tab Chapter 6: Understanding and Assessing Hardware 31

32 Evaluating the CPU To identify your CPU s s usage from Windows XP: Right-click empty area of the taskbar Select Task Manager Performance Tab Want to stay under 90% Chapter 6: Understanding and Assessing Hardware 32

33 Evaluating the RAM To identify your system s s RAM or physical memory: Right-click empty area of the taskbar Select Task Manager Performance Tab Total installed Total available Chapter 6: Understanding and Assessing Hardware 33

34 Evaluating the VM To identify your system s s virtual memory: Right-click empty area of the taskbar Select Task Manager Performance Tab Want to stay < 1.5% of total RAM Chapter 6: Understanding and Assessing Hardware 34

35 Evaluating the Video To identify the type of video card in your system: At the Desktop, right- click Select Properties At the Display Properties dialog box, select the Settings tab Click the Advanced button Adapter tab Chapter 6: Understanding and Assessing Hardware 35

36 Evaluating the Video To evaluate your system s monitor: Consider CRT vs. LCD Consider size: 15,, 17,, 19 Consider refresh rate Adjust screen resolution Chapter 6: Understanding and Assessing Hardware 36

37 Evaluating the Audio Read about speakers and sound cards on pp Chapter 6: Understanding and Assessing Hardware 37

38 Evaluating the Ports Read about IrDA, Bluetooth and MIDI on pp Expansion hubs are devices that connect to one port (usually USB) and provide new ports to be used FireWire 2 and USB 4 Chapter 6: Understanding and Assessing Hardware 38

39 Evaluating Reliability Clean out the Startup folder pp Clear out unnecessary files Use the Disk Cleanup utility Run anti-virus and anti-spyware programs Reorganize your hard drive space Use the Disk Defragmenter utility Chapter 6: Understanding and Assessing Hardware 39

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