IS 258 PC Maintenance

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1 IS 258 PC Maintenance Lecture 1: Hardware Basics Instructor: Henry Kalisti 1 Department of Computer Science and Engineering

2 Objectives To Understand: PC Functions and Components: Tools and Equipment Maintenance Toolkit 2

3 Introduction to Computer A device made up of electronic and electro mechanical components. A computer is an electronic device that accepts information and instructions from a user, manipulates the information according to the instructions, displays the information in some way, and stores the information for retrieval later 3

4 Introduction to Computer A computer system elements: Hardware The physical portion of the computer including processors, Memory, input/output Software Set of instructions used to manipulate the hardware, refers to the non tangible parts of the computer and it includes the system software and application software and People (Users) 4

5 Introduction to Computer The design and construction of the hardware of a particular computer is referred to as its architecture or configuration A number of computer architecture exists which includes Von Neumann, AMD, SPARC. The technical details about each component are called specifications, this includes processor speed, memory size, screen size, type of operating systems installed etc. 5

6 What is PC A compact computer that uses a microprocessor and is designed for individual use, as by a person in an office or at home or school, for such applications as word processing, data management, financial analysis, or computer games. 6

7 The System Case/Computer Case Store your components Computer Case Designs: Desktop or Tower ATX form:- It can accommodate ATX motherboards 7

8 The Motherboard Sometime known as Main Board or System Board It is a main circuit board which connects all the device on a microcomputer There are several factors used to choose a motherboard (Homework) Components contained into motherboard: Processor slot, Processor voltage regulators, Motherboard chipset, Level 2 cache, Memory SIMM or DIMM sockets, Bus slots, ROM BIOS, Clock / CMOS battery, Super I/O chips 8

9 The Motherboard Chipset Controls the system and its capabilities. Hub of all data transfer. Some of the items it dictates: Memory controller, Real-time clock, Keyboard and mouse controller, Secondary cache controller, PCI bridge, EIDE controller Form Factors Physical size and dimensions of the motherboard. It determines general layout, size and feature placement on a motherboard. Baby AT, ATX, Proprietary 9

10 Types of Motherboard 1: XT Motherboards XT Stands for extended Technology. These are all old model motherboard. In this motherboards, we find old model processor socket LIF (Low Insertion Force) sockets, ram slots DIMMs and ISA (Industry Standards Architecture) slots, 12pin Power Connector. Eg: Pentium-I, Pentium-MMX, Pentium -II and Pentium-II Processors. 10

11 Types of Motherboard 2: AT Motherboards AT stands for Advanced Technology. Have PGA (Pin Grid Array) Socket, SD Ram slots, 20pin power connector PCI slots and ISA slots. Eg: Pentium-III Processors 11

12 Types of Motherboard 3: Baby AT Motherboards: Baby AT Motherboards have the combination of XT and AT. They have both slot type processor sockets and PGA processor sockets, SD Ram slots and DDR Ram slots, PCI slots and ISA slots, 12 Pin power connector and 20Pin power connector and Ports. Eg: Pentium-III and Pentium-IV 12

13 Types of Motherboard 4: ATX Motherboards: ATX stands for Advanced Technology extended. Latest motherboards are called as ATX motherboards. Designed by ATX form factor. In this motherboards, we find MPGA Processor Sockets, DDR Ram slots, PCI slots, AGP slots, Primary and secondary IDE interfaces, SATA connectors, 20pin and 24 pin ATX power connector and Ports. Eg: Pentium-IV, Dual Core, Core 2 Duo, Quad Core, i3, i5 and i7 Processors. 13

14 The Motherboard Onboard devices - Video/Audio/LAN Lower cost. Lesser Flexibility. Upgradability Bus speeds supported. Number of expansion slots. Number and Types of IO ports available. 14

15 The Motherboard 15

16 CPU/MCP Its main component of motherboard It Controls all the inner functions of the system. Some key concepts Clock Speed: The number of pulses per second that sets the tempo for the processor. Cache: A small but fast memory area. There are levels of cache Bus (FSB and BSB): Collection of wires connecting different devices. Pipeline : Implementation technique where multiple instructions are overlapped 16

17 CPU/MCP 32/64 bit processors: The amount of data a processor can process in a clock cycle. Clock speed and overclocking: BUS SPEED x MULTIPLIER = CPU SPEED (Clock) CPU chips are intel 8088,8086,80286,80386,80486 Pentium I-IV, Celeron, Athlon, Duron, Cyrix C3, Itanium (64 bit), Opteron (64 bit) 17

18 CPU/MCP 32/64 bit processors: The amount of data a processor can process in a clock cycle. Clock speed and overclocking: BUS SPEED x MULTIPLIER = CPU SPEED (Clock) CPU chips are intel 8088,8086,80286,80386,80486 Pentium I-IV, Celeron, Athlon, Duron, Cyrix C3, Itanium (64 bit), Opteron (64 bit) Coprocessor Coprocessor is a special purpose microprocessor, which is used to speed up main processor job by taking over some of the main processors work. Most common type of coprocessor is a math coprocessor. Coprocessor chips are used to help the main processor in carrying out its various functions. A math coprocessor helps main processor in performing mathematical calculations 18

19 CPU/MCP 19

20 Memory Computer stores program and data that help the program in carrying out its operations. Types of Memory: RAM Memory and ROM Memory RAM Memory Read/Write type of memory It used by the processor to keep program, data and intermediate results during program executions. It is VOLATILE type of memory Physically installed into motherboard: DIP (dual In-line Pin) memory chips were used on initial motherboards. Later SIMM (single inline memory modules) became common. Currently DIMM (dual inline memory modules) are most common memory module. 20

21 Memory ROM Memory ROM or Read Only Memory It cannot be written Advantage of ROM!!? (Homework) A motherboard contains one or more of these ROM chips. The memory capacity of a ROM varies from one type of system to another. 64 KiloByte (KB) was normally sufficient for a XT system, whereas as AT system requires 256KB of ROM. 21

22 Memory 22

23 I/O Expansion Slot Expansion slot The expansion slots are long thin connectors on the motherboard, near the backside of the computer. They are connected to the motherboards through data, address and control lines/buses on these slots. Expansion cards can connect to these expansion slots such as display card, hard drive controller, sound card, network card, modem card etc. on these slots via Data address and Control Bus on the motherboard 23

24 I/O Expansion Slot Depending on the width and the technology, the expansion slot bus can be divided into the following categories: 8 bit ISA, 16 bit ISA, MCA, EISA, VESA local bus or VL bus, PCI local Bus 24

25 Bus Its an electronic path on which signals are sent from one part of the computer to another. Categorizes according to the number of BINARY DIGITS (bits) that they can transfer at a time. 8 bit wide is called an 8 bit bus. Bus referred as bandwidth. The bandwidth of a bus is the measure of data that can fit in the bus at a given time. Data Bus: Is a set of wires or tracks on the motherboard Data bus is used to transfer data from one part of the computer to another part. Address Bus: is a set of wires or tracks on the motherboard Printed Circuit Board(PCB) which is used to specify address of a memory location 25

26 I/O Ports and Cables A Port is the physical connector used to connect an external device to the system; they are usually found in the back of the system. PC system I/O ports: Serial ports, Parallel ports, PS/2 ports, USB, SCSI, Network, Audio, Video and FireWire ports 26

27 I/O Ports and Cables Serial ports and Cables Serial port serializes data Send data one bit at a time Slower than Parallel ports. Advantage: it needs only one wire to transmit the 8 bits Disadvantage: is that it takes longer to transmit the data Cables are small and low in cost Serial ports, also called communication (COM) ports, are bidirectional. Some systems provide (2) serial ports, a 25-pin and a 9-pin. A 25-pin port only needs 9 pins so in the interest of size most manufacturers only provide 9-pin connectors. Serial ports are male and D-Shell male connectors 27

28 I/O Ports and Cables Serial device (e.g. printers and modem) needs serial Maximum length of 50 feet (15.2 m). Mouse, Modems, PDAs, Digital Cameras etc use Serial port. 28

I/O Ports and Cables Parallel ports and cables Its a 25-pin D-Shell female connector Bits transmitted in parallel It faster compare to serial port.

29 I/O Ports and Cables Parallel ports and cables Its a 25-pin D-Shell female connector Bits transmitted in parallel It faster compare to serial port. Devices that connect to a parallel port are limited by the distance. Parallel devices uses parallel cables to connects to parallel ports A parallel cable has a maximum length of 15 feet (4.5 m). Parallel ports can be used to connect computer peripherals: Printers, Scanners, CD burners, External hard drives, Iomega Zip removable drives, Network, adapters, Tape backup drives 29

30 I/O Ports and Cables PS/2 ports Used to interface keyboards, mouse and pointing devices. The PS/2 port is a six-pin mini-din female connector. Frees the serial port for other devices 30

31 I/O Ports and Cables USB ports and Cables It provides single, standardized, easy-to-use way to connect up to 127 devices to a computer USB 1.1 allowed transmission rates of up to 12 Mbps in full-speed mode and 1.5 Mbps in low-speed mode. USB 2.0 allows transmission speeds up to 480 Mbps. USB devices: Printers, Scanners, Mice, Joysticks, Flight yokes, Digital cameras, Webcams, Scientific data acquisition devices, Modems, Speakers, Telephones, Video phones, Storage devices such as Zip drives, Network connections Universal Serial Bus connectors are on the back. Its Hot pluggable, Plug-andplay. Most OSs supports USB and installation of the device drivers is quick and easy The USB standard uses A and B connectors; A connectors head upstream toward the computer and B connectors head downstream and connect to individual devices. 31

32 I/O Ports and Cables SCSI Ports and Cables A SCSI port can transmit data at rates in excess of 320 Mbps and can support up to 15 devices. If a single SCSI device is connected to a SCSI port, the cable can be up to 80 feet (24.4 m) in length. If multiple SCSI devices are connected to a SCSI port, the cable can be up to 40 (12.2 m) feet in length. A SCSI port on a computer can be one of three different types:db-25 female connector, High-density 50-pin female connector and High-density 68-pin female connector 32

33 I/O Ports and Cables Network Ports and Cables Its also called an RJ-45 port It connects a computer to a network. The RJ45 connector vs. RJ11 connector The connection speed depends on the type of network port. Standard Ethernet can transmit up to 10 Mbps, Fast Ethernet can transmit up to 100 Mbps, and Gigabit Ethernet can transmit up to 1000 Mbps. The maximum length of network cable is 328 feet (100 m). 33

I/O Ports and Cables Audio Ports An audio port connects audio devices to the computer. The following audio ports are commonly used - Line In connects to an external source, such as a stereo system.

34 I/O Ports and Cables Audio Ports An audio port connects audio devices to the computer. The following audio ports are commonly used - Line In connects to an external source, such as a stereo system. - Microphone In connects to a microphone. - Line Out connects to speakers or headphones. - Auxiliary In is an additional line in. - Gameport/MIDI connects to a joystick or MIDI -interfaced device. 34

35 I/O Ports and Cables Video Ports and Connectros A video port connects a monitor cable to a computer. Several video port and connector types exist: 1. Video Graphics Array (VGA) has a three-row 15-pin D-Shell female connector and provides analog output to a monitor. 2. Digital Visual Interface (DVI) has a 24-pin female connector or a 29-pin female 3. High-Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI) has a 19-pin connector and provides digital video and digital audio signals. 4. S-Video has a four-pin connector and provides analog video signals. 5. Component/RGB has three shielded cables (red, green, and blue) with RCA jacks and provides analog video signals. 35

36 PC Functions and Components I/O Ports and Cables The video ports and video card 36

37 I/O Ports and Cables FireWire Ports and Cables FireWire is a high-speed, hot-swappable interface that connects peripheral devices to a computer. A single FireWire port in a computer can support up to 63 devices. Some devices can also be powered through the FireWire port FireWire uses the IEEE 1394 standard and is also known as i.link. The IEEE 1394a standard supports data rates up to 400 Mbps and cable lengths up to 15 feet (4.5 m). This standard uses a six-pin connector or a four-pin connector. The IEEE 1394b standard supports data rates in excess of 800 Mbps and uses a nine-pin connector. 37

38 I/O Ports and Cables The IEEE 1394a standard supports data rates up to 400 Mbps and cable lengths up to 15 feet (4.5 m). This standard uses a six-pin connector or a fourpin connector. The IEEE 1394b standard supports data rates in excess of 800 Mbps and uses a nine-pin connector. 38

39 I/O Ports and Cables 39

40 Homework With the aid of diagrams explain in details the following computer architecture Von Neumann, AMD and SPARC 40

41 Interface Cards A.K.A. Adapter Cards Advantage: increase a computer s functionality by adding controllers for specific devices or by replacing malfunctioning ports

42 Interface Cards Adapter cards are used to expand and customize the computer s capability: NIC connects a computer to a network using a network cable. Wireless NIC connects a computer to a network using radio frequencies. Sound adapter provides audio capability. Video adapter provides graphic capability. Modem adapter connects a computer to the Internet using a phone line. SCSI adapter connects SCSI devices, such as hard drives or tape drives to a computer.

43 Interface Cards RAID adapter connects multiple hard drives to a computer to provide redundancy and to improve performance. USB port connects a computer to peripheral devices. Parallel port connects a computer to peripheral devices. Serial port connects a computer to peripheral devices

44 Interface Cards The type of adapter card connector must match the expansion slot. The different types of expansion slots are as follows: Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) is an 8-bit or 16-bit expansion slot. Extended Industry Standard Architecture (EISA) is a 32-bit expansion slot. Microchannel Architecture (MCA) is an IBM-proprietary 32- bit expansion slot. Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) is a 32-bit or 64-bit expansion slot. Advanced Graphics Port (AGP) is a 32-bit expansion slot. 44 PCI-Express is a serial bus expansion slot. PCI-Express is backward-compatible with PCI slots. PCI-Express has x1, x4, x8, and x16 slots. 44

45 Video Card A modern graphics card is a circuit board with memory and a dedicated processor. Converts digital information into the pixels to display it on the monitor. Different range of cards: 3D Acceleration and Video Memory. It is a Expensive component 45

46 Sound Card Converts digital data (bits) into analog sound wave and vice-versa. It has Digital Signal Processor, RAM, ADC and DAC. It has jacks for speaker, microphone, line in, line out and joysticks 46

47 Network Interface Card Connects PC to LAN (Local Area Network). Ethernet, Token Ring. Speeds: 10Mbps, 100Mbps and 1000Mbps Onboard or Add-on Card 47

Storage Devices Referred as Removable device Reads/Writes information to magnetic or optical storage media. Store data permanently or to retrieve information from a media disk.

48 Storage Devices Referred as Removable device Reads/Writes information to magnetic or optical storage media. Store data permanently or to retrieve information from a media disk. For portability, some storage drives can connect to the computer using a USB port, a FireWire port, or a SCSI port. The common types of storage drives: Floppy drive, Hard drive, Optical drive, Flash drive and Network drive 48

49 Storage devices Floppy disk Uses removable 3.5-inch floppy disks. Storage Capacity: 720 KB or 1.44 MB of data. The floppy drive can be used to boot the computer if it contains a bootable floppy disk. The floppy drive is slowly being replaced by cheaper, faster, and larger-capacity storage such as writable CDs, DVDs, and flash drive media

50 Storage devices Hard drives It is a magnetic storage device Stores data permanently Configurations: C: drive and contains OS and Applications Boot Sequence: First drive Storage capacity measured in billions of bytes, or gigabytes (GB). Speed measured in revolutions per minute (rpm). Multiple hard drives can be added to increase 50 storage capacity. 50

51 Storage devices Optical devices It use lasers to read data on the optical media. Optical drives types: Compact disc (CD) and Digital versatile disc (DVD) Prerecorded (read-only), Recordable (write once), or Re-recordable (read and write multiple times). CDs Storage Capacity: max. 700 MB. DVDs Storage Capacity: 8.5 GB Optical Media types: CD-ROM, CD-R, CD-RW, DVD- ROM, DVD-RAM, DVD+/-R and DVD+/

52 Storage devices Flash Drives A flash drive, also known as a thumb drive Connects to USB Port A flash drive uses a special type of memory that requires no power to maintain the data. These drives can be accessed by the operating system in the same way other types of drives are accessed. The storage capacity of a flash drive varies from a couple of megabytes to 16 gigabytes. Network Drives A network drive is a connection to a remote 52 computer s storage for access to files, directories, and applications. 52

53 Types of Drive Interfaces Hard drives and optical drives are manufactured with different interfaces that are used to connect the drive to the computer. When you install a storage drive in a computer, the connection interface on the drive must be the same as the controller on the motherboard

54 Types of Drive Interfaces Some common drive interfaces are as follows: Integrated Drive Electronics (IDE), also called Advanced Technology Attachment (ATA), is an early drive controller interface that connects computers and hard-disk drives. An IDE interface uses a 40-pin connector. Enhanced Integrated Drive Electronics (EIDE), also called ATA-2, is an updated version of the IDE drive controller interface. EIDE supports hard drives larger than 512 MB, enables Direct Memory Access (DMA) for speed, and uses the AT Attachment Packet Interface (ATAPI) to accommodate optical drives and 54 tape drives on the EIDE bus. An EIDE interface uses a 40-pin connector. 54

55 Types of Drive Interfaces Parallel ATA (PATA) refers to the parallel version of the ATA drive controller interface. Serial ATA (SATA) refers to the serial version of the ATA drive controller interface. A SATA interface uses a seven-pin connector. Small Computer System Interface (SCSI) is a drive controller interface that can connect up to 15 drives. SCSI can connect both internal and external drives. A SCSI interface uses a 50-pin, 68-pin, or 80-pin connector

56 Internal cables Drives require both a power cable and a data cable. A power supply has a SATA power Connector for SATA drives, a Molex power connector for PATA drives, and a Berg four-pin connector for floppy drives. The buttons and the LED lights on the front of the case connect to the motherboard with the front panel cables. Some examples of internal PC cables: 56 56

57 Internal cables Data cables connect drives to the drive controller, which is located on an adapter card or the motherboard. Some common types of data cables are as follows: Floppy disk drive (FDD) data cable has up to two 34- pin drive connectors and one 34-pin connector for the drive controller. PATA (IDE) data cable has 40 conductors, up to two 40-pin connectors for drives, and one 40-pin connector for the drive controller. PATA (EIDE) data cable has 80 conductors, up to two 40-pin connectors 57 for drives, and one 40-pin connector for the drive controller. 57

58 Internal cables SATA data cable has seven conductors, one keyed connector for the drive, and one keyed connector the drive controller. 26 IT Essentials: PC Hardware and Software Companion Guide SCSI data cable: Three types of SCSI data cables exist: A narrow SCSI data cable has 50 conductors, up to seven 50-pin connectors for drives, and one 50-pin connector for the drive controller, also called the host adapter. A wide SCSI data cable has 68 conductors, up to pin connectors for drives, and one 68-pin connector for the host adapter. An Alt-4 SCSI data cable has 80 conductors, up to pin connectors for drives, and one 80-pin connector for the host adapter. 58

59 Power Supply Unit (PSU) Supplies power to every single part in the PC. Convert the Alternating Current power (230 V AC) into Direct Current power (3.3 V, 5 V and 12 V DC) The power supply also ensures that the system does not run unless the power supplied is sufficient to operate the system properly. The power supply completes internal checks and tests before allowing the system to start. If the tests are successful, the power supply sends a special signal to the motherboard called Power_Good. If this signal is not present continuously, the computer does not run. Therefore, when the AC voltage dips and 59 the power supply becomes stressed or overheated, the Power_Good signal goes down and forces a system reset or complete shutdown. 59

60 Connectors keyed connectors. Designed to be inserted in only one direction. Each part of the connector has a colored wire with a different voltage running through it Different power supply form factors provide different power output connections, depending on system requirements. AT form factors have been slowly phased out by ATX form factor power supplies because of the different case sizes and advanced features. ATXv12 was created to add power support for the motherboard by adding another four-pin power connector. 60

61 Connectors Connectors are used to connect specific components and various locations on the motherboard: A Molex connector is a keyed connector used to connect to an optical drive or hard drive. A Berg connector is a keyed connector used to connect to a floppy drive. A Berg connector is smaller than a Molex connector. A 20-pin or 24-pin slotted connector is used to connect to the motherboard. The 24 pin slotted connector has two rows of 12 pins each, and the 20- pin slotted connector has two rows of 10 pins each. A four-pin-to-eight-pin auxiliary power connector has two rows of two to four pins and supplies power 61 to all areas of the motherboard. The four-pin-toeight-pin auxiliary power connector is the same shape as the main power connector, but smaller. 61

62 The Display Subsystem AKA Output devices Eg. Monitors and Projects Types of Monitor: Cathode Ray Tube (CRT), LCD and DLP 62

63 The Display Subsystem Difference between monitor types: technology used to create an image CRT: Cathode ray tube monitors are the most common monitor type. Red, green, and blue electron beams move back and forth across the phosphorous-coated screen. The phosphor glows when struck by the electron beam. Areas not struck by the electron beam do not glow. The combination of glowing and non glowing areas is what creates the image on the screen. 63 Most televisions also use this technology. 63

64 The Display Subsystem LCD: Liquid crystal display is commonly used in laptops and some projectors. It consists of two polarizing filters with a liquid crystal solution between them. An electronic current aligns the crystals so that light can either pass through or not pass through. The effect of light passing through in certain areas and not in others is what creates the image. LCD comes in two forms active matrix and passive matrix. Active matrix is sometimes called thin film transistor (TFT). TFT allows each pixel to be controlled, which creates very sharp color images. Passive matrix is less expensive than active matrix but does not provide the same level of 64 image control. LCD Monitors are becoming the most common type of computer monitor. 64

65 The Display Subsystem DLP: Digital light processing is another technology that is used in projectors. DLP projectors use a spinning color wheel with a microprocessor-controlled array of mirrors called a digital micromirror device (DMD). Each mirror corresponds to a specific pixel. Each mirror reflects light toward or away from the projector optics. This creates a monochromatic image of up to 1024 shades of gray between white and black. The color wheel then adds the color data to complete the projected color image. 65

66 The Display Subsystem Display Resolutions Display Standard Linear Pixels (HXV) Aspect Ratio CGA :10 EGA :6 VGA :3 WVGA :9 SVGA :3 XGA :

67 The Display Subsystem Higher-resolution settings produce better image quality. Several factors are involved in monitor resolution: Pixels: The term pixel is an abbreviation of picture element. Pixels are the tiny dots that comprise a screen. Each pixel consists of red, green, and blue. Dot pitch: Dot pitch is the distance between pixels on the screen. A lower dot pitch number produces a better image. Refresh rate: The refresh rate is how often per second the image is rebuilt. A higher refresh rate produces a better image and reduces the level of flicker. Interlaced/non interlaced: Interlaced monitors create the image by scanning the screen two times. The first scan covers the odd lines, top to bottom, and the second scan 67 covers the even lines. Non interlaced monitors create the image by scanning the screen one line at a time from top to bottom. Most CRT monitors today are non interlaced. 67

68 The Display Subsystem Horizontal Vertical Colors (HVC): The number of pixels in a line is the horizontal resolution. The number of lines in a screen is the vertical resolution. The number of Colors that can be reproduced is the color resolution. Aspect ratio: Aspect ratio is the horizontal-to-vertical measurement of the monitor s viewing area. For example, a 4:3 aspect ratio applies to a viewing area that is 16 inches wide by 12 inches high. A 4:3 aspect ratio also applies to a viewing area that is 24 inches wide by 18 inches high. A viewing area that is 22 inches wide by 12 inches high has an aspect ratio of 11:6. Monitors have controls for adjusting the image quality. Some common monitor settings: Brightness is the image s intensity. Contrast is the ratio of light to dark. Position is the 68vertical and horizontal location of the image on the screen. Reset returns the monitor settings to the factory defaults. 68

69 Modem Modem (Modulator and Demodulator) Send data over a phone The sending modem converts digital data into analog data Modems are available in Different capacities modems. 300 bps s through 1983 or so 1200 bps - Gained popularity in 1984 and bps 9600 bps - First appeared in late 1990 and early kilobits per second (Kbps) 28.8 Kbps and 33.6 Kbps 56 Kbps - Became the standard in ADSL, with theoretical maximum of up to 8 megabits per second (Mbps) - Gained popularity in

70 InternalModem 70

71 Modem Internal Modem Resides on the expansion board on the slot of the motherboard. Does not require separate power adapter. Cheaper than external modem. Has natural protection inside PC cabinet. 71

72 Modem External Modem Resides on a self-contained box outside the PC. Requires external power adapter. Connected to PC s serial port via the cable. Easy to install and troubleshoot such as resetting the modem. Expensive than internal modems. 72

73 ExternalModem 73

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