UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS Dept. of Electrical & Computer Engineering. Computer Architecture ECE 568
|
|
- Liliana Summers
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS Dept. of Electrical & Computer Engineering Computer Architecture ECE 568 Part 6 Input/Output Israel Koren ECE568/Koren Part.6. Motivation: Why Care About I/O? CPU Performance: almost 5% per year I/O system performance limited by mechanical delays (e.g., disk I/O) < % per year (IO per sec) Amdahl's Law: system speed-up limited by the slowest part I/O bottleneck Diminishing fraction of time in CPU Diminishing value of faster CPUs ECE568/Koren Part.6.2 Page
2 I/O Systems Processor interrupts Cache Memory - I/O Bus Main Memory I/O I/O I/O Disks: Long-term, nonvolatile storage Large, inexpensive, also serve as slow level in the storage hierarchy ECE568/Koren Part.6.3 Disk Disk Graphics Network Disk Terminology Arm Head Sector Inner Track Outer Track Actuator Platter Several platters, with information recorded magnetically on both surfaces (usually) Bits recorded sequentially in tracks, divided into sectors (e.g., 52 Bytes) Actuator moves head (end of arm, /surface) over track ( seek ), select surface, wait for sector rotate under head, then read or write Cylinder : all tracks under heads ECE568/Koren Part.6.4 Page 2
3 Disk Device Performance Outer Track Inner Track Sector Spindle Head Arm Platter Actuator Disk Latency = Seek Time + Rotation Time + Transfer Time + Overhead Seek Time: depends on number of tracks arm moves Rotation Time: depends on speed disk rotates, how far sector is from head s current position Transfer Time: depends on data rate (bandwidth) of disk (bit density), size of request ECE568/Koren Part.6.5 Disk Device Performance Rotation Time: Avg. distance to sector from head /2 time of a rotation 72 Revolutions Per Minute 2 Rev/sec revolution = / 2 sec 8.33 milliseconds /2 rotation (revolution) 4.7 ms Seek Time: Average number of tracks arm moves Sum all possible seek distances from all possible tracks / Total_#_ops» Assumes random seek distance Disk industry standard benchmark j i Typical: ~8 ms Transfer rate -4 MByte/sec Capacity: s Gbytes to TeraBytes Quadruples every 2 years ECE568/Koren Part.6.6 Page 3
4 Track Example: Barracuda 8 Track Buffer Arm Head Sector Cylinder Platter 8.6 GB, 3.5 inch disk 2 platters, 24 surfaces 24,247 cylinders 7,2 RPM; (4.2 ms avg. latency) 7.4 ms avg. seek 65 MB/s. ms controller time Calculate time to read 64 KB (28 sectors) using specs Disk latency = avg. seek time + avg. rotational delay + transfer time + controller overhead = 7.4 ms +.5 * /(72 RPM) + 64 KB/(65 MB/s) +. ms = ms =2.7 ms ECE568/Koren Part.6.7 source: Disk Performance Example Recalculated Calculate again using /3 quoted seek time (not random, mostly to adjacent tracks), 3/4 of internal bandwidth (check bits and gaps between sectors) Disk latency = average seek time + average rotational delay + transfer time + controller overhead = (.33 * 7.4 ms) +.5 * /(72 RPM) + 64 KB / (.75 * 65 MB/s) +. ms = 2.5 ms +.5 /(72 RPM/(6ms/M)) + 64 KB / (47 KB/ms) +. ms = ms = 8.2 ms (64% of 2.7) ECE568/Koren Part.6.8 Page 4
5 Large Arrays of Disks Servers and data-centers require large storage capacity but large arrays of disks have low reliability Reliability_disk = exp(-λt) where λ is a constant failure rate MTTF = Mean_Time_to_Failure = / λ A single disk has MTTF=5, hours 6 years Reliability of N disks = [exp(- λt)}^n = exp(-nλt) MTTF_array = / N λ For N=7 disks: 5,/7= 7 hours month Arrays (without redundancy) too unreliable ECE568/Koren Part.6.9 RAID Redundant Arrays of Independent Disks Files are "striped" across multiple disks with redundant data added Upon failure: Contents reconstructed from data redundantly stored in the array Redundancy yields high data availability service still provided to user, even if some components fail but Capacity penalty to store redundant info Performance penalty to update redundant info ECE568/Koren Part.6. Page 5
6 RAID : Disk Mirroring/Shadowing Each disk is fully duplicated onto its mirror Very high availability Bandwidth sacrifice on write: Logical write = two physical writes Reads may be optimized Most expensive solution: % capacity overhead (RAID 2 not interesting, so skip) ECE568/Koren Part.6. RAID 3: Parity Disk P Striped physical record P = sum mod 2 of other disks (parity) If disk fails, subtract P from sum of other disks to find missing information Capacity overhead Wider arrays reduce capacity overhead, but decrease reliability ECE568/Koren Part.6.2 Page 6
7 Inspiration for RAID 4 RAID 3 relies on parity disk to detect and correct errors on Read Must read from all disks every time But every sector has an error check field Rely on error check field to catch errors on read, not on the parity disk Use parity disk only for complete disk failure ECE568/Koren Part.6.3 Insides of of five disks RAID 4: High I/O Rate 2 3 D D D2 D3 P D4 D5 D6 D7 P 4 Increasing Logical Disk Address D8 D9 D D P Example: small read D & D5, large write D2-D5 ECE568/Koren Part.6.4 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 D8 D9 D2 D2 D22 D23 P... Disk. Columns.. P P Stripe Page 7
8 RAID 5: High I/O Rate Interleaved Parity Independent writes possible because of of interleaved parity D D D2 D3 P D4 D5 D6 P D7 D8 D9 P D D Increasing Logical Disk Addresses Example: write to D & D5 uses disks,, 3 and 4 ECE568/Koren Part.6.5 D2 P D3 D4 D5 P D6 D7 D8 D9 D2 D2 D22 D23 P.... Disk. Columns.... System Availability: Orthogonal RAIDs Array RAID Group: data redundancy Common Support Components: fans, power supplies, controller, cables ECE568/Koren Part.6.6 Page 8
9 Summary: RAID Techniques Disk Mirroring, Shadowing (RAID ) Each disk is fully duplicated Logical write = two physical writes % capacity overhead High I/O Rate Parity Array (RAID 5) Interleaved parity blocks Independent reads and writes Logical write = 2 reads + 2 writes ECE568/Koren Part.6.7 Solid state drives- flash technology Organization similar to DRAM but basic cell is different ECE568/Koren Part.6.8 Page 9
10 ECE568/Koren Part.6.9 Solid state drives Most are currently based on NAND flash Read blocks (4K byte) Write erasure (multiple blocks) slower than Read SLC single layer cell; MLC multi-level cell SLC low density, read ~25µs write ~25µs; write endurance ~, cycles TLC (Triple level) high density, read ~75µs; write ~µs; write endurance ~, cycles Wear leveling re-mapping of the contents on every write avoid the high frequency of re-writes to certain blocks Random bit errors due the noisy environment in the chip and the weak signals from the cells Error correction (for transient and permanent bit failures) BCH code (a cyclic code based on finite-fields), e.g., can correct up to 55 bit errors in a 52 byte sector Solid-state vs. hard disk drives Start-up time Access latency Transfer rate Cost Power consumption Capacity Reliability Environment impact ECE568/Koren Part.6.2 Solid-state Drive Instantaneous.ms or less, random access -6 MB/sec $.37/GB About 5-% 52 GB and up Power outage may cause damage No sensitive and less noisy Hard Disk Drive Spin-up 3-2 msec, varies with relative position About 5 MB/sec $.5-./GB.35 2Watt 8 TB Mechanical failures, unpowered: long lifetime Sensitive to shocks and temperature Page
UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS Dept. of Electrical & Computer Engineering. Computer Architecture ECE 568
UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS Dept. of Electrical & Computer Engineering Computer Architecture ECE 568 Part 6 Input/Output Israel Koren ECE568/Koren Part.6. CPU performance keeps increasing 26 72-core Xeon
More informationUNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS Dept. of Electrical & Computer Engineering. Computer Architecture ECE 568
UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS Dept of Electrical & Computer Engineering Computer Architecture ECE 568 art 5 Input/Output Israel Koren ECE568/Koren art5 CU performance keeps increasing 26 72-core Xeon hi
More informationHigh-Performance Storage Systems
High-Performance Storage Systems I/O Systems Processor interrupts Cache Memory - I/O Bus Main Memory I/O Controller I/O Controller I/O Controller Disk Disk Graphics Network 2 Storage Technology Drivers
More informationCS61C : Machine Structures
inst.eecs.berkeley.edu/~cs61c CS61C : Machine Structures CS61C L40 I/O: Disks (1) Lecture 40 I/O : Disks 2004-12-03 Lecturer PSOE Dan Garcia www.cs.berkeley.edu/~ddgarcia I talk to robots Japan's growing
More informationCS61C - Machine Structures. Week 7 - Disks. October 10, 2003 John Wawrzynek
CS61C - Machine Structures Week 7 - Disks October 10, 2003 John Wawrzynek http://www-inst.eecs.berkeley.edu/~cs61c/ CS61C wk 7 Disks UC Regents 1 Magnetic Disk common I/O device Computer Processor (active)
More informationCS2410: Computer Architecture. Storage systems. Sangyeun Cho. Computer Science Department University of Pittsburgh
CS24: Computer Architecture Storage systems Sangyeun Cho Computer Science Department (Some slides borrowed from D Patterson s lecture slides) Case for storage Shift in focus from computation to communication
More informationStorage System COSC UCB
Storage System COSC4201 1 1999 UCB I/O and Disks Over the years much less attention was paid to I/O compared with CPU design. As frustrating as a CPU crash is, disk crash is a lot worse. Disks are mechanical
More informationCSE325 Principles of Operating Systems. Mass-Storage Systems. David P. Duggan. April 19, 2011
CSE325 Principles of Operating Systems Mass-Storage Systems David P. Duggan dduggan@sandia.gov April 19, 2011 Outline Storage Devices Disk Scheduling FCFS SSTF SCAN, C-SCAN LOOK, C-LOOK Redundant Arrays
More informationI/O CANNOT BE IGNORED
LECTURE 13 I/O I/O CANNOT BE IGNORED Assume a program requires 100 seconds, 90 seconds for main memory, 10 seconds for I/O. Assume main memory access improves by ~10% per year and I/O remains the same.
More informationChapter 6. Storage and Other I/O Topics
Chapter 6 Storage and Other I/O Topics Introduction I/O devices can be characterized by Behaviour: input, output, storage Partner: human or machine Data rate: bytes/sec, transfers/sec I/O bus connections
More informationwww-inst.eecs.berkeley.edu/~cs61c/
CS61C Machine Structures Lecture 38 - Disks 11/28/2007 John Wawrzynek (www.cs.berkeley.edu/~johnw) www-inst.eecs.berkeley.edu/~cs61c/ 1 Magnetic Disk common I/O device Computer Processor (active) Control
More informationStorage Systems. Storage Systems
Storage Systems Storage Systems We already know about four levels of storage: Registers Cache Memory Disk But we've been a little vague on how these devices are interconnected In this unit, we study Input/output
More informationI/O CANNOT BE IGNORED
LECTURE 13 I/O I/O CANNOT BE IGNORED Assume a program requires 100 seconds, 90 seconds for main memory, 10 seconds for I/O. Assume main memory access improves by ~10% per year and I/O remains the same.
More informationComputer System Architecture
CSC 203 1.5 Computer System Architecture Department of Statistics and Computer Science University of Sri Jayewardenepura Secondary Memory 2 Technologies Magnetic storage Floppy, Zip disk, Hard drives,
More informationComputer Science 146. Computer Architecture
Computer Science 46 Computer Architecture Spring 24 Harvard University Instructor: Prof dbrooks@eecsharvardedu Lecture 22: More I/O Computer Science 46 Lecture Outline HW5 and Project Questions? Storage
More informationPage 1. Motivation: Who Cares About I/O? Lecture 5: I/O Introduction: Storage Devices & RAID. I/O Systems. Big Picture: Who cares about CPUs?
CS252 Graduate Computer Architecture Lecture 5: I/O Introduction: Storage Devices & RAID January 3, 2 Prof David A Patterson Computer Science 252 Spring 2 Motivation: Who Cares About I/O? CPU Performance:
More informationVirtual Memory. Reading. Sections 5.4, 5.5, 5.6, 5.8, 5.10 (2) Lecture notes from MKP and S. Yalamanchili
Virtual Memory Lecture notes from MKP and S. Yalamanchili Sections 5.4, 5.5, 5.6, 5.8, 5.10 Reading (2) 1 The Memory Hierarchy ALU registers Cache Memory Memory Memory Managed by the compiler Memory Managed
More informationPage 1. Magnetic Disk Purpose Long term, nonvolatile storage Lowest level in the memory hierarchy. Typical Disk Access Time
Review: Major Components of a Computer Processor Control Datapath Cache Memory Main Memory Secondary Memory (Disk) Devices Output Input Magnetic Disk Purpose Long term, nonvolatile storage Lowest level
More informationTopics. Lecture 8: Magnetic Disks
Lecture 8: Magnetic Disks SONGS ABOUT COMPUTER SCIENCE Topics Basic terms and operation Some history and trends Performance Disk arrays (RAIDs) SAVE THE CODE Written by Mikolaj Franaszczuk To the tune
More informationCOS 318: Operating Systems. Storage Devices. Vivek Pai Computer Science Department Princeton University
COS 318: Operating Systems Storage Devices Vivek Pai Computer Science Department Princeton University http://www.cs.princeton.edu/courses/archive/fall11/cos318/ Today s Topics Magnetic disks Magnetic disk
More informationStorage systems. Computer Systems Architecture CMSC 411 Unit 6 Storage Systems. (Hard) Disks. Disk and Tape Technologies. Disks (cont.
Computer Systems Architecture CMSC 4 Unit 6 Storage Systems Alan Sussman November 23, 2004 Storage systems We already know about four levels of storage: registers cache memory disk but we've been a little
More informationLecture 23: Storage Systems. Topics: disk access, bus design, evaluation metrics, RAID (Sections )
Lecture 23: Storage Systems Topics: disk access, bus design, evaluation metrics, RAID (Sections 7.1-7.9) 1 Role of I/O Activities external to the CPU are typically orders of magnitude slower Example: while
More informationCOS 318: Operating Systems. Storage Devices. Jaswinder Pal Singh Computer Science Department Princeton University
COS 318: Operating Systems Storage Devices Jaswinder Pal Singh Computer Science Department Princeton University http://www.cs.princeton.edu/courses/archive/fall13/cos318/ Today s Topics Magnetic disks
More informationCOS 318: Operating Systems. Storage Devices. Kai Li Computer Science Department Princeton University
COS 318: Operating Systems Storage Devices Kai Li Computer Science Department Princeton University http://www.cs.princeton.edu/courses/archive/fall11/cos318/ Today s Topics Magnetic disks Magnetic disk
More informationAppendix D: Storage Systems
Appendix D: Storage Systems Instructor: Josep Torrellas CS433 Copyright Josep Torrellas 1999, 2001, 2002, 2013 1 Storage Systems : Disks Used for long term storage of files temporarily store parts of pgm
More informationDatabase Systems II. Secondary Storage
Database Systems II Secondary Storage CMPT 454, Simon Fraser University, Fall 2009, Martin Ester 29 The Memory Hierarchy Swapping, Main-memory DBMS s Tertiary Storage: Tape, Network Backup 3,200 MB/s (DDR-SDRAM
More informationu Covered: l Management of CPU & concurrency l Management of main memory & virtual memory u Currently --- Management of I/O devices
Where Are We? COS 318: Operating Systems Storage Devices Jaswinder Pal Singh Computer Science Department Princeton University (http://www.cs.princeton.edu/courses/cos318/) u Covered: l Management of CPU
More informationStorage. CS 3410 Computer System Organization & Programming
Storage CS 3410 Computer System Organization & Programming These slides are the product of many rounds of teaching CS 3410 by Deniz Altinbuke, Kevin Walsh, and Professors Weatherspoon, Bala, Bracy, and
More informationCSCI-GA Database Systems Lecture 8: Physical Schema: Storage
CSCI-GA.2433-001 Database Systems Lecture 8: Physical Schema: Storage Mohamed Zahran (aka Z) mzahran@cs.nyu.edu http://www.mzahran.com View 1 View 2 View 3 Conceptual Schema Physical Schema 1. Create a
More informationUCB CS61C : Machine Structures
inst.eecs.berkeley.edu/~cs61c UCB CS61C : Machine Structures Lecture 37 Disks 2008-04-28 Lecturer SOE Dan Garcia How much storage do YOU have? The ST506 was their first drive in 1979 (shown here), weighed
More informationCPS104 Computer Organization and Programming Lecture 18: Input-Output. Outline of Today s Lecture. The Big Picture: Where are We Now?
CPS104 Computer Organization and Programming Lecture 18: Input-Output Robert Wagner cps 104.1 RW Fall 2000 Outline of Today s Lecture The system Magnetic Disk Tape es DMA cps 104.2 RW Fall 2000 The Big
More informationAdministrivia. CMSC 411 Computer Systems Architecture Lecture 19 Storage Systems, cont. Disks (cont.) Disks - review
Administrivia CMSC 411 Computer Systems Architecture Lecture 19 Storage Systems, cont. Homework #4 due Thursday answers posted soon after Exam #2 on Thursday, April 24 on memory hierarchy (Unit 4) and
More informationDisks and RAID. CS 4410 Operating Systems. [R. Agarwal, L. Alvisi, A. Bracy, E. Sirer, R. Van Renesse]
Disks and RAID CS 4410 Operating Systems [R. Agarwal, L. Alvisi, A. Bracy, E. Sirer, R. Van Renesse] Storage Devices Magnetic disks Storage that rarely becomes corrupted Large capacity at low cost Block
More informationConcepts Introduced. I/O Cannot Be Ignored. Typical Collection of I/O Devices. I/O Issues
Concepts Introduced I/O Cannot Be Ignored Assume a program requires 100 seconds, 90 seconds for accessing main memory and 10 seconds for I/O. I/O introduction magnetic disks ash memory communication with
More informationCOMP283-Lecture 3 Applied Database Management
COMP283-Lecture 3 Applied Database Management Introduction DB Design Continued Disk Sizing Disk Types & Controllers DB Capacity 1 COMP283-Lecture 3 DB Storage: Linear Growth Disk space requirements increases
More informationStorage Systems : Disks and SSDs. Manu Awasthi CASS 2018
Storage Systems : Disks and SSDs Manu Awasthi CASS 2018 Why study storage? Scalable High Performance Main Memory System Using Phase-Change Memory Technology, Qureshi et al, ISCA 2009 Trends Total amount
More informationI/O, Disks, and RAID Yi Shi Fall Xi an Jiaotong University
I/O, Disks, and RAID Yi Shi Fall 2017 Xi an Jiaotong University Goals for Today Disks How does a computer system permanently store data? RAID How to make storage both efficient and reliable? 2 What does
More informationLecture 23: I/O Redundant Arrays of Inexpensive Disks Professor Randy H. Katz Computer Science 252 Spring 1996
Lecture 23: I/O Redundant Arrays of Inexpensive Disks Professor Randy H Katz Computer Science 252 Spring 996 RHKS96 Review: Storage System Issues Historical Context of Storage I/O Storage I/O Performance
More informationA track on a magnetic disk is a concentric rings where data is stored.
CS 320 Ch 6 External Memory Figure 6.1 shows a typical read/ head on a magnetic disk system. Read and heads separate. Read head uses a material that changes resistance in response to a magnetic field.
More informationLecture for Storage System
Lecture for Storage System Type of Storage Devices Buses Connecting I/O Devices to CPU/Memory Reliability,Availability,and Dependability RAID: Redundant Arrays of Inexpensive Disks Error and Failures in
More informationSome material adapted from Mohamed Younis, UMBC CMSC 611 Spr 2003 course slides Some material adapted from Hennessy & Patterson / 2003 Elsevier
Some material adapted from Mohamed Younis, UMBC CMSC 611 Spr 2003 course slides Some material adapted from Hennessy & Patterson / 2003 Elsevier Science Performance of Main : Latency: affects cache miss
More informationComputer Science 61C Spring Friedland and Weaver. Input/Output
Input/Output 1 A Computer is Useless without I/O I/O handles persistent storage Disks, SSD memory, etc I/O handles user interfaces Keyboard/mouse/display I/O handles network 2 Basic I/O: Devices are Memory
More informationDisks. Storage Technology. Vera Goebel Thomas Plagemann. Department of Informatics University of Oslo
Disks Vera Goebel Thomas Plagemann 2014 Department of Informatics University of Oslo Storage Technology [Source: http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/storage/storage_photo.html] 1 Filesystems & Disks
More informationChapter 6 - External Memory
Chapter 6 - External Memory Luis Tarrataca luis.tarrataca@gmail.com CEFET-RJ L. Tarrataca Chapter 6 - External Memory 1 / 66 Table of Contents I 1 Motivation 2 Magnetic Disks Write Mechanism Read Mechanism
More informationSecondary storage. CS 537 Lecture 11 Secondary Storage. Disk trends. Another trip down memory lane
Secondary storage CS 537 Lecture 11 Secondary Storage Michael Swift Secondary storage typically: is anything that is outside of primary memory does not permit direct execution of instructions or data retrieval
More informationMass-Storage Structure
CS 4410 Operating Systems Mass-Storage Structure Summer 2011 Cornell University 1 Today How is data saved in the hard disk? Magnetic disk Disk speed parameters Disk Scheduling RAID Structure 2 Secondary
More informationToday: Coda, xfs! Brief overview of other file systems. Distributed File System Requirements!
Today: Coda, xfs! Case Study: Coda File System Brief overview of other file systems xfs Log structured file systems Lecture 21, page 1 Distributed File System Requirements! Transparency Access, location,
More informationBBM371- Data Management. Lecture 2: Storage Devices
BBM371- Data Management Lecture 2: Storage Devices 18.10.2018 Memory Hierarchy cache Main memory disk Optical storage Tapes V NV Traveling the hierarchy: 1. speed ( higher=faster) 2. cost (lower=cheaper)
More informationSome material adapted from Mohamed Younis, UMBC CMSC 611 Spr 2003 course slides Some material adapted from Hennessy & Patterson / 2003 Elsevier
Some material adapted from Mohamed Younis, UMBC CMSC 6 Spr 23 course slides Some material adapted from Hennessy & Patterson / 23 Elsevier Science Characteristics IBM 39 IBM UltraStar Integral 82 Disk diameter
More informationCSE 153 Design of Operating Systems
CSE 153 Design of Operating Systems Winter 2018 Lecture 20: File Systems (1) Disk drives OS Abstractions Applications Process File system Virtual memory Operating System CPU Hardware Disk RAM CSE 153 Lecture
More informationCSE 153 Design of Operating Systems Fall 2018
CSE 153 Design of Operating Systems Fall 2018 Lecture 12: File Systems (1) Disk drives OS Abstractions Applications Process File system Virtual memory Operating System CPU Hardware Disk RAM CSE 153 Lecture
More informationIntroduction Disks RAID Tertiary storage. Mass Storage. CMSC 420, York College. November 21, 2006
November 21, 2006 The memory hierarchy Red = Level Access time Capacity Features Registers nanoseconds 100s of bytes fixed Cache nanoseconds 1-2 MB fixed RAM nanoseconds MBs to GBs expandable Disk milliseconds
More informationCS143: Disks and Files
CS143: Disks and Files 1 System Architecture CPU Word (1B 64B) ~ x GB/sec Main Memory System Bus Disk Controller... Block (512B 50KB) ~ x MB/sec Disk 2 Magnetic disk vs SSD Magnetic Disk Stores data on
More informationChapter 12: Mass-Storage
hapter 12: Mass-Storage Systems hapter 12: Mass-Storage Systems To explain the performance characteristics of mass-storage devices To evaluate disk scheduling algorithms To discuss operating-system services
More informationChapter 12: Mass-Storage
hapter 12: Mass-Storage Systems hapter 12: Mass-Storage Systems Overview of Mass Storage Structure Disk Structure Disk Attachment Disk Scheduling Disk Management RAID Structure Objectives Moving-head Disk
More informationChapter 6 Storage and Other I/O Topics
Department of Electr rical Eng ineering, Chapter 6 Storage and Other I/O Topics 王振傑 (Chen-Chieh Wang) ccwang@mail.ee.ncku.edu.tw ncku edu Feng-Chia Unive ersity Outline 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Dependability,
More informationCHAPTER 12: MASS-STORAGE SYSTEMS (A) By I-Chen Lin Textbook: Operating System Concepts 9th Ed.
CHAPTER 12: MASS-STORAGE SYSTEMS (A) By I-Chen Lin Textbook: Operating System Concepts 9th Ed. Chapter 12: Mass-Storage Systems Overview of Mass-Storage Structure Disk Structure Disk Attachment Disk Scheduling
More informationStorage Technologies and the Memory Hierarchy
Storage Technologies and the Memory Hierarchy 198:231 Introduction to Computer Organization Lecture 12 Instructor: Nicole Hynes nicole.hynes@rutgers.edu Credits: Slides courtesy of R. Bryant and D. O Hallaron,
More informationComputer Architecture 计算机体系结构. Lecture 6. Data Storage and I/O 第六讲 数据存储和输入输出. Chao Li, PhD. 李超博士
Computer Architecture 计算机体系结构 Lecture 6. Data Storage and I/O 第六讲 数据存储和输入输出 Chao Li, PhD. 李超博士 SJTU-SE346, Spring 2018 Review Memory hierarchy Cache and virtual memory Locality principle Miss cache, victim
More informationSession: Hardware Topic: Disks. Daniel Chang. COP 3502 Introduction to Computer Science. Lecture. Copyright August 2004, Daniel Chang
Lecture Session: Hardware Topic: Disks Daniel Chang Basic Components CPU I/O Devices RAM Operating System Disks Considered I/O devices Used to hold data and programs before they are loaded to memory and
More informationChe-Wei Chang Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Chang Gung University
Che-Wei Chang chewei@mail.cgu.edu.tw Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, Chang Gung University l Chapter 10: File System l Chapter 11: Implementing File-Systems l Chapter 12: Mass-Storage
More informationStorage. Hwansoo Han
Storage Hwansoo Han I/O Devices I/O devices can be characterized by Behavior: input, out, storage Partner: human or machine Data rate: bytes/sec, transfers/sec I/O bus connections 2 I/O System Characteristics
More informationWhere Have We Been? Ch. 6 Memory Technology
Where Have We Been? Combinational and Sequential Logic Finite State Machines Computer Architecture Instruction Set Architecture Tracing Instructions at the Register Level Building a CPU Pipelining Where
More informationCS 201 The Memory Hierarchy. Gerson Robboy Portland State University
CS 201 The Memory Hierarchy Gerson Robboy Portland State University memory hierarchy overview (traditional) CPU registers main memory (RAM) secondary memory (DISK) why? what is different between these
More informationComputer Organization and Structure. Bing-Yu Chen National Taiwan University
Computer Organization and Structure Bing-Yu Chen National Taiwan University Storage and Other I/O Topics I/O Performance Measures Types and Characteristics of I/O Devices Buses Interfacing I/O Devices
More informationChapter 12: Mass-Storage
Chapter 12: Mass-Storage Systems Chapter 12: Mass-Storage Systems Revised 2010. Tao Yang Overview of Mass Storage Structure Disk Structure Disk Attachment Disk Scheduling Disk Management Swap-Space Management
More informationLecture: Storage, GPUs. Topics: disks, RAID, reliability, GPUs (Appendix D, Ch 4)
Lecture: Storage, GPUs Topics: disks, RAID, reliability, GPUs (Appendix D, Ch 4) 1 Magnetic Disks A magnetic disk consists of 1-12 platters (metal or glass disk covered with magnetic recording material
More informationChapter 6. Storage & Other I/O
Chapter 6 Storage & Other I/O 5 components of a Computer Computer Processor (active) Control ( brain ) Datapath ( brawn ) Memory (passive) (where programs, data live when running) Devices Input Output
More informationECE331: Hardware Organization and Design
ECE331: Hardware Organization and Design Lecture 29: an Introduction to Virtual Memory Adapted from Computer Organization and Design, Patterson & Hennessy, UCB Overview Virtual memory used to protect applications
More informationCSE 451: Operating Systems Spring Module 12 Secondary Storage
CSE 451: Operating Systems Spring 2017 Module 12 Secondary Storage John Zahorjan 1 Secondary storage Secondary storage typically: is anything that is outside of primary memory does not permit direct execution
More informationLecture 18: Memory Systems. Spring 2018 Jason Tang
Lecture 18: Memory Systems Spring 2018 Jason Tang 1 Topics Memory hierarchy Memory operations Cache basics 2 Computer Organization Computer Processor Memory Devices Control Datapath Input Output So far,
More informationModule 1: Basics and Background Lecture 4: Memory and Disk Accesses. The Lecture Contains: Memory organisation. Memory hierarchy. Disks.
The Lecture Contains: Memory organisation Example of memory hierarchy Memory hierarchy Disks Disk access Disk capacity Disk access time Typical disk parameters Access times file:///c /Documents%20and%20Settings/iitkrana1/My%20Documents/Google%20Talk%20Received%20Files/ist_data/lecture4/4_1.htm[6/14/2012
More informationReadings. Storage Hierarchy III: I/O System. I/O (Disk) Performance. I/O Device Characteristics. often boring, but still quite important
Storage Hierarchy III: I/O System Readings reg I$ D$ L2 L3 memory disk (swap) often boring, but still quite important ostensibly about general I/O, mainly about disks performance: latency & throughput
More informationContents. Memory System Overview Cache Memory. Internal Memory. Virtual Memory. Memory Hierarchy. Registers In CPU Internal or Main memory
Memory Hierarchy Contents Memory System Overview Cache Memory Internal Memory External Memory Virtual Memory Memory Hierarchy Registers In CPU Internal or Main memory Cache RAM External memory Backing
More informationCSCI-UA.0201 Computer Systems Organization Memory Hierarchy
CSCI-UA.0201 Computer Systems Organization Memory Hierarchy Mohamed Zahran (aka Z) mzahran@cs.nyu.edu http://www.mzahran.com Programmer s Wish List Memory Private Infinitely large Infinitely fast Non-volatile
More informationMass-Storage Structure
Operating Systems (Fall/Winter 2018) Mass-Storage Structure Yajin Zhou (http://yajin.org) Zhejiang University Acknowledgement: some pages are based on the slides from Zhi Wang(fsu). Review On-disk structure
More informationStorage Devices for Database Systems
Storage Devices for Database Systems 5DV120 Database System Principles Umeå University Department of Computing Science Stephen J. Hegner hegner@cs.umu.se http://www.cs.umu.se/~hegner Storage Devices for
More informationComputer Architecture Computer Science & Engineering. Chapter 6. Storage and Other I/O Topics BK TP.HCM
Computer Architecture Computer Science & Engineering Chapter 6 Storage and Other I/O Topics Introduction I/O devices can be characterized by Behaviour: input, output, storage Partner: human or machine
More informationCMSC 611: Advanced Computer Architecture
CMSC 611: Advanced Computer Architecture, I/O and Disk Most slides adapted from David Patterson. Some from Mohomed Younis Main Background Performance of Main : Latency: affects cache miss penalty Access
More informationCSE 451: Operating Systems Spring Module 12 Secondary Storage. Steve Gribble
CSE 451: Operating Systems Spring 2009 Module 12 Secondary Storage Steve Gribble Secondary storage Secondary storage typically: is anything that is outside of primary memory does not permit direct execution
More informationToday: Secondary Storage! Typical Disk Parameters!
Today: Secondary Storage! To read or write a disk block: Seek: (latency) position head over a track/cylinder. The seek time depends on how fast the hardware moves the arm. Rotational delay: (latency) time
More informationComputer Science 146. Computer Architecture
Computer Architecture Spring 2004 Harvard University Instructor: Prof. dbrooks@eecs.harvard.edu Lecture 21: Multithreading and I/O Lecture Outline HW#5 on webpage Project Questions? Tale of two of multithreaded
More informationCS152 Computer Architecture and Engineering Lecture 19: I/O Systems
CS152 Computer Architecture and Engineering Lecture 19: I/O Systems April 5, 1995 Dave Patterson (patterson@cs) and Shing Kong (shing.kong@eng.sun.com) Slides available on http://http.cs.berkeley.edu/~patterson
More informationLecture 13. Storage, Network and Other Peripherals
Lecture 13 Storage, Network and Other Peripherals 1 I/O Systems Processor interrupts Cache Processor & I/O Communication Memory - I/O Bus Main Memory I/O Controller I/O Controller I/O Controller Disk Disk
More informationMonday, May 4, Discs RAID: Introduction Error detection and correction Error detection: Simple parity Error correction: Hamming Codes
Monday, May 4, 2015 Topics for today Secondary memory Discs RAID: Introduction Error detection and correction Error detection: Simple parity Error correction: Hamming Codes Storage management (Chapter
More informationComputer Systems. Memory Hierarchy. Han, Hwansoo
Computer Systems Memory Hierarchy Han, Hwansoo Random-Access Memory (RAM) Key features RAM is traditionally packaged as a chip. Basic storage unit is normally a cell (one bit per cell). Multiple RAM chips
More informationChapter 6. Storage and Other I/O Topics. ICE3003: Computer Architecture Fall 2012 Euiseong Seo
Chapter 6 Storage and Other I/O Topics 1 Introduction I/O devices can be characterized by Behaviour: input, output, storage Partner: human or machine Data rate: bytes/sec, transfers/sec I/O bus connections
More informationWednesday, April 25, Discs RAID: Introduction Error detection and correction Error detection: Simple parity Error correction: Hamming Codes
Wednesday, April 25, 2018 Topics for today Secondary memory Discs RAID: Introduction Error detection and correction Error detection: Simple parity Error correction: Hamming Codes Storage management (Chapter
More informationChapter 6. I/O issues
Computer Architectures Chapter 6 I/O issues Tien-Fu Chen National Chung Cheng Univ Chap6 - Input / Output Issues I/O organization issue- CPU-memory bus, I/O bus width A/D multiplex Split transaction Synchronous
More informationUNIT 2 Data Center Environment
UNIT 2 Data Center Environment This chapter provides an understanding of various logical components of hosts such as file systems, volume managers, and operating systems, and their role in the storage
More informationNAND Flash-based Storage. Jin-Soo Kim Computer Systems Laboratory Sungkyunkwan University
NAND Flash-based Storage Jin-Soo Kim (jinsookim@skku.edu) Computer Systems Laboratory Sungkyunkwan University http://csl.skku.edu Today s Topics NAND flash memory Flash Translation Layer (FTL) OS implications
More informationCS 471 Operating Systems. Yue Cheng. George Mason University Fall 2017
CS 471 Operating Systems Yue Cheng George Mason University Fall 2017 Review: Memory Accesses 2 Impact of Program Structure on Memory Performance o Consider an array named data with 128*128 elements o Each
More informationData Storage and Disk Structure
Data Storage and Disk Structure A Simple Implementation of DBMS One file per table Students(name, id, dept) in a file Students A meta symbol # to separate attributes Smith#123#CS Johnson#522#EE Database
More informationCS3600 SYSTEMS AND NETWORKS
CS3600 SYSTEMS AND NETWORKS NORTHEASTERN UNIVERSITY Lecture 9: Mass Storage Structure Prof. Alan Mislove (amislove@ccs.neu.edu) Moving-head Disk Mechanism 2 Overview of Mass Storage Structure Magnetic
More informationAdapted from instructor s supplementary material from Computer. Patterson & Hennessy, 2008, MK]
Lecture 17 Adapted from instructor s supplementary material from Computer Organization and Design, 4th Edition, Patterson & Hennessy, 2008, MK] SRAM / / Flash / RRAM / HDD SRAM / / Flash / RRAM/ HDD SRAM
More informationCENG3420 Lecture 08: Memory Organization
CENG3420 Lecture 08: Memory Organization Bei Yu byu@cse.cuhk.edu.hk (Latest update: February 22, 2018) Spring 2018 1 / 48 Overview Introduction Random Access Memory (RAM) Interleaving Secondary Memory
More informationChapter 6. Storage and Other I/O Topics
Chapter 6 Storage and Other I/O Topics Introduction I/O devices can be characterized by Behavior: input, output, storage Partner: human or machine Data rate: bytes/sec, transfers/sec I/O bus connections
More informationIntroduction to I/O and Disk Management
1 Secondary Storage Management Disks just like memory, only different Introduction to I/O and Disk Management Why have disks? Ø Memory is small. Disks are large. Short term storage for memory contents
More informationIntroduction to I/O and Disk Management
Introduction to I/O and Disk Management 1 Secondary Storage Management Disks just like memory, only different Why have disks? Ø Memory is small. Disks are large. Short term storage for memory contents
More informationV. Mass Storage Systems
TDIU25: Operating Systems V. Mass Storage Systems SGG9: chapter 12 o Mass storage: Hard disks, structure, scheduling, RAID Copyright Notice: The lecture notes are mainly based on modifications of the slides
More information