Buses, Video, and Upgrades

Transcription

1 Unit 9 Buses, Video, and Upgrades Copyright 2005 Heathkit Company, Inc. All rights reserved.

2 CPU Parallel Port Memory Keyboard Controller Video Adapter The Data Bus System Controller 2

3 CPU Memory Keyboard Controller Video Adapter System Controller 3

4 CPU Memory Video Adapter 4

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6 Expansion Buses Copyright 2005 Heathkit Company, Inc. All rights reserved.

7 What is a Bus? Signal Pathways A way of passing information between components inside and outside the computer. A modular way of expanding the functions or capabilities of the computer. 7

8 PC Bus Architectures ISA MCA EISA VL-Bus PCI AGP PCI Express PC Card 8

9 The Original IBM PC Bus Introduced on the original IBM PC 8- bit data path 4.77-MHz clock 8 Interrupts - Only one of which was available for expansion boards. 4 DMA Channels - Only one of which was available for expansion boards. 9

10 The Original IBM PC Bus 8-Bit Card 8-Bit Slot 10

11 Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) Bus Introduced on the IBM AT Computer 16-bit data path Backward compatible with IBM-PC Bus 8-MHz clock 15 Interrupts 7 DMA Channels 11

12 Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) Bus 16-Bit Card 16-Bit Slot 8-Bit Section Added Pins 12

13 Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) Bus 8-Bit Card 16-Bit Slot 13

14 Micro-Channel Architecture (MCA) Bus Introduced on the IBM PS/2 16-bit or 32-bit data path 10-MHz clock Configured by software rather than by jumpers or switches Not compatible with the ISA bus Bus Mastering 14

15 Bus Mastering Allows data to be passed from one device to another without CPU intervention. Allows a controller card to take control of the bus, leaving the CPU free to concentrate on other tasks. 15

16 Bus Mastering vs. DMA DMA can send data from peripheral to RAM or from RAM to peripheral, without the intervention of the CPU. Bus Mastering can send data from peripheral to peripheral, without the intervention of the CPU. 16

17 Extended ISA Bus (EISA) The industry s answer to the MCA bus Backward compatible with ISA 16-bit or 32-bit data path 8-MHz Clock Configured by software, not jumpers or switches Bus Mastering 17

18 CPU High Speed CPU Bus Low Speed I/O Bus BUS Controller ISA Bus Slots 18

19 CPU High Speed CPU Bus Local Bus Slots BUS Controller Low Speed I/O Bus ISA Bus Slots 19

20 VESA Local Bus (VL-Bus) Clock speed same as the processor 32-bit data path Regular ISA slot with local bus connector added Bus Mastering 20

21 Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) Developed for Pentium-class processors 32-bit and 64-bit data path versions 33-MHz Clock Processor Independent Plug and Play with Bus Mastering 21

22 Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) Bus 22

23 Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP) Developed for high speed graphics cards Frees the PCI bus from making video transfers Used only for video cards Considered a port rather than a bus 66 MHz, 32-Bit 23

24 Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP) 24

25 The PC Card 25

26 PC Card Personal Computer Memory Card International Association (PCMCIA) Originally designed for adding memory to portable computers A universal bus that can accommodate any type of device Can be used with desktop PCs with the proper adapter Hot Swapping capability 26

27 What is the Universal Serial Bus? 27

28 Feature... It s an external expansion bus using cables (outside the PC). Can daisy chain 127 peripherals to a port 28

29 Feature... Plug-and-Play, hot-pluggable, automatic configuration USB 1 provides 12 megabits/second data transfer rate USB 2 provides 480 Mbps USB peripherals can be powered by the USB bus (+5 volts DC). 29

30 Feature... Standardized connectors Five meter-long peripheral connections 30

31 Ordinary USB Peripherals Cartridge, Tape, and Floppy Drives Modems Printers, Scanners ISDN, T1 Interfaces (Network Applications) Input devices such as Mice, Joysticks, Keyboards, Graphics Tablets Multimedia Game Equipment 31

32 Not So Ordinary USB Peripherals Digital Cameras Digital Speakers Video Monitors Biometric Security Devices Multi-User Games Digital Audio Devices 32

33 More Not So Ordinary USB Peripherals Hubs CTI Devices Telephony (PBX, Digital Telephones) 33

34 Video Systems and Monitors Copyright 2005 Heathkit Company, Inc. All rights reserved.

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40 Horizontal Deflection Coils 40

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45 Horizontal Scanning Frequency The number of lines per second scanned by the monitor. Varies from about 15 KHz to over 50 KHz. A popular scan rate is 31.5 KHz. At this rate, one horizontal line is scanned in microseconds. 45

46 The Horizontal Scanning Frequency is determined by the Horizontal Sync Signal. 46

47 Vertical Deflection Coil 47

48 Vertical Retrace 48

49 Vertical Scanning Frequency (Refresh Rate) The number of times per second that the whole screen is scanned. Varies from about 50Hz to over 100Hz. Popular vertical scan rates are 60Hz and 70Hz. At 70Hz, the entire screen is painted in about milliseconds. 49

50 The Vertical Scanning Frequency is determined by the Vertical Sync Signal. 50

51 The Screen Refresh Rate 43 Hz 60 Hz 72 Hz 75 Hz 51

52 Interlaced Mode 60 Hz 52

53 Different resolutions often use different scan frequencies. Resolution Horizontal Freq. Vertical Freq. 640x KHz 60Hz 800x KHz 72Hz 1024x KHz 87Hz 53

54 The Screen Resolution Resolution Colors 320 x 200 4, x x x , 256, 32K, 64K, 16 Million 800 x , 32K, 64K, 16 Million 1024 x , 32K, 64K, 16 Million 1280 x , 32K, 64K, 16 Million 54

55 Resolution vs. Monitor Size Monitor Size 13-inch 14-inch 15-inch 17-inch 21-inch Max Useful Resolution 640 x x x x x

56 Measuring Screen size Screen size is measured diagonally. 56

57 Vertical Size Aspect Ratio = Horizontal Size Vertical Size Horizontal Size 57

58 The LCD Display The LCD is the second most common type of display technology. LCDs offer several advantages: Flat display area Low power Larger viewable area 58

59 Advantages Generally more expensive than comparable CRT display. Resolutions can be less than a comparable CRT. LCD displays do not: Emit electromagnetic radiation Have high voltages present in the chassis. 59

60 Available for both desktop and notebook. Two common LCD technologies: Active-Matrix Analog is common on smaller low cost displays Active-Matrix Digital is used in larger high-end displays. 60

61 LCDs use a unique material called liquid crystal. Liquid Crystal has properties similar to water and crystal. By applying a voltage, the amount of light can be controlled. Color LCDs use color filters to create the color display. 61

62 Transparent Glass Plate Liquid Crystal Molecules Transparent Electrode 62

63 Components of the modern color LCD display include: A liquid crystal panel A backlight as a light source A thin film transistor (TFT) array Polarizing filers on both sides of the display. 63

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65 Consider before selecting an LCD More difficult to switch resolutions. Analog LCD panels can use existing video card and connector. LCD may not have sufficient color depth. Many don t react as quickly as CRTs. 65

66 Large screen LCD monitors are becoming a real display option. LCD monitors offer several advantages: Larger effective viewing area Produce a higher precision image Flexible mounting options No electromagnetic emissions. 66

67 Is an LCD suitable? Evaluate panel at native and other required resolutions. Does existing video card support required features? Support for analog and DVI inputs? Contrast ratio high enough? 67

68 Working with Monitors Copyright 2005 Heathkit Company, Inc. All rights reserved.

69 Picture Adjustments Reset Button Degauss 69

70 Horizontal Size 70

71 Horizontal Position 71

72 Vertical Size Vertical Size 72

73 Vertical Position Vertical Position 73

74 Pin Cushion 74

75 Bow 75

76 1 5 VGA 6 10 Cable End Pin Signal Pin Signal Red Green Blue Ground Display Data Channel Ground Red Ground Green Ground Blue Ground No Connection Sync Ground Ground Serial Data Horizontal Sync Vertical Sync (VCLK) Serial Clock 76

77 Opening a Monitor to Repair It 77

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79 Basic Video Troubleshooting 101 Is the monitor turned on? Is the monitor s AC cord plugged in? Turn up brightness/contrast controls. Check the video cable. 79