Creating Energy Efficient Computers Marius Grannæs

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1 Creating Energy Efficient Computers Marius Grannæs

2 Microcontrollers & Radios EFM32 Gecko Microcontrollers... the world s most energy friendly microcontrollers EFR Draco Radios... the world s most energy friendly radios 2

3 Why Does Energy Efficiency Matter? 1. The Environment 2. Long lasting gadgets 3. Cost of battery / Replacing battery 4. Impossible to replace battery 3

4 Battery life vs energy consumption Energy = Power Time Power Ac.ve Mode Power Time Total energy consump.on = Ac.ve + Sleep mode energy Sleep Mode Power 4

5 Dynamic Power Consumption Caused by switching transistors Decreases with smaller feature size Caused when switching from a 1 to a 0 Dynamic Voltage and Frequency Scaling PDynamic Capacitanc e Frequency 2 Voltage 5

6 Maximum frequency depends on Voltage 6 Core i5-2500k (Sandy Bridge 32nm)

7 Dynamic Voltage and Frequency Scaling Dynamic power can be rewritten as: PDynamic Capacitance Frequency 3 Ø Most modern high performance processors use Dynamic Voltage and Frequency Scaling (DVFS) Ø Change operating voltage and frequency on the fly depending on demand. Typically max rating down to around 1 GHz 7

8 Static Power Consumption Caused by leaking transistors Increases with smaller feature size Turning the power off PStatic = C 8

9 9 Where Can We Make A Difference?

10 How to Achieve Low Power Consumption Ø Low leakage process technology Ø Power efficient MCU core Ø The right IP Std. Cell library (FLASH and RAM) 10

11 11 Choosing the Right Process Technology

12 ARM Cortex-M3 Cortex-M3 highlights High performance, low power platform 1.25 DMIPS/MHz 3.32 CoreMark/MHz Scalability for future products Software/tool compatible with Cortex-M Thumb-2 Instruction Set 30% smaller code than 8-bit devices Typically 90 % 16-bit instructions Fewer instruction fetches Protection Unit Embedded Trace Macrocell 12

13 13 Code size comparison using relative EEMBC CoreMark test size.

14 Clocks and Oscillators 1,7,11,14,21,(28) MHz HFRCO 4-24/32/48 MHz HFXO 32 khz LFRCO khz LFXO 14 MHz AUXHFRCO CG TIMER DIV CG USART CG ADC HFCLK CG AES DIV CG EBI CG DMA CPU Bus System CG LETIMER DIV LFACLK CG DIV DIV LCD CG RTC CG PCNT LESENSE CG LFBCLK CG LEUART0 DIV LEUART1 DIV CG LESENSE Flash Write 1 khz ULFRC Trace Out HFPER HFCORE LFA LFB WDOG 14

15 EM0: Run Mode: 220 µa/mhz = 21 hours CPU and Clock Management Energy Management ARM Cortex-M3 processor Flash Program RAM Debug Interface Protection Unit DMA High Freq Crystal Osc Low Freq Crystal Osc Watchdog Oscillator High Freq Low Freq Auxiliary Voltage Regulator Power-on Reset Voltage Comparator Brown-out Detector Serial Interfaces USART Low Energy UART UART I2C External Bus Interface External Interrupt 32-bit Bus Peripheral Reflex System I/O Ports Timers and Triggers Analog Modules General Purpose I/O Pin Reset Timer/ Low Energy Timer Pulse Peripheral Reflex System Real Time Watchdog ADC LCD Controller DAC Analog Comparat or Security AES 15

16 EM1 Sleep mode: 45 µa/mhz = 104 hours CPU and Clock Management Energy Management ARM Cortex-M3 processor Flash Program RAM Debug Interface Protection Unit DMA High Freq Crystal Osc Low Freq Crystal Osc Watchdog Oscillator High Freq Low Freq Auxiliary Voltage Regulator Power-on Reset Voltage Comparator Brown-out Detector Serial Interfaces USART Low Energy UART UART I2C External Bus Interface External Interrupt 32-bit Bus Peripheral Reflex System I/O Ports Timers and Triggers Analog Modules General Purpose I/O Pin Reset Timer/ Low Energy Timer Pulse Peripheral Reflex System Real Time Watchdog ADC LCD Controller DAC Analog Comparat or Security AES 16

17 EM2 Deep Sleep Mode: 900nA = 29 years CPU and Clock Management Energy Management ARM Cortex-M3 processor Flash Program RAM Debug Interface Protection Unit DMA High Freq Crystal Osc Low Freq Crystal Osc Watchdog Oscillator High Freq Low Freq Auxiliary Voltage Regulator Power-on Reset Voltage Comparator Brown-out Detector Serial Interfaces USART Low Energy UART UART I2C External Bus Interface External Interrupt 32-bit Bus Peripheral Reflex System I/O Ports Timers and Triggers Analog Modules General Purpose I/O Pin Reset Timer/ Low Energy Timer Pulse Peripheral Reflex System Real Time Watchdog ADC LCD Controller DAC Analog Comparat or Security AES 17

18 EM3: Stop Mode : 600nA = 42 years CPU and Clock Management Energy Management ARM Cortex-M3 processor Flash Program RAM Debug Interface Protection Unit DMA High Freq Crystal Osc Low Freq Crystal Osc Watchdog Oscillator High Freq Low Freq Auxiliary Voltage Regulator Power-on Reset Voltage Comparator Brown-out Detector Serial Interfaces USART Low Energy UART UART I2C External Bus Interface External Interrupt 32-bit Bus Peripheral Reflex System I/O Ports Timers and Triggers Analog Modules General Purpose I/O Pin Reset Timer/ Low Energy Timer Pulse Peripheral Reflex System Real Time Watchdog ADC LCD Controller DAC Analog Comparat or Security AES 18

19 EM4: Shutoff Mode : 20nA = 100 years+ CPU and Clock Management Energy Management ARM Cortex-M3 processor Flash Program RAM Debug Interface Protection Unit DMA High Freq Crystal Osc Low Freq Crystal Osc Watchdog Oscillator High Freq Low Freq Auxiliary Voltage Regulator Power-on Reset Voltage Comparat or Brown-out Detector Serial Interfaces USART Low Energy UART UART I2C External Bus Interface External Interrupt 32-bit Bus Peripheral Reflex System I/O Ports Timers and Triggers Analog Modules General Purpose I/O Pin Reset Timer/ Low Energy Timer Pulse Peripheral Reflex System Real Time Watchdog ADC LCD Controller DAC Analog Comparat or Security AES 19

20 Peripheral Reflex System ARM Cortex-M processor Z Z Z Reflex Producers Reflex Consumers Timer GPIO ADC DAC Peripheral Reflex System 4 ch 8 ch 8 ch 12 ch 12 ch ZERO ARM Cortex- M0+ TINY ARM Cortex- M3 GECKO ARM Cortex- M3 LEOPARD ARM Cortex- M3 GIANT ARM Cortex- M3 12 ch WONDER ARM Cortex- M4 FPU 20

21 Autonomous Sound Loop Z Z Z TIMER 44 khz CPU Peripheral Reflex System Reflex Signals DMA Trigger ADC ADC Sample DATA Trigger DAC DAC 21

22 Creating Great Software Save power by using the hardware properly! What do you really need? EM3 29 Years EM2 23 Years EM1 13 Days EM0 2,7 Days 22

23 Creating Great Software 1. Energy Friendlyness is an attitude! 2. Explore Early. Once the code is written, it won t change. 3. Hardware resources are often, but not always, cheaper. 4. What is the minimum resources I need at this point? 5. Polling vs Interrupts vs DMA 6. Profile your code to find bugs and opportunities. 23

24 Sampling the ADC CPU + TIMER [EM0] CPU + ADC [EM0] While () { While (TIMER->CNT < 100) {} Sample = ADC->DATA; TIMER->CNT = 0; } TIMER [EM1] PRS [EM1] ADC [EM1] DMA [EM1] [EM1] RTC [EM2] CPU [EM0] PRS ADC [EM1] CPU [EM0] [EM0] 24

25 Sampling the ADC II More Power Less Power TIMER PRS ADC DMA [EM1] [EM1] [EM1] [EM1] [EM1] RTC CPU ADC CPU [EM2] [EM0] [EM1] [EM0] [EM0] Less Power More Power PRS 25

26 Summer intern positions open!

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