Datacenter Storage with Ceph

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1 Datacenter Storage with Ceph John Spray jcsp on #ceph-devel

2 Agenda What is Ceph? How does Ceph store your data? Interfaces to Ceph: RBD, RGW, CephFS Latest development updates Datacenter Storage with Ceph OSDC.de 2015

3 What is Ceph? Highly available resilient data store Free Software (LGPL) 10 years since inception Flexible object, block and filesystem interfaces Especially popular in private clouds as V image service, and S3-compatible object storage service. Datacenter Storage with Ceph OSDC.de 2015

4 A general purpose storage system You feed it commodity disks and ethernet In return, it gives your apps a storage service It doesn't lose your data It doesn't need babysitting It's portable Datacenter Storage with Ceph OSDC.de 2015

5 Interfaces to storage OBJECT STORAGE RGW S3 & Swift ulti-tenant Keystone Geo-Replication Native API BLOCK STORAGE RBD Snapshots Clones OpenStack Linux Kernel iscsi FILE SYSTE CephFS POSIX Linux Kernel CIFS/NFS HDFS Distributed etadata Datacenter Storage with Ceph OSDC.de 2015

6 Ceph Architecture (how your data is stored) Datacenter Storage with Ceph OSDC.de 2015

7 Components APP HOST/V CLIENT RGW A web services gateway for object storage, compatible with S3 and Swift RBD A reliable, fullydistributed block device with cloud platform integration CEPHFS A distributed file system with POSIX semantics and scaleout metadata management LIBRADOS A library allowing apps to directly access RADOS (C, C++, Java, Python, Ruby, PHP) RADOS A software-based, reliable, autonomous, distributed object store comprised of self-healing, self-managing, intelligent storage nodes and lightweight monitors

8 Components APP HOST/V CLIENT RGW A web services gateway for object storage, compatible with S3 and Swift RBD A reliable, fullydistributed block device with cloud platform integration CEPHFS A distributed file system with POSIX semantics and scaleout metadata management LIBRADOS A library allowing apps to directly access RADOS (C, C++, Java, Python, Ruby, PHP) RADOS A software-based, reliable, autonomous, distributed object store comprised of self-healing, self-managing, intelligent storage nodes and lightweight monitors

9 RADOS Reliable Autonomous Distributed Object Store

10 RADOS Components OSDs: 10s to 10000s in a cluster One per disk (or one per SSD, RAID group ) Serve stored objects to clients Intelligently peer for replication & recovery onitors: aintain cluster membership and state Provide consensus for distributed decisionmaking Small, odd number These do not serve stored objects to clients

11 Object Storage Daemons OSD OSD OSD OSD xfs ext4 btrfs FS FS FS FS DISK DISK DISK DISK

12 Rados Cluster APPLICATION RADOS CLUSTER

13 Where do objects live? APPLICATION OBJECT??

14 A etadata Server? APPLICATION 1 2

15 Calculated placement A-G APPLICATION F H-N O-T U-Z

16 CRUSH: Dynamic data placement Pseudo-random placement algorithm Fast calculation, no lookup Repeatable, deterministic Statistically uniform distribution Stable mapping Limited data migration on change Rule-based configuration Infrastructure topology aware Adjustable replication Weighting

17 CRUSH: Replication DATA RADOS CLUSTER

18 CRUSH: Topology-aware placement RACK A RACK B RADOS CLUSTER

19 CRUSH is a quick calculation DATA RADOS CLUSTER

20 Simple language CRUSH rules Specify which copies go where (across racks, servers, datacenters, disk types) rule <rule name> { ruleset <ruleset name> type <replicated erasure> step take <bucket type> step [choose chooseleaf] [firstn indep] <N> <type> step emit }

21 Pools and Placement Groups Trick: apply CRUSH placement to fixed number of placement groups instead of N objects. anage recovery/backfill at PG granularity: less per-object metadata. Typically a few 100 PGs per OSD Pool is logical collection of PGs, using a particular CRUSH rule

22 Recovering from failures OSDs notice when their peers stop responding, report this to monitors onitors make decision that an OSD is now down Peers continue to serve data, but it's in a degraded state After some time, monitors mark the OSD out New peers selected by CRUSH, data is re-replicated across whole cluster Faster than RAID rebuild because we share the load Does not require administrator intervention

23 RADOS advanced features Not just puts and gets! ore feature rich than typical object stores Partial object updates & appends Key-value stores (OAPs) within objects Copy-on-write snapshots Watch/notify to for pushing events Extensible with Object Classes: perform arbitrary transactions on OSDs.

24 Choosing hardware Cheap hardware mitigates cost of replication OSD data journalling: a separate SSD is useful. Approx 1 SSD for every 4 OSD disks. OSDs are more CPU/RA intensive than legacy storage: approx 8 or so per host. any cheaper servers better than few expensive: distribute the load of rebalancing. Consider your bandwidth/capacity ratio and your read/write ratio

25 Interfaces to applications: RGW, RBD, and CephFS Datacenter Storage with Ceph OSDC.de 2015

26 Components APP HOST/V CLIENT RGW A web services gateway for object storage, compatible with S3 and Swift RBD A reliable, fullydistributed block device with cloud platform integration CEPHFS A distributed file system with POSIX semantics and scaleout metadata management LIBRADOS A library allowing apps to directly access RADOS (C, C++, Java, Python, Ruby, PHP) RADOS A software-based, reliable, autonomous, distributed object store comprised of self-healing, self-managing, intelligent storage nodes and lightweight monitors

27 RBD: Virtual disks in Ceph RADOS Block Device: Storage of disk images in RADOS Decouples Vs from host Images are striped across the cluster (pool) Snapshots Copy-on-write clones Support in: ainline Linux Kernel ( ) Qemu/KV OpenStack, CloudStack, OpenNebula, Proxmox

28 Storing virtual disks 28 V HYPERVISOR LIBRBD RADOS CLUSTER

29 Architectural Components APP HOST/V CLIENT RGW A web services gateway for object storage, compatible with S3 and Swift RBD A reliable, fullydistributed block device with cloud platform integration CEPHFS A distributed file system with POSIX semantics and scaleout metadata management LIBRADOS A library allowing apps to directly access RADOS (C, C++, Java, Python, Ruby, PHP) RADOS A software-based, reliable, autonomous, distributed object store comprised of self-healing, self-managing, intelligent storage nodes and lightweight monitors

30 RGW: HTTP object store RADOSGW: REST-based object storage proxy Compatible with S3 and Swift applications Uses RADOS to store objects API supports buckets, accounts Usage accounting for billing

31 RADOS Gateway APPLICATION APPLICATION REST RADOSGW LIBRADOS RADOSGW LIBRADOS socket RADOS CLUSTER

32 Architectural Components APP HOST/V CLIENT RGW A web services gateway for object storage, compatible with S3 and Swift RBD A reliable, fullydistributed block device with cloud platform integration CEPHFS A distributed file system with POSIX semantics and scaleout metadata management LIBRADOS A library allowing apps to directly access RADOS (C, C++, Java, Python, Ruby, PHP) RADOS A software-based, reliable, autonomous, distributed object store comprised of self-healing, self-managing, intelligent storage nodes and lightweight monitors

33 Ceph Filesystem (CephFS) POSIX-compliant shared filesystem Client: Userspace (FUSE) or Kernel Looks like like a local filesystem Sends data directly to RADOS etadata server: Filesystem metadata: Directory hierarchy Inode metadata (owner, timestamps, mode) Stores metadata in RADOS Does not serve file data to clients

34 Storing Data and etadata LINUX HOST KERNEL ODULE metadata data RADOS CLUSTER

35 CephFS Advanced features: Subdirectory snapshots Recursive statistics ultiple metadata servers Coming soon: Online consistency checking Scalable repair/recovery tools

36 CephFS in practice ceph-deploy mds create myserver ceph osd pool create fs_data ceph osd pool create fs_metadata ceph fs new myfs fs_metadata fs_data mount -t cephfs x.x.x.x:6789 /mnt/ceph Datacenter Storage with Ceph OSDC.de 2015

37 Beyond Replication: Erasure Coding and Cache Tiering Datacenter Storage with Ceph OSDC.de 2015

38 Cache Tiering Use one Ceph pool as a cache to another: e.g. Flash cache to a spinning disk pool Configurable policies for eviction based on capacity, object count, lifetime. Configurable mode: writeback: all client I/O to the cache readonly: client writes to backing pool, reads from the cache

39 Erasure Coding Split objects into data chunks and K parity chunks, with configurable and K An alternative to replication, providing a different set of tradeoffs: Consume less storage capacity Consume less write bandwidth Reads scattered across OSDs odifications are expensive Plugin interface for encoding schemes

40 Cache Tiering + EC Client I/O replica 1 Pool cache replica 2 replica 3 200% overhead Writeback cache policy Pool cold 66% overhead K1 K2

41 Example: Cache Tiering & EC # ceph osd erasure-code-profile set ecdemo k=3 m=2 # ceph osd pool create cold erasure ecdemo # ceph osd pool create cache # ceph osd tier add cold cache # ceph osd tier cache-mode cache writeback # ceph osd tier set-overlay cold cache

42 What's new? Datacenter Storage with Ceph OSDC.de 2015

43 Ceph 0.94 Emperor Firefly Giant Hammer Infernalis Jewel Datacenter Storage with Ceph OSDC.de 2015

44 RADOS Performance: more IOPs exploit flash backends exploit many-cored machines CRUSH straw2 algorithm: reduced data migration on changes Cache tiering: read performance, reduce unnecessary promotions Datacenter Storage with Ceph OSDC.de 2015

45 RBD Object maps: per-image metadata, identifies which extents are allocated. optimisation for clone/export/delete. andatory locking: prevent multiple clients writing to same image Copy-on-read: improve performance for some workloads Datacenter Storage with Ceph OSDC.de 2015

46 RGW S3 object versioning API when enabled, all objects maintain history GET ID+version to see an old version Bucket sharding spread bucket index across multiple RADOS objects avoid oversized OAPs avoid hotspots Datacenter Storage with Ceph OSDC.de 2015

47 CephFS Diagnostics & health checks Journal recovery tools Initial online metadata scrub Refined ENOSPC handling Soft client quotas General hardening and resilience

48 Finally... Datacenter Storage with Ceph OSDC.de 2015

49 Get involved Evaluate the latest releases: ailing list, IRC: Bugs: Online developer summits: Datacenter Storage with Ceph OSDC.de 2015

50 Ceph Days Ceph Day Berlin is next Tuesday! Axica Convention Center April

51 Datacenter Storage with Ceph OSDC.de 2015

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