The global e-infrastructure for research

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1 The global e-infrastructure for research Pushing the boundaries of innovation The e-infrastructure in an international perspective European Commission Information Society and Media

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3 Table of Contents Innovation without boundaries... 4 European projects Worldwide reach Research for all Conclusions LEGAL NOTICE Neither the European Commission nor any person acting on its behalf is responsible for the use which might be made of the information contained in the present publication. The European Commission is not responsible for the external web sites referred to in the present publication. The views expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official European Commission s view on the subject. European Union,2010. Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged.

4 1 Innovation without boundaries In the new geography of science, innovation and discovery have no fixed home. Instead, international partnerships of researchers are needed to address global scientific challenges, particularly those with a high societal and economic impact. Information and communication technology based infrastructures, commonly known as ICT- or e-infrastructures, play a crucial role in supporting collaboration among scientists. Europe s e-infrastructures allow the best and brightest to work together simultaneously in global virtual research communities this is the new paradigm for 21st century research. What are e-infrastructures? e-infrastructures are collections of ICT-based resources used by the research and education community to work on projects collaboratively and to exchange, preserve and process information, producing knowledge. These resources consist of computing technologies, including PCs, supercomputers, storage systems or instruments such as sensors, and are distributed in the sense that they belong to many research organisations and businesses in locations across the world. A connecting backbone of high speed Internet links brings all these resources together. 4

5 Europe s e-infrastructure operates on top of GÉANT 1, a high-speed network of internet cables operated solely for research and education. Projects such as Enabling Grids for E-sciencE (EGEE 2 ) use the GÉANT network as the foundation on which to run their services. Global power, local benefits e-infrastructures support society as a whole. They allow local problems, which could not be solved without external help, to be tackled on a global scale by connecting researchers to shared computational, data and software resources around the world from almost anywhere. By creating the capability and services for seamless, international collaboration, research can tackle the very small, the very big and the very complex scientific, societal and economic issues, as well as bridge the digital divide between less developed areas. 5

6 2European projects As a world leader in developing and maintaining e-infrastructures, Europe has become a hot spot for innovation and research. This creates many jobs for Europe s best and brightest, fosters research projects that benefit the whole globe and provides a model for e-infrastructure creation in other regions of the world. Some of the EU funded flagship e-infrastructures projects with an international dimension are listed below. Backbone network GÉANT is the world-leading, high bandwidth pan-european backbone network. Directly connecting to GÉANT are the National Research and Education Networks (NRENs) that provide connectivity to a total of 40 countries across Europe. GÉANT spans the breadth of the continent from Ireland in the West, to Russia in the East and from Iceland in the North, to Israel in the South. GÉANT directly connects to other high speed networks with links to the Americas, the Mediterranean, Central Asia, Asia-Pacific and will in the future also connect 6

7 to Southern and Eastern Africa. GÉANT links researchers all over the world and is utilised for a wide range of research projects from particle physics and astronomy to archaeology and climate change. GÉANT is co-funded by the European Commission (EC) and Europe s NRENs. Besides the important role it plays in bringing national academic Internet networks together, the EC funding is needed to upgrade Europe s research and education networking infrastructure and boost Europe s research competitiveness. DANTE, Delivery of Advanced Network Technology to Europe, is responsible for planning, building and managing the GÉANT network. FEDERICA 3 is a two-and-a-half-year European project to implement an experimental network infrastructure based on the NREN/GÉANT2 networks for trialling new networking technologies. This infrastructure is intended to be agnostic as to the type of protocols, services and applications that may be trialled, whilst allowing disruptive experiments to be undertaken. The aim is to develop mechanisms that will allow such experiments to be run over existing production networks without adverse effect. Grids of computers Europe s largest grid infrastructure European Grid Initative, or EGI 4, brings together scientists and engineers from more than 140 institutions in 50 countries world-wide to provide a seamless grid infrastructure that is available 24 hours-a-day. This infrastructure currently processes up to 300,000 jobs per day from scientific domains ranging from biomedicine to fusion science. EGI s grid is ideal for any scientific research, especially for projects where the time and resources needed for running the applications are considered impractical when using traditional IT infrastructures. EGI now coordinates the infrastructure constructed by EGEE. Grids of supercomputers DEISA 5, Distributed European Infrastructure for Supercomputing Applications, is a consortium of national supercomputing centres that runs an always-on, production quality distributed supercomputing environment. The purpose of this research infrastructure is to 7

8 enable scientific discovery across a broad spectrum of science and technology by enhancing and reinforcing European capabilities in the area of high performance computing. This has been created through a deep integration of existing national high-end platforms, tightly coupled by a dedicated network and supported by an innovative system and grid software. DEISA is linked with TeraGrid, a similar network of supercomputing centres in the United States, by a common, scalable file system. With this connection, any scientist, accessing TeraGrid from any of the participating sites in the US, or accessing DEISA from any of the DEISA sites in Europe can directly and transparently create or access collaborative data stored in the linked file systems with one common address space. Applications executed at any of the participating sites can transparently access data in the common file address space. Projects benefiting from DEISA s infrastructure range from high energy physics and astrophysics, to biomedical applications and climate research. Data OpenAIRE 6, the Open Access pilot was launched in August 2008 following the request of EU Member States to experiment with open access to scientific data and publications resulting from projects funded by the EU Research Framework Programmes in order to assess the appropriateness of adopting specific contractual requirements. The OpenAire project will provide an electronic infrastructure supporting mechanisms for the identification, deposit, 8

9 access, and monitoring of FP7 and ERC funded articles. In order to help attracting users to the platform the project is establishing a European Helpdesk System. DRIVER-II 7 aims at delivering a pan-european infrastructure of federated scientific repositories. It uses open standards and supports complex information of all disciplines. Digital repositories will make information - both published and experimental data-widely available and used, supporting new paradigms for research. The heterogeneous landscape of scientific repositories in Europe will benefit from efforts looking for interoperation at technical level of many different national or institutional initiatives. Support BELIEF 8, Bringing Europe s electronics Infrastructure to Expanding Frontiers, builds and promotes communication between grid-interested members of academia and industry in Europe, India, South Africa and South America. It identifies key application areas of gridbased and other electronic infrastructures and the problems, technical and other, in weaving electronic infrastructures with the corresponding applications. The BELIEF project has also developed and maintains a multimedia digital library as part of its dissemination remit. 9

10 3Worldwide reach Europe s leading role in the field of e-infrastructures has triggered global interest. As a result, most regions of the world are now connected to European ICT infrastructures. Mediterranean and Black Sea 10 Three projects currently operate in the Mediterranean. EUMEDCONNECT2 9, the second phase of the EUMEDCONNECT project, is a highcapacity dedicated Internet network for the research and education communities across the southern Mediterranean, allowing approx. 2 million users at around 700 institutions in North Africa and the Middle East to collaborate with their peers in Europe and beyond thanks to its interconnection with the pan-european GÉANT network. EUMEDCONNECT2 is jointly funded by the European Commission and the Mediterranean partners to reduce the digital disparity between the two shores of the Mediterranean. The network facilitates collaborative research and education activities across a wide range of disciplines that are relevant and valuable to the Mediterranean region (e-health, e-learning, water management, climate change studies, preservation of cultural heritage etc). EUMEDCONNECT2 will run until late Efforts are underway to identify new funding sources and to develop organisational models to lead to long-term stability and sustainability. At the EU-MED3 Event on 31 March in Brussels the formation of ASREN (Arab States Research and Education Network) was announced - a legal entity to be created under the auspices of the Arab League and the United Nation s Global Alliance for ICT and Development (GAID); ASREN sets out to widen its geographical footprint by connecting other Arab national research and education networks (NRENs) in addition to the current seven EUMEDCONNECT2 member countries: Algeria, Egypt, Jordan, Morocco, Palestine, Syria and Tunisia. The EUMEDGRID 10 initiative successfully set up the first grid computing infrastructure for research in the Mediterranean area, which became part of the Enabling Grids for E-sciencE project and was integrated with analogous initiatives in the Balkans, North Europe, Latin America and Far-East Asia.

11 The CAMREN consortium (Consortium of Arab Mediterranean Research and Education Networks) promotes research networks and collaborations in the Arab Mediterranean Countries, seeking to extend the work of EUMEDCONNECT and the EUMEDGRID projects eastward. The CAMREN approach is aiming to make a step forward from bilateral agreements to the vision of peaceful cooperation in the Mediterranean Area and in the Middle East. SEE-GRID-SCI 11, South East Europe-GRID e-infrastructure for regional escience, is committed to ensuring equal participation of the less-resourced countries in the region. The project uses the SEE e-infrastructure to enable new scientific collaborations among user communities. The previous South-East European e-infrastructure initiatives SEEREN and its successor SEEREN2 worked to improve the infrastructure and generate leading-edge technologies. The SEEREN projects successfully established a regional network connection to GÉANT. The BSI 12, Black Sea Interconnection, project is helping to bridge the digital divide between the South Caucasus countries and Europe by establishing a regional research and education network that links Georgia, Azerbaijan and Armenia with GÉANT. A connection to the pan- 11

12 European GÉANT enables the introduction of new services to the region and is an important step towards the integration of the scientific potential in the region with Europe. Central Asia CAREN 13, Central Asia Research and Education Network, is an EC-funded project that started in 2009 to extend high capacity research networking to Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. The present user communities in these countries are served by low speed satellite connections supplied through the SILK project. CAREN hopes to significantly upgrade these links to support more data-intensive applications and an increasing number of researchers and students. Latin and South America Latin America is linked to international infrastructures through RedCLARA. The ALICE2 14, América Latina Interconectada Con Europa, project is jointly funded by the European Union and National Research and Education Networks (NRENs) of 18 Latin American countries (i.e. CLARA). It interconnects the Latin American NRENs by means of a regional backbone network and establishes a direct Internet connection between the RedCLARA backbone and the pan-european backbone network, GÉANT. 12

13 CLARA 15, Cooperacíon Latino Americana de Redes Avançadas, connects more than 700 universities and research centres in Latin America. CLARA s fundamental objective is to integrate a regional telecommunications network - of higher technology - with the national academic networks of the region. EVALSO 16, Enabling Virtual Access to Latin-America Southern Observatories, has the strategic objective to integrate the ever growing instrumental grid emerging worldwide of the world-class facilities created in Chile by the European Astronomical Community. These represent an investment of many hundred million Euros that will be exploited in the next decades. The consortium will create a physical infrastructure (and the tools to exploit it) to efficiently connect these facilities to Europe. The infrastructure will be complementary to the international infrastructures created in the last years with the EC support (Red-CLARA, ALICE, GÉANT) and will be another step in the creation in Latin America of an advanced instrumentation grid. Asia The Indian Department of Information Technology, part of the Government of India, has funded the Centre for Development of Advanced Computing to deploy the nationwide computational grid GARUDA 17. The project s first phase, which ended in Spring 2008, connected 17 institutions across the country in a nation-wide grid for research labs and industry. The project s second phase will introduce more users applications in to the infrastructure, provide a Service Oriented architecture, improve network stability and upgrade grid resources. The EU-IndiaGrid 18 project worked from 2006 until the end of January 2009 to foster collaboration between researchers from Europe and India in a wide range of scientific areas supporting interconnectivity between the European Grid Infrastructure and GARUDA. TEIN3 19, Trans-Eurasia Information Network, is the third generation of the first large-scale research and education network for the Asia-Pacific. TEIN3 already connects researchers and academics in China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Laos, Malaysia, Nepal, Pakistan, the Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam and Australia. Bangladesh, Bhutan and Cambodia are in the process of getting connected, bringing the total number of partners involved in TEIN3 to 19. With direct connectivity to Europe s GÉANT network, TEIN3 offers Asia-Pacific a gateway for global collaboration, enabling over 45 million users at more than 8000 research and academic centres to participate in joint projects with their peers in Europe and other parts of the world. Supported by 12m from the European Commission and with substantial funding and capacity from the Asian partners, the TEIN3 network will operate until Efforts are currently underway to develop funding models for long-term sustainability and to transfer management to Asian ownership. Chinese and European research and education networks are also linked by ORIENT 20, Oriental Research Infrastructure to European Networks. ORIENT, coordinated by DANTE 13

14 in Europe and CERNET 22, China Education and Research Network, in China, links over 200 Chinese universities and research organisations with an overland route via Siberia to GÉANT. The ORIENT link is operated in close cooperation with TEIN3. Africa Eastern and Southern Africa are connected by the UbuntuNet Alliance 22. Since affordable bandwidth is a major concern in Africa, this alliance seeks, on a non-profit basis, to improve interconnectivity to a level that allows NREN participants in Africa to access research information and resources on a level footing with other research and education networks worldwide. The Alliance is an association of Sub-Saharan African NRENs from Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Rwanda and South Africa, dedicated to developing regional research networking in Africa. North America Since 2002, the GÉANT network has linked European researchers with their North American counterparts using networks like Internet2, ESnet and CANARIE. These high speed connections together with national, networking, grid, supercomputing and middleware initiatives support the use of e-infrastructures to advance cross-continent collaborative research between North America and Europe, on the back of national science and research initiatives. Today the main North American research and education networks are Internet2, NLR, ESnet and CANARIE. The DICE, GÉANT-DANTE-Internet2-CANARIE-ESnet, initiative facilitates trans-atlantic cooperation, hosting regular technical meetings to give engineers the opportunity to discuss issues of common interest, helping the participants to build a more complete picture of the international context in which they operate. These meetings have given rise to workshops and ongoing collaboration within the GÉANT technical programme. Worldwide users of e-infrastructures 14 Some projects are worldwide in their reach and have an impact on global e-infrastructures that extends beyond their regional area. DESY 23, the Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron (German Electron Synchrotron), for example, develops, builds and operates large accelerator facilities that investigate the structure of matter. The research programme is not restricted to the facilities in Hamburg and Zeuthen. DESY is closely involved in a number of major

15 international projects, including the Silk Project which provides connectivity to GÉANT from NRENs of the eight Newly Independent States (NISs) of the Caucasus and Central Asia, and of Afghanistan. The EXPReS 24, Express Production Real-time e-vlbi Service, project aims to create a distributed astronomical instrument of continental and intercontinental dimensions using the European VLBI, Very Long Baseline Interferometry, Network. EXPReS s objectives are to connect up to 16 of the world s most sensitive radio telescopes on six continents (United States, Asia, South Africa, Australia, and South America) to the central data processor of the European VLBI Network at the Joint Institute for VLBI in Europe, JIVE. Among other goals, the project aims to promote and demonstrate the way in which communication research networks can be used to create enhanced, large-scale distributed scientific facilities and organise interaction between radio astronomers, engineers, network operators and grid computing experts. Without high-speed networks and the global reach of this connectivity, the EXPReS project would not be possible. Before the birth of GÉANT and other networks, the data was sent between research sites taking nearly three months. Today, using high capacity networks, this data can be transferred at real time. The main connectivity players are five national research networks: AARNet in Australia, DANTE in the UK, the Poznan Supercomputing and Networking Center in Poland and SURFnet in The Netherlands. CERN 25, the European Organisation for Nuclear Research, has recently completed building the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), the biggest scientific experiment ever undertaken. By colliding particles at extremely high energies, the LHC s experiments will generate energy equivalent to 70,000 times that of a nuclear explosion, and create conditions similar to those experienced just after the Big Bang. It will produce roughly 15 Petabytes (15 million Gigabytes) of data annually, following the launch in This huge amount of data needs to be distributed to processing centres around the world, for quick and efficient analysis. High bandwidth networks such as the pan-european GÉANT and other local and national networks have collaborated to create an Optical Private Network with bandwidth specifically reserved for LHC researchers. Data generated by the LHC will be distributed from CERN to 11 primary processing sites, each connected to CERN by a dedicated high bandwidth path allowing researchers all over the world to quickly and easily access this groundbreaking data. Telemedicine, using high speed Internet networks, allows remote medical diagnosis and the sharing of expertise across countries and continents. It can be used to train surgeons through video links and bring together experts on an international scale to collaborate on global epidemics. Previously these benefits were the province of richer countries telemedicine opens this up to many other regions too. The TEIN3 network has allowed the Asia-Kyushu Advanced Medical Network in Japan to extend its reach to other South Asian countries, as well as other world locations, to remotely train on a number of surgical techniques, including keyhole surgery. In Latin America, telemedicine is also using the RedCLARA and GÉANT networks to provide healthcare services in underdeveloped regions of Colombia and Brazil by connecting to experts located remotely, sometimes as far as Germany and Italy. 15

16 4Research for all Problems that are global in scale cannot be solved locally, they require global collaboration. Issues such as environmental degradation, natural disaster prevention, sustainable growth, global warming, digital inclusion, the fight against poverty, cybercrime, supporting an aging population and mitigating global pandemics all deserve special attention and cannot be treated as regional issues. It is important to promote a global dialogue that aims to direct the research agenda along these themes. The European Commission s active role in supporting such work over the last few years has helped collaboration in international research and education evolve swiftly in tandem with the gradual but impressive deployment of large bandwidth networks and high-performance computing. Projects with a global impact Global virtual research communities are created by combining expertise from around the world. This gives projects access to new working and organisational methods in the research and scientific world. Harnessing this knowledge and using the global networking infrastructure, is causing an emergence of inter-continental collaboration, and aiding discoveries that benefit society as a whole. Some of this work would otherwise not be possible. Several such projects are particularly outstanding. ORIENT link supports earthquake aid work 16 Following the major earthquake in China s Sichuan province, May 2008, the ORIENT project s high capacity data communication route, linking the research and education networks of China and Europe, played a pivotal role in the reconstruction of the area. The Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology needed high resolution images and data from unexplored, devastated areas of Sichuan. The images were used to identify the extent of the earthquake s impact and to aid post-disaster reconstruction. They were also used to help improve the existing practices of the European Commission, World Bank and United Nations by developing toolkits for aid workers from

17 these organisations for use in future reconstruction of areas affected by natural disasters The high bandwidth ORIENT link was used to transport satellite images of the areas devastated by the earthquake from the European Commission s Joint Research Centre in Italy, directly to those leading the relief work in China. By pooling international knowledge, assistance can be provided to regions affected by global disasters by contributing to speeding up the reconstruction of infrastructure and saving human lives. 17

18 Bird flu cure from collaboration between Asia and Europe In mid-2003 an outbreak of the highly pathogenic strain H5N1 of the avian flu became endemic in several Asian countries. With nearly 400 cases reported and approximately 250 avian flu deaths it was vital to find a treatment. Thanks to e-infrastructures and projects like EGEE, BioinfoGRID, WISDOM and EMBRACE, scientists across Europe and Asia joined in work to launch a new attack against the deadly virus, harnessing the combined power of over 40,000 computers in 45 countries. This involved the analysis of over 500,000 drug-like molecules and powerful computing systems play a key role in discovering new drug. For the docking of compounds against eight target structures of the avian flu Neuraminidase of H5N1 influenza 2,000 computers were used during four weeks, elaborating the amount of data equivalent of 100 years on a single computer. Around 200 molecules with the potential to become drugs were identified. This accelerated the discovery of novel potent inhibitors by minimising the non-productive trial-and-error approach in a laboratory. CIRCE and Millennium Simulations research global climate change Climate change is an increasingly critical issue that affects, by its very nature, the entire planet. The Millennium project, co-ordinated by the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology in Germany, has applied a state-of-the-art Earth System model, including an interactive Carbon Cycle, to simulate the climate from the last millennium and into the future ( AD). Taking into account natural factors, such as the earth s orbit and solar and volcanic variations, man-made land-use factors and greenhouse gas effects, the model gives scientists a better picture of climate variability. Historical data, such as tree rings, corals, written descriptions or pictures, have been used as input for the climactic reconstructions. A sophisticated videorendering machine converts the resulting data into visual information for scientists to analyse. 18

19 The Earth System model is executable only on high-performance computers, employing many processors in parallel made possible by GÉANT, EGEE and DEISA. CIRCE is another climate change research project relying on the networking infrastructure in Europe. This scientific team is working towards predicting and quantifying the impacts of climate change in the Mediterranean region. The consequences of climate change on agriculture, forests, ecosystems, human health and air quality are evaluated in oceanographic, meteorological, ecological, economic and societal models. The comprehensive set of data, describing the physical impacts of climate change, can be used to assess the consequences of climate change for human society and ecosystems. It is the immense bandwidth available through grids and research networks that make this data transfer possible. Saving lives by typhoon forecasting GÉANT and TEIN3 provide a stable and reliable network connection between the Deutsche Wetterdienst (DWD) in Germany and PAGASA, its counterpart in the Philippines. They play a vital role in the timely transmission of global meteorological data, thus allowing accurate typhoon forecasting and live-saving weather warnings. Malaria treatment research across Europe, Asia and Mediterranean Malaria is one of the world s biggest killers with one million deaths per year and 250 million clinical cases reported each year. Over 90% of malaria cases are found in Africa, but this may spread with an altering climate. The WISDOM initiative, a collaboration of eight core institutions in five countries, began searching for anti-malaria drugs in 2005 using a gridpowered software program to screen for potential drug-leads, searching for small moleculescalled ligands-that could bind to and disable the malaria protein plasmepsin. The search for this perfectly matched ligand led the WISDOM team to perform 41 million dockings, screening a million molecules and then discarding all but the 30 most promising molecules. This select handful then moved off-screen: undergoing in vitro evaluation in a laboratory. Remarkably, all 30 computer-selected ligands were able to inhibit plasmepsin in the lab, even at nanomolar concentrations. Now these 30 ligands have advanced to the next stage: in vivo testing in living cultures of the malaria parasite. The next step will be to test for toxicity in animal cells. If the ligands are safe, the collaboration can begin to pursue new drug approval. Classical pharmaceutical research often requires 15 years for a drug to be developed and approved but thanks to grid-power, the WISDOM team have fast-forwarded this process and are already in the development stage after just three years of research. 19

20 Saving lives through groundbreaking drug discovery Funded by the EU, the ITHANET project is facilitating research into thalassaemia, by helping clinicians on both sides of the Mediterranean share medical expertise, bringing about a clear improvement in the treatment of this blood-related disorder, which is particularly common amongst populations in the Mediterranean basin. Work is underway to develop drug-based alternatives to expensive and frequently unsafe blood transfusion therapy a compute-intensive exercise that relies on high-capacity networks such as GÉANT and EUMEDCONNECT2. 20

21 5 Conclusions Global research is in the midst of a revolution, underpinned by advanced communication infrastructures. European achievements, such as the world-class pan-european research network GÉANT, have successfully connected researchers from every corner of the globe, harnessing talent in leading scientific projects and bringing benefits to people all over the world. The advances in grid infrastructures encourage new partnerships, resource sharing and widen the availability of scientific data. These e-infrastructures support the emergence of global virtual research communities, allowing collaboration independent of geography, thus enabling scientific excellence and ultimately, economic and social well-being in Europe and around the world. However, this is just the beginning, the e-infrastructure will grow, enabling ever closer collaboration. A significant amount of work is on the horizon: e-infrastructure applications such as telemedicine and distance education will benefit society in Africa, a region that is struggling to connect the communities separated by huge distances. Connectivity in Africa continues to be either very expensive or not available at all and this needs to be improved. In Asia as well, from technological miracle countries, such as China and India, to less developed regions, such as Nepal, Cambodia, Myanmar, working towards uniting Asian infrastructures is vital to closing the Asian digital divide. Central Asia too can be helped to realise its scientific potential by interconnections with Europe. Connections between existing infrastructures and the realisation of new connections and services will be important in developing these regions because they give access to significant computing resources, processing power, data access and data storage. Such access puts these vital technological tools in to the hands of innovating researchers. e-infrastructures are valuable, not only for Europe, but for the entire world - enabling collaborative initiatives and discoveries that, just a few years ago, were impossible. 21

22 References caren.dante.net 14. alice.dante.net zms.desy.de Editorial Board Catherine Gater CERN, Switzerland EGEE-III Tiziana Lombardo Metaware, Italy BELIEF-II Paul Maurice DANTE, UK GÉANT2 Melanie Pankhurst - DANTE, UK GÉANT2 Danielle Amy Venton - CERN, Switzerland EGEE-III 22 This publication is supported by EC funding under the 7th Framework Programme for Research and Technological Development (FP7). This document has been prepared within the framework of the BELIEF-II, EGEE-III and GÉANT2 projects. The views expressed in this document are solely those of the BELIEF-II,EGEE-III and GÉANT2 projects and are, under no circumstances, those of the European Commission and its affiliated organisations and bodies.

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24 The global e-infrastructure for research Pushing the boundaries of innovation European Commission Information Society and Media KK EN-N doi: /30549

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