Reducing Energy Consumption with
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1 Reducing Energy Consumption with Passive Cooling Ian Cathcart, RCDD Technical Support Manager Technical Support Manager Chatsworth Products, Inc.
2 Thermal Management: Mission Critical Data center heat loads are ever-increasing Skyrocketing energy costs are eating up IT and Facilities budgets Diminishing energy reliability Data Center Cooling 2006 Warning Normal Critical From 2000 to 2006, the total electricity consumption of data centers more than doubled. It now represents an estimated 1.5 percent of the US total electricity use. Source: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
3 Sources of Data Center Energy Consumption What else contributes tib t to the heat tload dthat tmust tbe factored in to estimate the total AC requirement? EYP Missions Critical Facilities Inc., New York
4 Industry Standard Terms and Definitions ACRONYM CMH CRAC CRAH PUE Delta T (ΔT ) HVAC that means. Cubic Meters per Hour Computer Room Air Conditioner (used for water-side economization) Computer Room Air Handler (used for air-side economization) Power Usage Effectiveness Change in Temperature Heating, Ventilation & Air Conditioning
5 Data Center Standards POWER USAGE EFFECTIVENESS (PUE) PUE = Total Facility Power IT Load Utility Company POWER IN Total Facility Power Power Switchgear UPS Battery Back-Up POWER IN IT Load Servers Storage Telco Equipment Cooling Chillers CRACs
6 Standard Layout for Under Floor Cable Pathway TIA-942 Standard Data cable tray should run down hot aisle and be 20 mm from bottom of floor tile Power cables and conduit should be below data cables and run in the cold aisle Overhead placement is ideal. CRAC/CRAHs should be placed across from the hot aisles CRAC CRAC ELECTRICAL AND POWER LINES C A B I N N E T S DATA CABLE TRAYS
7 How cool is your data center? Use an anemometer to measure air through floor tile and cumulative air through all equipment mounted in cabinet Measure temperature for hot spots any point over 27 C. ASHRAE & BICSI TIA Measure directly at server in-take Measure 125 mm off floor in center of cold aisle.
8 Determining Heat Loads and AC Requirements All major equipment manufacturers now have web bbased calculation l tools that provide more accurate power consumption data based on actual power measurements or estimation techniques: Heat Loads Airflow Requirements Power Requirements Conditions that influence power consumption: Configuration Utilization / Application Inlet Ambient Temperature Operating Voltage
9 Calculator Tools Beyond Best Practices! Calculator tools are used for electrical load and for air conditioning planning Tools give estimates but is no substitute for real-time measurements Make allowances for system upgrades The electrical distribution is less forgiving of overloads than mechanical cooling Power and cooling calculators give an accurate estimation of load based on hardware configuration and utilization Tool output is dependant on the accuracy of the input Recommend the use of power calculators and power meters Tools are not intended to replace real-time power measurements in the end user environment The more accurate the power consumption data, the more efficient i and reliable the electrical and cooling systems Minimize loss of service and excessive cost of operations
10 Pressure vs. Air Flow Velocity Relationship LESS FLOW GREATEST FLOW POTENTIAL IS MIDWAY BETWEEN CRAC UNITS LESS FLOW FASTER SLOWER SLOWER FASTER HIGHEST VELOCITY VELOCITY FLOW RATE AND PRESSURE INCREASE FARTHER AWAY FROM CRAC
11 Industry Standards: Data Center Layout Supply Air Plenum INEFFICIENT! Return Air Plenum More EFFICIENT What s still wrong? Return Air Plenum Cabinet Cabinet Cabinet Cabinet Slab Floor Supply Air Plenum
12 Typical Ducted Ceiling Distribution Building Supply and Return Air System Slab Floor
13 Industry Standards: Hot Aisle Cold Aisle Open Architecture Return Air Plenum HOT AISLE COLD AISLE HOT AISLE COLD AISLE Raised Floor
14 Industry Standards: Hot Aisle Cold Aisle Open Architecture Return Air Plenum 80 F CRACs 72 F Low Power Work Stations SERVER RACKS 50 F 44 F Water Raised Floor
15 CRAC Unit Placement Place CRAC Units at the ends of HOT AISLES. Close openings in cabinet rows to minimize recirculation. 2.4m min C R A C Cold Aisle Hot Aisle Cold Aisle C R A C
16 Inefficient CRAC Unit Placement 85 F C R A C 74 Perforated Floor Tiles C R A C Hot Spot CABINETS SEALED CABLE PANEL CUTOUTS 10 CABINETS Perforated Floor Tiles Design CRAC units on adjacent walls at right angles to each other RESULTS 1. Vortices created due to bent air streams 2. Hot return air crossing over into the cold aisle supply air 3. Reduced cold air return predictability 4. Unbalanced amount of air delivered through floor tiles 5. Hot spot on the far left cabinet on the bottom row
17 Efficient Cooling Unit Location 79 F SCALE CHANGE 6 F COOLER! C R A C Exact same total load and cooling! Perforated Floor Tiles 8 CABINETS 64 F SEALED CABLE PANEL CUTOUTS 8 CABINETS Perforated Floor Tiles 79 F C R A C Changes: 1. Cooling unit placement 2. Shortened each row from 10 cabinets to 8 cabinets to make room for the cooling units 3. Cabinet heat load raised from 3.4kW to 4.25kW due to cabinet reduction Results: 1. Hot Aisle uniform at 79 F 2. Cold aisle uniform at 64 F 3. No hot spots!
18 CRAC Unit Placement: The Small Room Exception Cold Aisle Hot Aisle Place CRAC Unit directly in front of the Cold Aisle side of the cabinet row. CRAC
19 Industry Standards: Limitations of Hot Aisle Cold Aisle HOT COLD HOT COLD AISLE AISLE AISLE AISLE Hot air recirculation from the hot aisle into the cold aisle Bypass airflow under the cabinets
20 Bypass Air Solutions How can you instantly increase your data center cooling capacity up to 40% By eliminating wasted bypass air! 1. Seal all unnecessary access floor openings around perimeter walls behind cooling units behind cabinets 2. Seal all sleeves and wall penetrations. 3. Use vented tiles on only in cold aisles.
21 Room Air Bypass and Re-Circulation Unsealed plenum raised floor cable cut-outs cause bypass and recirculation Cold Air bypassed floor tiles re-circulates around room Operator lowers CRAC/CRAH set points and adds more perforated floor tiles to overcome diluted d air
22 Room and Cabinet Air Flow Congestion Many data centers still not fully deploying hot and cold aisles. Power and data cables within raised floors can obstruct air flow. Power cabling should be routed either adjacent to or within the cold aisle. Data cabling should be routed adjacent to or within the hot aisle. Make sure cables within cabinets do not obstruct equipment exhaust air flow. Make sure cabinets have sufficient clearance space behind equipment for air flow.
23 Cabinet Air Re-Circulation Hot air re-circulates around the sides and top of the cabinets Hot air mixes with cold air increasing the server inlet air temperature. Blanking panels by themselves are not sufficient.
24 Bypass Air Solutions: Unsealed Room F small data center 2 rows of 10 cabinets Less than 3.5kW per cabinet average throughout room CRAC units sized correctly for the heat load C R A C Hot Spot Perforated Floor Tiles 10 CABINETS UNSEALED CABLE PANEL CUTOUTS 10 CABINETS Perforated Floor Tiles C R A C 2 open cable access tile cutouts measuring 5 x 9 in the back of each cabinet Notice Hot Spot on the cabinet at the left end of the bottom row Bypass Airflow is the main cause for Hot Spots! 57
25 Bypass Air Solutions: Sealed Room F SCALE CHANGE 15 F COOLER! C C R R A A C C small data center Perforated Floor Tiles 10 CABINETS SEALED CABLE PANEL CUTOUTS CABINETS 61 Perforated Floor Tiles C C R R A A C C Same conditions except sealed off cable panel cutouts! Unsealed Sealed 722 CMH 1100 CMH Random Hot Spots Less than optimal exhaust containment Warmer supply air 6 in front of cabinets Uniform Pattern Heat exhaust well contained Chilled supply air 6 in front of cabinets
26 Air Bypass and Recirculation Inefficiencies Typical data center supply air is % over-provisioned Average perforated tile airflow in a data center is ~ +/- 50% of the average airflow If a 2.8kW cabinet needs 750 CMH, to make up for typical losses the room airflow would be 750 CMH 2250 CMH. Average is 1500 CMH. Raised floor cable cut-outs typically cause % cold air to bypass server inlets!
27 The Cabinet s Place in the Data Center Why is the cabinet important?
28 Reducing Recirculation: Perforated Doors Have at least 64% Open Perforation front and rear metal cabinet doors to allow sufficient air flow.
29 Reducing Recirculation: Filler Panels and Air Dams Use Blanking Filler Panels and Air Dams to seal between, and around equipment. BAD Server Cabinet without blanking panels and air dams. GOOD Server
30 Reducing Recirculation: Snap-In Blanking Panels Snap-in tool-less installation saves significant labor costs. Attaches to square-punched equipment mounting rails Closes and seals open rack-mount spaces Prevents hot and cold air from mixing within the cabinet 1 RMU or 2 RMU high
31 Reducing Recirculation: Air Dams Seal Air Around Equipment Creates an airflow barrier between the door and equipment along the top, bottom and sides of the cabinet Guides cold air to equipment Prevents hot and cold air from mixing within the cabinet Attaches to the cabinet frame For systems that receive cold air through the front door of the cabinet
32 Changing the Cabinet Paradigm: Going Beyond Best Practices Old Paradigm - The cabinet is a box for housing IT equipment. New Paradigm The cabinet is an integral part of the Data Center architecture as an extension of the cooling system. Why? Because the cabinet is the architectural feature in the data center that secures the isolation between supply air and return air. Take airflow management beyond current best practices and open the door to numerous other benefits air containment.
33 Changing the Cabinet Paradigm: Going Beyond Best Practices Passive Cooling: Isolate Cabinet Return Air High Densities 0 30kW per Cabinet Supports extreme heat loads 30 kw and above Transfers equipment ΔT to the CRAC/CRAH Contains and prevents hot exhaust air from recirculating over or around cabinet and entering front of equipment Allows room to be flooded with cold air delivering uniform cold intake air temperatures to all equipment Allows CRAC/CRAH the be 100% efficient!
34 Changing the Cabinet Paradigm: Going Beyond Best Practices Vertical Exhaust Duct Isolates hot air from the room eliminating hot air recirculation over cabinets (between hot and cold aisles) Attaches to the top of 48 deep cabinets at the rear of the cabinet Guides hot exhaust air from the back of the cabinet to the space above a drop ceiling or to a hot air return duct. Eliminates the need for fans
35 Mechanics of Passive Cooling Vented Exhaust Duct System What makes it work? It s the Bernoulli Principle! 1. Chilled air is pulled into the server. 2. Exhaust air from bottom server is turned and increases in velocity as it rises. 3. Low pressure area forms along back side of cabinet. and pulls hot exhaust air from the other servers into the stream. H 4. Virtual constriction formed in exhaust duct. 5. Vena Contracta Effect in which air flow through the constriction increases in velocity and creates another low pressure area that t draws the hot air out of the cabinet! L
36 Changing the Cabinet Paradigm: Supports 4X Higher Heat and Power Densities 115 F Traditional Hot taisle Cold ldaisle Layout in a 109 Mixed Environment of HD and LD cabinets Floor Tiles Cabinets 20kW per cabinet Cabinets 2.5 to 3kW per cabinet Floor Tiles Cabinets 2.5 to 3kW per cabinet Cabinets 2.5 to 3kW per cabinet Floor Tiles Hot Spots Inconsistent Temperatures
37 Changing the Cabinet Paradigm: Supports 4X Higher Heat and Power Densities SCALE CHANGE 15 F COOLER! F Ceiling Cooling Grates Same Layout with Passive Cooling solution implemented! Floor Tiles Cabinets 20kW per cabinet Installed Ducted Cabinets Cabinets 2.5 to 3kW per cabinet Floor Tiles Cabinets 2.5 to 3kW per cabinet Cabinets 2.5 to 3kW per cabinet Floor Tiles No Hot Spots Ideal consistent temperature is created with PASSIVE COOLING solution! It s SIMPLY EFFICIENT!
38 Going Beyond Best Practices: The Problem with typical Cabinets The Problem with Typical Cabinets TYPICAL BETTER BEST Air re-circulates inside the cabinet and into the room. Installing air segregation accessories helps. Ducts remove hot air from the cabinet and room.
39 Going Beyond Best Practices Economization Economization Using the outside air temperature to cool the data center thereby reducing energy costs Chiller Plant Free Cooling Types of Economization Air-side Water-side Heat Recovery Wheel
40 Going Beyond Best Practices Air-Side Economization Large air handling units use outside air to cool the data center Use when the outside air temperature is lower than the return air It can be used instead of evaporative coils allowing the chiller plant to be turned off thus saving on energy costs. Advantage: Only energy cost is for fan power Disadvantages: Lack of Humidity control Potential concern associated with particle contamination
41 Going Beyond Best Practices: Increase Economization Through Higher Set Points 86 F Standard Data Center Temperature Variation
42 Going Beyond Best Practices: Increase Economization Through Higher Set Points Temperature Variations with Passive Cooling Zero standard deviation between the plenums!
43 Going Beyond Best Practices: Isolation Benefits Creates higher supply-to-return temperature differences (ΔT s). Increases CRAC cooling capacity 2X to 3X allowing use for higher equipment densities and energy cost savings. Equalizes room temperature creating a constant temperature situation. Equipment intake temps are the same from top to bottom across the cabinet. Allows increased room temperature and higher set-points on cooling equipment and chilled water temperatures, for more free cooling hours using low-cost economizers.
44 Going Beyond Best Practices: Isolation Benefits 100% cool air to flow through server intake 100% utilization of HVAC output 100% efficient. Containment eliminates hot aisles and mixing of hot and cold air in the room. Return containment is better than supply air containment: Safe operator environment - room temperatures within OSHA guidelines
45 Going Beyond Best Practices: Passive Cooling Ducted Systems It Just Doesn t Matter! Where you get your supply air! Where your CRAC Units are placed! What type of floor you have Slab or Raised! Which way your cabinets face There is no longer a HOT aisle! Which economization strategy you use! and it moves you one step closer to GREEN COMPUTING!
46 Month Year Days Hours Estimated Annual Economiser Hours For Dublin, Ireland Std DC w/ Water-side Economiser 100% Isolation w/ Water-side Economiser Scenario 100% Isolation w/ KyotoCooling Available Available Number of Hours Temperature Is Under 100% Isolation w/ Evap Air-side Economiser 3 C 15.5 C5 C 22 C 25 C 37 F DB 60 F DB 72 F DB 77 F WB January February March April May June July August September October November December Total Hours Total Days (Total Hours/24) Percentage of Total Hours 100.0% 4.3% 88.2% 100.0% 100.0%
47 Thank You! Questions? Ian Cathcart
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