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1 Cloud Computing Vania Marangozova-Martin ibd.forge.imag.fr

2 Some remarks on cloud definitions u Anonymous: [...] unfortunately the marketing guys got hold of the term before the technicians had known what Cloud Computing is [...] V.Marangozova-Martin IBD 2

3 Some cloud computing definitions u UCBerkeley RADLabs: Cloud computing has the following characteristics: (1) The illusion of infinite computing resources... (2) The elimination of an up-front commitment by Cloud users... (3). The ability to pay for use...as needed... à business perspective u Wikipedia: Cloud computing, also on-demand computing, is a kind of Internet-based computing that provides shared processing resources and data to computers and other devices on demand. It is a model for enabling ubiquitous, on-demand access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources" à technical perspective V.Marangozova-Martin IBD 3

4 Some cloud computing definitions (2) u Gartner:...a style of computing in which scalable and elastic IT-enabled capabilities are delivered as a service to external customers using Internet technologies. u National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Cloud computing is a model for enabling ubiquitous, convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (e.g., networks, servers, storage, applications, and services) that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or service provider interaction. V.Marangozova-Martin IBD 4

5 A more somplified definition u Cloud computing is a specialized form of distributed computing that introduces utilization models for remotely provisioning scalable and measured resources. From Cloud Computing: Concepts, Technology and Architecture, Thomas Erl, Prentice Hall, 2013 V.Marangozova-Martin IBD 5

6 Understanding Cloud Computing: A little bit of history u Utility computing: John McCarthy, 1961 v If computers of the kind I have advocated become the computers of the future, then computing may someday be organized as a public utility just as the telephone system is a public utility.... The computer utility could become the basis of a new and important industry. u 1990s, Salesforce.com pioneered the notion of bringing remotely provisioned services into the enterprise. u 2002, Amazon launched Amazon Web Services (AWS) v A suite of enterprise-oriented services that provide remotely provisioned storage, computing resources, and business functionality. u 2006, Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2) V.Marangozova-Martin IBD: Fundamental Cloud Computing 6

7 Drivers for cloud computing u u u Capacity Planning v the process of determining and fulfilling future demands of an organization s IT resources, products, and services Lead Strategy: adding capacity to an IT resource in anticipation of demand Lag Strategy: adding capacity when the IT resource reaches its full capacity Match Strategy: adding IT resource capacity in small increments, as demand increases Cost Reduction v A direct alignment between IT costs and business performance can be difficult to maintain Agility v v cost of acquiring new infrastructure cost of its ongoing ownership Businesses need to adapt and evolve to successfully face change respond to business change by scaling its IT resources V.Marangozova-Martin IBD: Fundamental Cloud Computing 7

8 Major Technology Innovations that made the cloud possible u Clustering v concept of built-in redundancy and failover u Grid Computing v more distributed, large-scale, ubiquitous, v cloud computing is a descendant V.Marangozova-Martin IBD: Fundamental Cloud Computing 8

9 Major Technology Innovations that made the cloud possible (2) u Virtualization v allows physical IT resources to provide multiple virtual images of themselves so that their underlying processing capabilities can be shared by multiple users. V.Marangozova-Martin IBD: Fundamental Cloud Computing 9

10 Enabling technologies u Broadband Networks and Internet Architecture u Data Center Technology u Web Technology u Multitenant Technology u Service Technology V.Marangozova-Martin IBD: Fundamental Cloud Computing 10

11 Terminology (1) u Cloud v distinct IT environment that is designed for the purpose of remotely provisioning scalable and measured IT resources v As a specific environment used to remotely provision IT resources, a cloud has a finite boundary V.Marangozova-Martin IBD: Fundamental Cloud Computing 11

12 Terminology (2) u IT Resource v a physical or virtual IT-related artifact that can be either software-based, or hardware-based V.Marangozova-Martin IBD: Fundamental Cloud Computing 12

13 Terminology (3) u Cloud Consumer v the party that uses cloud-based IT resources u Cloud Provider v the party that provides the IT resources V.Marangozova-Martin IBD: Fundamental Cloud Computing 13

14 Terminology (4) u Scaling v the ability of the IT resource to handle increased or decreased usage demands V.Marangozova-Martin IBD: Fundamental Cloud Computing 14

15 Cloud Characteristics u On-demand usage v the consumer decides what and how many IT resources he/she needs u Ubiquitous access v wide access (devices, protocols, ) to cloud services u Multitenancy (and resource pooling) v one instance serves different consumers v related to virtualzation v IT resources can be dynamically assigned and reassigned V.Marangozova-Martin IBD 15

16 Cloud Characteristics (2) u Elasticity v automated ability of a cloud to transparently scale IT resources v related to cost optimization u Measured usage v ability of a cloud platform to keep track of the usage of its IT resources, primarily by cloud consumers v related to cost management u Resiliency v distribution of redundant implementations of IT resources across physical locations V.Marangozova-Martin IBD 16

17 Cloud Deployment: Public-/Hybrid-/Private-Cloud V.Marangozova-Martin IBD 17

18 Private/public cloud u Private cloud is cloud infrastructure operated solely for a single organization v complex, costly, risky v but may improve business significantly u A cloud is called a "public cloud" when the services are rendered over a network that is open for public use. Public cloud services may be free. v Public cloud service providers like Amazon AWS, Microsoft and Google own and operate the infrastructure at their data center and access is generally via the Interne V.Marangozova-Martin IBD 18

19 Cloud Delivery Models u Infrastructure-as-a-Service(IaaS) u Platform-as-a-Service(PaaS) u Software-as-a-Service(SaaS) u Differ in what is provided to the consumer V.Marangozova-Martin IBD 19

20 V.Marangozova-Martin IBD 20

21 V.Marangozova-Martin IBD 21

22 IaaS u Include hardware, network, connectivity, operating systems, and other raw IT resources. u IaaS provides IT resources that are virtualized and packaged into bundles that simplify up-front runtime scaling and customization of the infrastructure V.Marangozova-Martin IBD 22

23 IaaS V.Marangozova-Martin IBD 23

24 IaaS V.Marangozova-Martin IBD 24

25 IaaS u Developers create virtual machines (VMs) on demand v They have full access to these VMs u Strengths: v Can control and configure environment v Familiar technologies u Weaknesses: v Must control and configure environment v Requires administrative skills to use V.Marangozova-Martin IBD 25

26 PaaS u PaaS represents a pre-defined ready-to-use environment typically comprised of already deployed and configured IT resources v predefined network, storage, computing services v predefined ways of using them v predefined development environments V.Marangozova-Martin IBD 26

27 PaaS V.Marangozova-Martin IBD 27

28 PaaS V.Marangozova-Martin IBD 28

29 PaaS u Developers provide an application, which the platform runs v They don t work directly with VMs u Strengths: v Provides higher-level services than IaaS v Requires essentially no administrative skills u Weaknesses: v Allows less control of the environment v Can be harder to migrate existing software V.Marangozova-Martin IBD 29

30 SaaS u A software program positioned as a shared, reusable cloud service V.Marangozova-Martin IBD 30

31 SaaS V.Marangozova-Martin IBD 31

32 Relational Storage u Traditional relational storage in the cloud v With support for SQL u Strengths: v Familiar technologies v Many available tools, e.g., for reporting v Limited data lock-in v Can be cheaper than on-premises relational storage u Weaknesses: v Scaling to handle very large data is challenging V.Marangozova-Martin IBD 32

33 No SQL Storage (Scale-out) u Massively scalable storage in the cloud u Strengths: v Scaling to handle very large data is straightforward v Can be cheaper than relational storage u Weaknesses: v Unfamiliar technologies v Few available tools v Significant data lock-in V.Marangozova-Martin IBD 33

34 Storage Blobs u Storage for Binary Large OBjects in the cloud v Such as video, back-ups, etc. u Strengths: v Globally accessible way to store and access large data v Can be cheaper than on-premises storage u Weaknesses: v Provides only simple unstructured storage V.Marangozova-Martin IBD 34

35 Cloud Overview IaaS Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2) PaaS Relationa l Scale-Out Windows Azure SQL Azure Windows Azure Tables App Engine Relational Database Service (RDS) SimpleDB Computing Storage Datastore Simple Storage Service (S3) Windows Azure Blobs Blobstore Elastic Beanstalk Hyper-V Cloud Eucalyptus IaaS Public Private Amazo n Micros oft Googl e VMwar e vcloud Cloud Foundry Frameworks Cloud Foundry Storage Blobs For Hosters: vcloud For Hosters: Hyper-V Cloud V.Marangozova-Martin IBD 35 Amazon Google Salesforce Microsoft VMWare AppForce VMForce Database.com

36 Cloud Costs u Cost metrics v Network Usage: inbound/outbound traffic, IP allocation, load-balancing, firewall traffic, v Server Usage how many VMs, how long v Storage Usage how much space, access rate (I/O) v Cloud Service Usage duration of usage, number of users, number of transactions V.Marangozova-Martin IBD 36

37 Cloud Hype u The cloud is cheaper u The cloud business model is growing at an unparalleled pace without any limit in sight u In the future everything will be on the cloud... can we find evidence to support, or refute, such claims? 37

38 Gartner Hype Cycle u Gartner, Inc. is an American information technology research and advisory firm providing technology related insight u Hype Cycle = representing the maturity, adoption and social application of specific technologies V.Marangozova-Martin IDS 38

39 Gartner Hype Cycle V.Marangozova-Martin IDS 39

40 Challenges to Adoption u Understanding of the Paradigm v Lack of agreement over what exactly constitutes cloud computing v Confusion over what benefits cloud computing will provide, and the trade-offs v Multi-Tenancy: How comfortable is an enterprise in storing its data in an environment shared with other customers? What is the risk and the mitigation for data leakage? v Outrageous Vendor Claims and Obfuscation of Challenges: Hinder understanding of cloud computing What exactly are we buying? 40

41 Challenges to Adoption (continued) u Understanding of the Paradigm (continued) v Role changes: The CIO (or equivalent) may need to evolve to a general contractor in many areas. v Lock-In: How difficult would it be to move large volumes of data to a different cloud (cloud provider)? This is both a procedural and a technical issue (format, bandwidth) 41

42 Challenges to Adoption (continued) u Implementation and Operations v Architecture: There is much disagreement over the necessary elements for a cloud technical architecture In addition, SOA is the best approach for interface to clouds, yet culture for SOA success is immature and poorly understood. Discussion over common cloud APIs, but none exist v Manageability: from the user perspective: Existing management tools do not seem to be able to track metrics for applications that may reside on a varying number of different systems 42

43 Challenges to Adoption (continued) u Implementation and Operations (continued) v Loss of control: Will business elements of the enterprise bypass the enterprise s IT organization? v Governance: Is governance antithetical to the concept of cloud? Will lack of governance aggravate problems already associated with lack of SOA governance? v Provisioning: For SaaS, how will applications and application components be provisioned? v Licensing: Vendors have been slow to develop appropriate models. v Confidence as to reliability, scalability, and security in public clouds 43

44 Challenges to Adoption (continued) u Implementation and Operations (continued) v Service-Level Agreements: There have been effectively no substantive guarantees from public cloud providers. 44

45 Challenges to Adoption (continued) u Security and Compliance v Threat Models: What new models arise in the cloud? Have we further aggravated issues already present within SOA and with standard computing vulnerabilities? v Cross-Domain Security: How does an organization extend or federate its authentication and authorization mechanisms into the cloud? v Data-at-Rest Security: What encryption and segregation mechanisms are provided? v Auditability: Can access to the data be audited? 45

46 Challenges to Adoption (continued) u Security and Compliance (continued) v Accreditation in the Cloud: How can you tell a cloud is secure? Is there governing policy and procedures to accredit a cloud? What processes and controls must be in place? (Preaccredited clouds may actually simplify this process) 46

47 Challenges to Adoption (continued) u Security and Compliance (continued) v v Compliance: May preclude cloud paradigm in some cases due to: Physical chain of custody requirements Regulatory requirements Physical Location: Do you know what country your cloud resides in? Would you know if it changed? What compliance requirements change? Is there governing law that recognizes the paradigm? u Conclusions: v v There are many challenges to adoption of the cloud paradigm Public clouds and private clouds have different sets of challenges, with some overlap 47

48 The last word u Joni Mitchell summed it up best: I've looked at clouds from both sides now From up and down, and still somehow It's cloud illusions I recall... I really don't know clouds at all u The cloud is a very complex marketplace and evolving rapidly. v Economics are the key v But nobody really understands cloud economics v There are many barriers to entry 48

49 References u Cloud Computing: Concepts, Technology and Architecture, Thomas Erl, Prentice Hall, 2013 v u Ken Birman CS5412/2015sp/Syllabus.htm V.Marangozova-Martin IBD 49

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