High Availability through Warm-Standby Support in Sybase Replication Server A Whitepaper from Sybase, Inc.
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1 High Availability through Warm-Standby Support in Sybase Replication Server A Whitepaper from Sybase, Inc.
2 Table of Contents Section I: The Need for Warm Standby...2 The Business Problem...2 Section II: Sybase Replication Server Supports Warm Standby...3 High-Availability Solutions...3 Hardware-Based Solutions...3 Software-Based Solutions...4 Warm-Standby Considerations...5 Replication of Multidatabase Transactions...6 Switch-Over Processing...7 Limitations...8 The Next Step...8 Summary...9
3 Section I: The Need for Warm Standby The Business Problem Businesses today are faced with the critical need to ensure the availability and continuous operation of their business systems in spite of potential failures ranging from disk crashes and CPU failures to catastrophic losses of their computing facilities or communications networks. According to Gartner Group, the Federal Reserve will require banks by 1998 to have appropriate disaster-recovery procedures in place that will ensure business interruptions do not exceed four hours. Most of today s disaster recovery strategies are not well suited to meet such stringent business requirements. While solutions exist to provide tolerance to component failure, the issue of site loss is often overlooked, with potentially dire consequences due to business interruption and loss of information. While offsite tape dumps have traditionally satisfied the requirements for disaster recovery for batch systems, they are typically inadequate for protecting the information in Online Transaction Processing (OLTP) systems. The introduction of asynchronous replication facilities can now provide continuous duplication of critical OLTP information to offsite backup facilities without the high latency inherent in tape- backup strategies. Once established, such an environment can be automated to ensure that information is replicated in a timely manner and the switch to backup systems can be accomplished with minimal business interruption. 2
4 Section II: Sybase Replication Server Supports Warm Standby In version 11, Sybase Replication Server first introduced the warm-standby feature. While many database vendors provide some form of replication services, this feature is a significant differentiation. It enables customers to more easily configure and manage a high-availability, distributed recovery environment at significantly lower administrative cost than traditional replication products. This feature also simplifies the configuration and operation of a warmstandby environment by eliminating the traditional requirement to define individual objects eligible for replication and explicit subscriptions to the objects. Specific optimizations in the warm-standby implementation significantly improve the performance of Replication Serveræboth in throughput and latency reduction. The objective of this paper is to identify the opportunities and issues with a warm-standby configuration to support a distributed high-availability environment, particularly for distributed-disaster recovery. High-Availability Solutions Hardware-based solutions Hardware and software solutions exist today to support high availability in a local-area network environment. Disk mirroring, RAID technology, and high-availability cluster technologies, such as IBM s HACMP, allow multiple disks and CPUs to share resources and provide automatic failover in the event of a disk or CPU failure. These synchronous solutions generally have severe distance limitations that preclude separating the hardware components adequately to mitigate risks associated with geographic proximity, including natural disasters, such as fire, floods, tornadoes and earthquakes; and related services outages such as electricity and telecommunications networks. Disk solutions are now emerging that attempt to resolve the site-protection issues by providing asynchronous mirroring, which enables you to physically separate devices for better site protection. While synchronous approaches satisfy the requirement for committed transactions to be preserved upon a disk or CPU failure, they do present various limitations. Asynchronous mirroring, while extending protection from many site-related failures, has additional risks associated with the potential loss of data. Benefits No loss of commited transactions in synchronous storage (mirroring/raid) on a CPU failure. Applications generally do not require awareness of physical resource changes, such as network addresses. Asynchronous disk mirroring can provide better physical protection by supporting extending physical distances. Limitations Cluster failover typically requires a significant downtime to perform appropriate restart and recover operations, (typically 15 minutes or more). Loss of an entire facility is not protected (electricity, network, facility, etc.). Client applications must be restarted after failure. Clustered CPUs are not available for use against the same databases. Synchronous mirroring and RAID devices can add overhead to application performance. Redundant/specialized high-availability hardware/ software can be expensive and restricted to use for backup purposes only. No protection from data corruption introduced by the hardware/software. 3
5 Software-based solutions Software high-availability solutions are typically characterized by the ability to physically separate hardware to provide protection against site loss. For example, a simple implementation of cold standby with Sybase Adaptive Server Enterprise could be accomplished by periodically restoring backup databases and transaction dumps to the standby site from the active site. Applications could also be written to redundantly write to two systems (synchronous updates), using two-phase commit (2PC) protocols to guarantee both systems contain committed transactions. The risk of this type of solution is the impact on operations if there is a failure in a participating system, since 2PC operations cannot complete. Generally, 2PC applications are only appropriate for very high-value transactions where availability is not the primary objective. Warm standby is intended to offer the protection afforded by redundancy, without the constraints of synchronous updates or the time delays of batch-oriented backup methods. By providing asynchronous, reliable delivery, applications are not impacted by the operation of the warm standby software system or the availability of the standby system. Sybase s Replication Server is an example of a system that can provide more timely (warm) synchronization of information to backup systems, with minimal latency and application impact. Benefits and limitations of software-level warm standby are: Benefits Ability to more quickly swap to the standby system in the event of failure, since backup database is already online Warm-standby systems can be configured over a wide-area network, which provides protection from site failures. Data corruption is typically not replicated since transactions are logically reproduced rather than I/O blocks mirrored. Originating applications are minimally impacted since replication takes place asynchronously after the originating transaction commits. The warm-standby database is available for read-only operations, allowing better utilization of backup systems. Limitations Warm standby system will be out of date by transactions committed at the active database that have not been applied to the standby. Client applications must explicitly reference the warm standby if the active system fails. Client applications must be restarted in the event of failure. Protection is limited to components supporting warm standby (e.g., DBMS data sources may be protected but file systems may not be supported). Adequate network and software bandwidth may limit applicability of software solutions. 4
6 Warm Standby Considerations Since a two-phase commit protocol is not being used to synchronize the standby site in with the active site, there is always a chance that a failed active site has committed a transaction and the standby site has not received that transaction. While it is possible that nothing is lost in an idle system, it is best to assume that losses will occur in the warm-standby environment. The major advantage of Replication Server over other standby methodologies (such as tape dumps) is that transaction loss due to latency is minimized due to the push architecture. Replication Server continuously monitors the database transaction logs and moves transactions to the standby system through an optimized interface designed specifically to support warmstandby implementations. For example, normal Subscription resolution activities of Replication Server, designed to allow filtering of selected rows to target databases, is bypassed for warmstandby connections, since all rows updated on the active database are expected to be sent to the standby system. Starting with Adaptive Server Enterprise and Replication Server release 11.5, the log extraction process (formerly known as Log Transfer Manager) has been embedded in the database engine (Sybase Replication Agent Threads), significantly improving the time for delivery of committed transactions from Adaptive Server Enterprise to Replication Server. Applications and procedures need to be implemented to support the switch over to the standby system, since applications are not transparently connected to the standby server when a failure occurs. When the connection is lost to the server, Sybase Open Client reports an error to the application. The application can then either fail or be designed to re-establish its connection to the appropriate Adaptive Server Enterprise DBMS. Operational procedures should be developed to enable client applications to the appropriate Adaptive Server Enterprise DBMS (active or warm standby) based on the current state of the warm-standby environment. Since significant hardware and software products are invested in keeping a warm-standby site ready for the slight possibility that it will be needed, it makes sense to use the warm-standby database during normal processing. Warm standby offers that flexibility since it maintains an operation database image on the standby system. Using the standby site for applications that generate reports and ad hoc queries or perform decision-support functions is ideal. These applications would normally impact the performance of the active site if they ran against it, but the only side effect they will have on the standby site is the slowing down of the replication process. Slowing down Replication Server may increase the latency between when transactions are committed at the active site and when they occur at the standby site, but the processing at the site continues unhindered. Applications running against the standby site do need to be cognizant that the data is slightly out of date, but decision-support systems usually can tolerate these latency times. As long as there is sufficient capacity on the standby system to accept this workload and not cause the replication activity to be excessively delayed, the investment in standby systems can be offset by the workload distribution opportunities. In a peak-volume OLTP environment, the effects of the Replication Server falling farther behind the active database s transaction stream must be considered. If the standby site must be operational within five minutes, and Replication Server falls 30 minutes behind, then Replication Server may not be the optimal solution. If Replication Server is expected to fall 30 minutes behind during peak operations, yet the standby site has one hour to recover, then using Replication Server to maintain the standby site is feasible. Capacity planning is an important consideration in the architecture of a standby system to ensure that not only average performance loads can be achieved, but that peak loads and typical downtime situations can be adequately recovered. 5
7 Replication of Multidatabase Transactions Adaptive Server Enterprise allows a single transaction to manage updates spanning multiple databases existing on a single server. However, Replication Server and the Adaptive Server Enterprise Replication Agent Thread will not distribute a multidatabase transaction as an atomic unit of work to a replicate Adaptive Server Enterprise DBMS, since each database is distributed through an independent Replication Agent Thread. The single multidatabase transaction will be distributed to the replicate Adaptive Server Enterprise DBMS as a set of transactionsæeach operating within their respective database at the standby site. While Replication Server guarantees sequential execution of transactions from a single database, it will not guarantee sequential integrity of multidatabase transactions against an Adaptive Server Enterprise DBMS. For example, if a multidatabase transaction at the active Adaptive Server Enterprise DBMS updates three different databases, the three resulting transactions distributed to the standby are not guaranteed to arrive at the replicate at the same time. This may cause interdatabase inconsistencies at the replicate. Another effect of a multidatabase transaction being replicated as decoupled transactions is that if one of the transactions at the replicate Adaptive Server Enterprise DBMS fails, the other transactions will not be rolled back or notified of the problem. By default, triggers are not executed at the standby database when using the warm standby feature. No referential integrity problems should exist at the standby site, with the exception of pieces of a multidatabase transaction failing in one of the standby s databases. If multidatabase transactional consistent is critical to a successful warm standby implementation, one approach is to use function replication. In function replication, stored procedures are marked for replication in place of table-level replication. Since the stored procedure request is replicated rather than the actions of the procedure, re-executing the stored procedure in the standby database can safely duplicate multidatabase updates embedded in the stored procedure. 6
8 Switch-Over Processing When the active Adaptive Server Enterprise DBMS has failed, the following processing must occur before the standby site can be used: 1. In-flight transactions to the standby should be allowed to drain from the Replication Server Stable Queues. 2. All rejected transactions that may have occurred at the standby should be resolved (or at least examined). 3. Transactions that were lost at the active site may need to be reconstructed through external means 4. Applications must reconnect to the standby site. The switch active command is part of the procedure documented in the Replication Server Administration Guide for switching to the standby database. Because all transactions are replicated asynchronously, Replication Server introduces some latency into the system, and does not immediately execute transactions against the standby site. When an active site fails, there may be some transactions still in the Replication Server system that have not been distributed to the standby site. These transactions should be given time to be applied by Replication Server. The warm-standby feature reduces this latency compared to normal subscription processing. If Replication Server encounters errors while applying a transaction against the standby, it may place the transaction into its exception log and then continue processing with the next transaction. You may configure Replication Server Error Classes to define which action you would like it to perform when it encounters an error applying a transaction to the standby database. One of the actions available is log the failed transaction into Replication Server s exception tables and then resume distributing transactions. This means that a transaction may be missing from a standby site. Before applications are allowed to operate against the standby, the Replication Server s exception log should be examined for skipped transactions. As mentioned in the first section of this paper, maintaining a standby site with Replication Server does not guarantee that all transactions committed against the active site are committed against the standby. There may be one (or more) pages existing in the active Adaptive Server Enterprise DBMS s transaction log that the Replication Server did not receive before the failure. In these cases, the committed transactions will be absent from the standby site. If possible, these transactions should be reconstructed and applied to the standby site before it is used for client processing. How these transactions are reconstructed is application dependent. Common practices include: using a paper trail; having the client application review its transaction state prior to resuming activity on a standby system; calling the last several clients which have placed orders; or applying an application logging method separate from the Adaptive Server Enterprise s transaction log. The final operation is for all applications to connect to the standby database. This operation can be made transparent to users of the application by assigning multiple connection addresses to a named server connection, or the users can simply be required to re-login to the standby server. Note that it is important that such switch-over activities be carefully controlled. Data loss will likely occur if the client applications were to prematurely begin updating the standby database, since the standby database must be reconfigured to properly log transactions to be re-applied when the failed active system is restored to service. Appropriate security controls limiting such activities are recommended to ensure that only acceptable actions are allowed at the standby database until it is fully prepared to act as the new active database after a fail-over. 7
9 Limitations Replication Server does not replicate Adaptive Server Enterprise master database objects. For example, system objects are not replicated, such as login ids and passwords. These must be maintained by the system administrator on both servers to ensure that at the time of a switch-over the logins match on both systems. Beginning with Replication Server release 11.5, database-level operations are replicated through the warm standby feature. These include the addition of new tables, indexes, procedures, triggers, etc., and user-security attributes. Additionally, replication of "truncate table" operations is now supported. A new setup options allows an entire database to be configured for warm standby with a single command. Replication Server does not replicate nonlogged operations, such as bcp and select into. Systems should be appropriately configured to ensure that these operations are avoided, if possible, or other techniques are used to accomplish the same function (such as replicating procedures). The Next Step If after the above issues have been considered and explored and Replication Server is desirable for maintaining a warm standby, you ll need to follow a few more steps. The first step is to set up a warm standby of an Adaptive Server Enterprise DBMS with simple applications accessing itæwhere multidatabase transactions are not used and updates are minimal. This initial pilot will give you confidence in the Replication Server s capabilities and provide experience in managing a Replication Server warm standby. This should include testing the switch-over process, resolving lost transactions, and restoring back to the failed active server. The next step is to create a standby site for a more complex Adaptive Server Enterprise DBMS and application. Adaptive Server Enterprise should stress the referential integrity issues raised above and push the performance capacity of Replication Server. Once this system is setup, it will provide you with the experience that you can apply to your remaining Adaptive Server Enterprise DBMS and provide more concrete performance numbers for your systems. 8
10 Summary Warm standby with Replication Server is a significant tool in providing distributed highavailability services, affording greater protection against site failures through asynchronous, wide-area delivery of database transactions. By providing multiple usage of standby systems, Replication Server provides a cost-effective alternative to redundant hardware that is only available for recovery operations. In tandem with traditional hardware high-availability solutions, Replication Server extends support for disaster-recovery requirements beyond component failure recoverability. 9
11 Sybase, Inc. Worldwide Headquarters 6475 Christie Avenue, Emeryville, CA USA Phone: SYBASE (in US and Canada); Fax: World Wide Web: Copyright 1998 Sybase, Inc. All rights reserved. Unpublished rights reserved under U.S. copyright laws. Sybase, the Sybase logo, Replication Server, Adaptive Server, Open Client, and Replication Agent are trademarks of Sybase, Inc. All other trademarks are property of their respective owners. Specifications are subject to change without notice. Printed in the U.S.A. CM No
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