Systems:;-'./'--'.; r. Ramez Elmasri Department of Computer Science and Engineering The University of Texas at Arlington

Transcription

1 Data base 7\,T"] Systems:;-'./'--'.; r Modelsj Languages, Design, and Application Programming Ramez Elmasri Department of Computer Science and Engineering The University of Texas at Arlington Shamkant B. Navathe College of Computing Georgia Institute of Technology Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo

2 Contents chapter 1 Introduction to Databases Introduction An Example Characteristics of the Database Approach Actors on the Scene Workers behind the Scene Advantages of Using the DBMS Approach A Brief History of Database Applications When Not to Use a DBMS Summary 25 Review Questions 25 Exercises 26 --*' Selected Bibliography 26 chapter 2 Overview of Database Languages and Architectures Data Models, Schemas, and Instances Three-Schema Architecture and Data Independence Database Languages and Interfaces The Database System Environment Centralized and Client/Server Architectures for DBMSs Classification of Database Management Systems Summary 50 Review Questions 51 Exercises 52 Selected Bibliography 53 chapter 3 The Basic (Flat) Relational Model Relational Model Concepts Relational Model Constraints and Relational Database Schemas Update Operations, Transactions, and Dealing with Constraint Violations Summary 75 xv

3 xvi Contents Review Questions 76 Exercises 76 Selected Bibliography 81 chapter 4 SQL: Data Definition, Constraints, and Basic Queries and Updates SQL Data Definition and Data Types Specifying Constraints in SQL Basic Retrieval Queries in SQL INSERT, DELETE, and UPDATE Statements in SQL Additional Features of SQL Summary 107 Review Questions 108 Exercises 108 Selected Bibliography 110 chapter 5 SQL: Advanced Queries, Assertions, Triggers, and Views More Complex SQL Retrieval Queries Specifying Constraints as Assertions and Actions as Triggers Views (Virtual Tables) in SQL Schema Change Statements in SQL Summary 135 Review Questions 137 Exercises 137 Selected Bibliography 139 chapter 6 Formal Relational Languages: The Algebra and Calculus Unary Relational Operations: SELECT and PROJECT Relational Algebra Operations from Set Theory Binary Relational Operations: JOIN and DIVISION Additional Relational Operations Examples of Queries in Relational Algebra The Tuple Relational Calculus The Domain Relational Calculus Summary 181

4 Contents xvii Review Questions 182 Exercises 183 Laboratory Exercises 188 Selected Bibliography 190 chapter 7 Conceptual Data Modeling Using Entities and Relationships Using High-Level Conceptual Data Models for Database Design A Sample Database Application Entity Types, Entity Sets, Attributes, and Keys Relationship Types, Relationship Sets, Roles, and Structural Constraints Weak Entity Types Refining the ER Design for the COMPANY Database ER Diagrams, Naming Conventions, and Design Issues Relationship Types of Degree Higher than Two Subclasses, Superclasses, and Inheritance 224, 7.10 Specialization and Generalization in EER Constraints and Characteristics of Specialization and Generalization Hierarchies Modeling of UNION Types Using Categories in EER A Sample UNIVERSITY EER Schema, Design Choices, and Formal Definitions Data Abstraction, Knowledge Representation, and Ontology Concepts Summary 249 Review Questions 250 Exercises 252 Laboratory Exercises 263 Selected Bibliography 267 i chapter 8 Mapping a Conceptual Design into a Logical Design Relational Database Design Using ER-to-Relational Mapping Mapping EER Model Constructs to Relations Summary 283 Review Questions 283 Exercises 283 Laboratory Exercises 285 Selected Bibliography 286

5 xviii Contents chapter 9 UML for Database Application Design Basics of UML Class Diagrams Representing Specialization and Generalization in UML Class Diagrams Use of UML Diagrams as an Aid to Database Design Specification Rational Rose: A UML-Based Design Tool The Role of Information Systems in Organizations The Database Design and Implementation Process Automated Database Design Tools Summary 334 Review Questions 334 Exercises 336 Selected Bibliography 338 chapter 10 Object and Object-Relational Databases: Concepts, Models, Languages, and Standards Overview of Object Database Concepts Object-Relational Features: Object Database Extensions to SQL 357 A 10.3 The ODMG Object Model and the Object Definition Language ODL Object Database Conceptual Design The Object Query Language OQL Overview of the C++ Language Binding in the ODMG Standard Summary 396 Review Questions 397 Exercises 399 Selected Bibliography 400 chapter 1 1 XML: Concepts, Languages, and Standards Structured, Semistructured, and Unstructured Data XML Hierarchical (Tree) Data Model XML Documents, DTD, and XML Schema Storing and Extracting XML Documents from Databases XML Languages Extracting XML Documents from Relational Databases 424

6 Contents xix 11.7 Summary 430 Review Questions 430 Exercises 431 Selected Bibliography 431 chapter 1 2 SQL Application Programming Using C and Java Database Programming: Techniques and Issues Embedded SQL, Dynamic SQL, and SQLJ Database Programming with Function Calls: SQL/CLI and JDBC Database Stored Procedures and SQL/PSM Comparing the Three Approaches Summary 463 Review Questions 464 Exercises 464 Selected Bibliography 465 * ^ chapter 13 SQL Web Programming Using C PHP A Simple PHP Example Overview of Basic Features of PHP Overview of PHP Database Programming Summary 482 Review Questions 482 Exercises 483 Selected Bibliography 483 chapter 14 Database Design Theory: Introduction to Normalization Using Functional and Multivalued Dependencies Informal Design Guidelines for Relation Schemas Functional Dependencies Normal Forms Based on Primary Keys General Definitions of Second and Third Normal Forms Boyce-Codd Normal Form Multivalued Dependency and Fourth Normal Form Join Dependencies and Fifth Normal Form Summary 519

7 xx Contents Review Questions 520 Exercises 521 Laboratory Exercise 526 Selected Bibliography 526 chapter I O Database Design Theory: Normalization Algorithms Further Topics in Functional Dependencies: Inference Rules, Equivalence, and Minimal Cover Properties of Relational Decompositions Algorithms for Relational Database Schema Design About Nulls, Dangling Tuples, and Alternative Relational Designs Further Discussion of Multivalued Dependencies and 4NF Other Dependencies and Normal Forms Summary 559 ' ^ Review Questions 560 Exercises 561 Laboratory Exercises 562 Selected Bibliography 563 chapter 1 6 Database File Organizations: Unordered, Ordered, and Hashed Files of Records Introduction Secondary Storage Devices Buffering of Blocks Placing File Records on Disk Operations on Files Files of Unordered Records (Heap Files) Files of Ordered Records (Sorted Files) Hashing Techniques Other Primary File Organizations Parallelizing Disk Access Using RAID Technology New Storage Systems Summary 606 Review Questions 607 Exercises 608 Selected Bibliography 612

8 Contents xxi chapter 1 7 Database File Indexing Techniques, B-Trees, and B+-Trees Types of Single-Level Ordered Indexes Multilevel Indexes Dynamic Multilevel Indexes Using B-Trees and B + -Trees Indexes on Multiple Keys Other Types of Indexes Some General Issues Concerning Indexing Summary 652 Review Questions 653 Exercises 654 Selected Bibliography 656 chapter 10 Introduction to Query Processing and Query Optimization Techniques Translating SQL Queries into Relational Algebra Algorithms for External Sorting Algorithms for SELECT and JOIN Operations Algorithms for PROJECT and Set Operations Implementing Aggregate Operations and OUTER JOINs Combining Operations Using Pipelining Using Heuristics in Query Optimization Using Selectivity and Cost Estimates in Query Optimization Overview of Query Optimization in Oracle Semantic Query Optimization Summary 703 Review Questions 703 Exercises 704 Selected Bibliography 705 chapter 19 Introduction to Database Tuning and Physical Design Issues Physical Database Design in Relational Databases An Overview of Database Tuning in Relational Systems Summary 719 Review Questions 719 Selected Bibliography 720

9 xxii Contents chapter 2 0 Foundations of Database Transaction Processing Introduction to Transaction Processing Transaction and System Concepts Desirable Properties of Transactions Characterizing Schedules Based on Recoverability Characterizing Schedules Based on Serializability Transaction Support in SQL Summary 750 Review Questions 750 Exercises 751 Selected Bibliography 753 chapter 2 1 Introduction to Protocols for Concurrency Control in Databases Two-Phase Locking Techniques for Concurrency Control Concurrency Control Based on Timestamp Ordering Multiversion Concurrency Control Techniques Validation (Optimistic) Concurrency Control Techniques Granularity of Data Items and Multiple Granularity Locking Using Locks for Concurrency Control in Indexes Other Concurrency Control Issues 778 A 21.8 Summary 780 Review Questions 781 Exercises 782 Selected Bibliography 782 chapter 2 2 Introduction to Database Recovery Protocols Recovery Concepts NO-UNDO/REDO Recovery Based on Deferred Update Recovery Techniques Based on Immediate Update Shadow Paging The ARIES Recovery Algorithm Recovery in Multidatabase Systems Database Backup and Recovery from Catastrophic Failures Summary 805 Review Questions 806 Exercises 807 Selected Bibliography 810

10 Contents xxiii chapter 2 3 Emerging Database Technologies and Applications Mobile Data Management Multimedia Data Management Geographic Information Systems (GIS) Biological and Genomic Databases and Emerging Applications 848 Selected Bibliography 861 chapter 2 4 Advanced Database Models and Applications Active Database Concepts and Triggers Temporal Database Concepts Spatial Database Concepts Multimedia Database Concepts Introduction to Deductive Databases ^, Summary 919 Review Questions 921 Exercises 922 Selected Bibliography 925 chapter A O Introduction to Database Security Introduction to Database Security Issues Discretionary Access Control Based on Granting and Revoking Privileges Mandatory Access Control and Role-Based Access Control for Multilevel Security SQL Injection Introduction to Statistical Database Security Introduction to Flow Control Encryption and Public Key Infrastructures Privacy Issues and Preservation Challenges of Database Security Oracle Label-Based Security Summary 964 Review Questions 966 Exercises 967 Selected Bibliography 968

11 xxiv Contents chapter 2 6 Introduction to Distributed Databases Distributed Database Concepts Types of Distributed Database Systems Distributed Database Architectures Data Fragmentation, Replication, and Allocation Techniques for Distributed Database Design Query Processing and Optimization in Distributed Databases Overview of Transaction Management in Distributed Databases Overview of Concurrency Control and Recovery in Distributed Databases Distributed Catalog Management Current Trends in Distributed Databases Distributed Databases in Oracle Summary 1013 Review Questions 1015 Exercises 1016 Selected Bibliography 10"T8 chapter 2 7 Introduction to Information Retrieval Information Retrieval (IR) Concepts Retrieval Models 1031.; 27.3 Types of Queries in IR Systems Text Preprocessing Inverted Indexing Evaluation Measures of Search Relevance Web Search and Analysis Trends in Information Retrieval Summary 1060 Review Questions 1061 Selected Bibliography 1063 appendix A Alternative Diagrammatic Notations for ER Models 1065 appendix B Parameters of Disks 1069

12 Contents XXV appendix C Overview of the QBE Language 1073 C.1 Basic Retrievals in QBE 1073 C.2 Grouping, Aggregation, and Database Modification in QBE 1077 appendix D appendix E Overview of the Hierarchical Data Model (located on the Companion Web site at Overview of the Network Data Model (located on the Companion Web site at Selected Bibliography 1081 Index 1115