2.9 Table Creation. CREATE TABLE TableName ( AttrName AttrType, AttrName AttrType,... )

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1 2.9 Table Creation CREATE TABLE TableName ( AttrName AttrType, AttrName AttrType,... ) CREATE TABLE Addresses ( id INTEGER, name VARCHAR(20), zipcode CHAR(5), city VARCHAR(20), dob DATE ) A list of valid SQL datatypes is given on lecture slide 3-31 or in any SQL reference. The most important types are INTEGER: Integer numbers; also INT, SMALLINT, BIGINT. CHAR(n): Fixed sized character strings; also CHARACTER(n). VARCHAR(n): Variable sized strings; also CHARACTER VARYING(n), CHAR VARYING(n). FLOAT: Floating point numbers; also DOUBLE, REAL. DECIMAL(n,m): Fixed precision floating point numbers; also DEC(n,m), NUMERIC(n,m), NUM(n,m). DATE: Dates; also TIME, TIMESTAMP. 18

2 2.9.1 Restrictions on Attribute Content By default, there are no restrictions on the content of the table; NULL values are allowed everywhere. You can disallow NULL values in attributes by declaring it NOT NULL: CREATE TABLE Persons ( id INTEGER NOT NULL, name VARCHAR(20) ) You may declare single attributes as keys using the keywords UNIQUE or PRIMARY KEY. There may be only one primary key per table. CREATE TABLE Persons ( id INTEGER NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY, name VARCHAR(20), login CHAR(8) NOT NULL UNIQUE ) Attributes defined to be keys must be defined as NOT NULL. Not all datatypes are allowed for key attributes. The maximum column length is (in DB2) 255 bytes; the LOB types are not allowed. 19

3 You may also define an attribute to be a foreign key: CREATE TABLE PerfReview ( person INTEGER REFERENCES Persons(id), grade DECIMAL(2,1), review VARCHAR(1000) ) Foreign keys can be NOT NULL or with NULLs allowed. What does this mean for your data model? To ensure data consistency you may specify what happens if the referenced dataset is modified: CREATE TABLE PerfReview ( person INTEGER REFERENCES Persons(id) ON DELETE CASCADE ON UPDATE RESTRICT, review VARCHAR(1000) ) ON DELETE specifies what happens if the referenced dataset is deleted. ON UPDATE specifies what to do if the referenced key value is modified. CASCADE propagates the modification; if the referenced dataset is deleted, the dependant dataset is deleted as well. If RESTRICT is specified, modifications of the referenced dataset are denied if the constraint would be violated. If you specify ON DELETE SET NULL, the attribute is set to NULL, if the referenced dataset is deleted. 20

4 2.9.2 More Ways to Restrict Attribute Values You may specify (foreign) key properties at the end of the attribute list. you want to use keys that consist of more than one attribute: You must do this, if CREATE TABLE Systemstelle ( fachgebiet CHAR(3) NOT NULL, fachgruppe SMALLINT NOT NULL, standort VARCHAR(30), PRIMARY KEY (fachgebiet, fachgruppe) ); CREATE TABLE Buchtitel ( isbn CHAR(12) NOT NULL PRIMARY KEY, fachgebiet CHAR(3), fachgruppe SMALLINT, titel VARCHAR(40), FOREIGN KEY (fachgebiet, fachgruppe) REFERENCES Systemstelle(fachgebiet, fachgruppe) ); You may also specify arbitrary constraints to your data using the CHECK clause. Default values (if you insert a tuple and don t set all attributes) can be specified with the keywords DEFAULT and GENERATED BY. See the SQL documentation for details. 21

5 7 In general, they lead to additional overhead on write accesses Schema Modification and Indices Schema Modification Within some limits, you can modify the schema of a table after its creation. TABLE command for this. Example: See the ALTER ALTER TABLE PerfReview ADD COLUMN grade DECIMAL(2,1) Indices Indices can have two functions in your database: They improve performance on read access. 7 They insure your data integrity. If you mark attributes as (primary) keys, an index is created implicitly. You ll hear about various kinds of indices and their characteristics later in this course or in a course on database implementation. CREATE INDEX Person_Index ON Person(name)

6 2.9.4 Example: Supplier Part Relationship (0,*) (0,*) Part supplies Supplier How would you define the tables for this ER-Model? 23

7 2.10 Views Some examples when views may be useful: You have an application (maybe you don t have its source code) that requires a certain table with a certain schema. Your data model, however, uses a different table to store the information. You need to modify your data model. However, you don t want to rewrite all the applications that use the old tables. There s a certain database query that you use very often. You need to do very complex SQL queries. allowed (e. g. aggregations on aggregations). You d need a subquery where subqueries are not Views can be seen as virtual tables. A view is a table whose content is calculated dynamically from its base tables when you do a query on it. You define a view as the result of any SQL SELECT query. CREATE VIEW ViewName AS SFWQuery 24

8 8 Of course, view definitions are persistent. The survive different database sessions. 25 Example: CREATE VIEW KursOrte AS SELECT DISTINCT Kurs.KursNr, Titel, Ort FROM Kurs, Angebot WHERE Kurs.KursNr = Angebot.KursNr After definition, views can be used like any real table. 8 Updates, inserts and deletions can lead to problems. See the lecture slides for a discussion on this topic. CREATE VIEW Teilnehmerzahlen AS SELECT Kurs.KursNr, Kurs.Titel, COUNT(*) AS Teilnehmerzahl FROM Kurs, Nimmt_teil WHERE Kurs.KursNr = Nimmt_teil.KursNr GROUP BY Kurs.KursNr, Kurs.Titel SELECT * FROM Teilnehmerzahlen

9 2.11 Removing Tables and Indices Tables and Indices can be deleted with the DROP command: DROP TABLE PerfReview DROP INDEX Person_Index DROP VIEW Teilnehmerzahlen Be careful with this command, it deletes data without asking! Depending on your table definitions, dropping may be refused if integrity constraints were violated by the deletion. 26

10 2.12 Some Advanced SQL Examples Parts part no description price category Suppliers suppl no name city Suppl Parts suppl no part no Which suppliers supply any part in category A? 27

11 Which suppliers don t supply any part in category A? Which suppliers supply part 4711 or part 0815? 28

12 Which suppliers supply parts 4711 and 0815? Which suppliers supply all parts in category A? 29

13 Parts part no description price category contained in Suppliers suppl no name city Suppl Parts suppl no part no List all the immediate sub-parts of part

14 List all the sub-parts (including their sub-parts, their sub-sub-parts,... ) of part

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