Lecture 05. Spring 2018 Borough of Manhattan Community College
|
|
- Amber Pitts
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Lecture 05 Spring 2018 Borough of Manhattan Community College 1
2 The Relational Calculus The relational algebra is a procedural language: a certain order is always explicitly specified in a relational algebra expression and a strategy for evaluating the query is implied. The relational calculus is a nonprocedural language: there is no description of how to evaluate a query; a relational calculus query specifies what is to be retrieved rather than how to retrieve it. The relational calculus can be used to formulate the definition of a relation in terms of one or more database relations. The relational algebra and relational calculus are formally equivalent to one another: for every expression in the algebra, there is an equivalent expression in the calculus (and vice versa). 2
3 The Relational Calculus The relational calculus takes its name from a branch of symbolic logic called predicate calculus. A predicate is a truth-valued function with arguments. When we substitute values for the arguments, the function yields an expression, called a proposition, which can be either true or false. For example, the sentences, John White is a member of staff and John White earns more than Ann Beech are both propositions. When applied to databases, it is found in two forms: tuple relational calculus and domain relational calculus. 3
4 The Relational Calculus If a predicate contains a variable, as in x is a member of staff, there must be an associated range for x. When we substitute some values of this range for x, the proposition may be true; for other values, it may be false. If P is a predicate, then we can write the set of all x such that P is true for x, as: {x P(x)}. We may connect predicates by the logical connectives (AND), (OR), and ~ (NOT) to form compound predicates. 4
5 A) Tuple Relational Calculus In the tuple relational calculus, we are interested in finding tuples for which a predicate is true. A tuple variable is a variable that ranges over a named relation: that is, a variable whose only permitted values are tuples of the relation. For example, to specify the range of a tuple variable S as the Staff relation, we write: Staff(S). To express the query Find the set of all tuples S such that F(S) is true, we can write: {S F(S)} F is called a formula. 5
6 A) Tuple Relational Calculus To express the query: Find the staffno, fname, IName, position, sex, DOB, salary, and branchno of all staff earning more than 10,000 we can write: {S Staff(S) S.salary > } S.salary means the value of the salary attribute for the tuple variable S. To retrieve a particular attribute, such as salary, we would write: {S.salary Staff(S) S.salary > } 6
7 The existential and universal quantifiers There are two quantifiers we can use with formulae to tell how many instances the predicate applies to: The existential quantifier ( there exists ) is used in formulae that must be true for at least one instance, such as: {S Staff(S) ( B) (Branch(B) (B.branchNo = S.branchNo) B.city = London ) } This means, "There exists a Branch tuple that has the same branchno as the branchno of the current Staff tuple, S, and is located in London. The universal quantifier ( for all ) is used in statements about every instance, such as: ( B) (B.city Paris ) This means, For all Branch tuples, the address is not in Paris. 7
8 The existential and universal quantifiers We can apply a generalization of De Morgan s laws to the existential and universal quantifiers: ( X) (F(X)) ~( X) (~(F(X))) ( X) (F(X)) ~( X) (~(F(X))) Using these equivalence rules, we can rewrite the formula: ( B) (B.city Paris ) as: ~( B) (B.city = Paris ) which means, There are no branches with an address in Paris. Tuple variables that are qualified by or are called bound variables; the other tuple variables are called free variables. 8
9 Expressions and Formulae 9
10 A) Tuple Relational Calculus Note that in this formulation there is no indication of a strategy for executing the query. The DBMS is free to decide the operations required to fulfill the request and the execution order of these operations. On the other hand, the equivalent relational algebra formulation would be: "Select tuples from PropertyForRent such that the city is Glasgow and perform their join with the Staff relation," which has an implied order of execution. 10
11 A) Tuple Relational Calculus 11
12 12
13 A) Tuple Relational Calculus 13
14 Tuple Relational Calculus - Practice formulate the following queries in the tuple relational calculus: 1. List all book titles. 2. List details of all available books. 3. List the name and age of all users under age List the title and the year of all books published after List all the books from New York libraries. 6. List the books that have never been rented. 7. List the users who rented any book written by the author Agatha Christie. 14
15 1. List all book titles. {B.title Book(B)} 2. List details of all available books. {B Book(B) B.available = 'Y'} 3. List the name and age of all users under age 18. {U.name, U.age User(U) U.age < 18} 4. List the title and the year of all books published after {B.title, B.year Book(B) B.year > 1960} 15
16 5. List all the books from New York libraries. {B Book(B) ( L) (Library(L) (L.libraryNo = B.libraryNo) L.city = 'New York')} 6. List the books that have never been rented. {B Book(B) ~( R) (RentBook(R) (R.bookNo = B.bookNo))} 7. List the users who rented any book written by the author Agatha Christie. {U User(U) ( R)( B) (RentBook(R) Book(B) (U.userNo = R.userNo) (R.bookNo = B.bookNo) (B.author = 'Agatha Christie'))} 16
17 B) Domain Relational Calculus 17
18 B) Domain Relational Calculus 18
19 B) Domain Relational Calculus 19
20 B) Domain Relational Calculus 20
21 B) Domain Relational Calculus 21
22 B) Domain Relational Calculus 22
23 Domain Relational Calculus - Practice formulate the following queries in the domain relational calculus: 1. List all book titles. 2. List the title and the library number of all available books. 3. List the names of all users under age List the title and the author of all books published after List titles, years and library numbers of all books from New York libraries. 6. List titles and library numbers of the books that have never been rented. 7. List the users who rented any book written by the author Agatha Christie. 23
24 1. List all book titles. {ttl Book(bN, ttl, athr, yr, prc, avlbl, ln)} 2. List the title and the library number of all available books. {ttl, ln ( avlbl) (Book(bN, ttl, athr, yr, prc, avlbl, ln) avlbl = 'Y )} 3. List the names of all users under age 18. {name ( age) (User(uN, name, age) age < 18)} 4. List the title and the author of all books published after {ttl, athr ( yr) (Book(bN, ttl, athr, yr, prc, avlbl, ln) yr > 1960)} 24
25 5. List titles, years and library numbers of all books from New York libraries. {ttl, yr, ln ( ln1, cty) (Book(bN, ttl, athr, yr, prc, avlbl, ln) (Library(lN1, addrss, cty, zip) (ln = ln1) cty = 'New York')} 6. List titles and library numbers of the books that have never been rented. {ttl, ln ( bn) (Book(bN, ttl, athr, yr, prc, avlbl, ln) ~( bn1) (RentBook(bN1, dtout, dtdue, un) (bn = bn1)))} 7. List the users who rented any book written by the author Agatha Christie. {name ( uno, uno1, bno, bno1, athr) (User(uNo, name, age) RentBook(bNo, dtout, dtdue, un01) Book(bNo1, ttl, athr, yr, prc, avlbl, ln) (uno = uno1) (bno = bno1) athr = 'Agatha Christie )} 25
Institute of Southern Punjab, Multan
Institute of Southern Punjab, Multan Mr. Muhammad Nouman Farooq BSC-H (Computer Science) MS (Telecomm. and Networks) Honors: Magna Cumm Laude Honors Degree Gold Medalist! Blog Url: noumanfarooqatisp.wordpress.com
More informationRelational Algebra and Relational Calculus. Pearson Education Limited 1995,
Relational Algebra and Relational Calculus 1 Objectives Meaning of the term relational completeness. How to form queries in relational algebra. How to form queries in tuple relational calculus. How to
More informationCS317 File and Database Systems
CS317 File and Database Systems Lecture 3 Relational Calculus and Algebra Part-2 September 10, 2017 Sam Siewert RDBMS Fundamental Theory http://dilbert.com/strips/comic/2008-05-07/ Relational Algebra and
More informationChapter 5. Relational Algebra and Relational Calculus
Chapter 5 Relational Algebra and Relational Calculus Overview The previous chapter covers the relational model, which provides a formal description of the structure of a database This chapter covers the
More informationCS317 File and Database Systems
CS317 File and Database Systems Lecture 3 Relational Calculus and Algebra Part-2 September 7, 2018 Sam Siewert RDBMS Fundamental Theory http://dilbert.com/strips/comic/2008-05-07/ Relational Algebra and
More informationCMP-3440 Database Systems
CMP-3440 Database Systems Relational DB Languages Relational Algebra, Calculus, SQL Lecture 05 zain 1 Introduction Relational algebra & relational calculus are formal languages associated with the relational
More informationChapter 6. SQL: SubQueries
Chapter 6 SQL: SubQueries Pearson Education 2009 Definition A subquery contains one or more nested Select statements Example: List the staff who work in the branch at 163 Main St SELECT staffno, fname,
More informationSTRUCTURED QUERY LANGUAGE (SQL)
STRUCTURED QUERY LANGUAGE (SQL) EGCO321 DATABASE SYSTEMS KANAT POOLSAWASD DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING MAHIDOL UNIVERSITY SQL TIMELINE SCOPE OF SQL THE ISO SQL DATA TYPES SQL identifiers are used
More informationLecture 03. Spring 2018 Borough of Manhattan Community College
Lecture 03 Spring 2018 Borough of Manhattan Community College 1 2 Outline 1. Brief History of the Relational Model 2. Terminology 3. Integrity Constraints 4. Views 3 History of the Relational Model The
More informationChapter 6. SQL Data Manipulation
Chapter 6 SQL Data Manipulation Pearson Education 2014 Chapter 6 - Objectives Purpose and importance of SQL. How to retrieve data from database using SELECT and: Use compound WHERE conditions. Sort query
More informationLecture 03. Fall 2017 Borough of Manhattan Community College
Lecture 03 Fall 2017 Borough of Manhattan Community College 1 2 Outline 1 Brief History of the Relational Model 2 Terminology 3 Integrity Constraints 4 Views 3 History of the Relational Model The Relational
More informationRELATIONAL DATA MODEL
RELATIONAL DATA MODEL EGCO321 DATABASE SYSTEMS KANAT POOLSAWASD DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING MAHIDOL UNIVERSITY RELATIONAL DATA STRUCTURE (1) Relation: A relation is a table with columns and rows.
More informationObjective. The goal is to review material covered in Chapters 1-5. Do the following questions from the book.
CSCE 4523 Assignment 2 - Due Sunday, Feb. 19, 2017; 11:59pm on Blackboard This assignment may be done in pairs (undergrads only). Grad students must do the assignment individually. Objective The goal is
More informationCMP-3440 Database Systems
CMP-3440 Database Systems Advanced SQL Lecture 07 zain 1 Select Statement - Aggregates ISO standard defines five aggregate functions: COUNT returns number of values in specified column. SUM returns sum
More informationSection 2.2: Introduction to the Logic of Quantified Statements
Section 2.2: Introduction to the Logic of Quantified Statements In this section, we shall continue to examine some of the fundamentals of predicate calculus. Specifically, we shall look at the negations
More informationCopyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley. Chapter 6 Outline. Unary Relational Operations: SELECT and
Chapter 6 The Relational Algebra and Relational Calculus Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley Chapter 6 Outline Unary Relational Operations: SELECT and PROJECT Relational
More information2.2.2.Relational Database concept
Foreign key:- is a field (or collection of fields) in one table that uniquely identifies a row of another table. In simpler words, the foreign key is defined in a second table, but it refers to the primary
More informationOperations of Relational Algebra
ITCS 3160 DATA BASE DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION JING YANG 2010 FALL Class 11: The Relational Algebra and Relational Calculus (2) 2 Operations of Relational Algebra 1 3 Operations of Relational Algebra (cont
More information3ISY402 DATABASE SYSTEMS
3ISY402 DATABASE SYSTEMS - SQL: Data Definition 1 Leena Gulabivala Material from essential text: T CONNOLLY & C BEGG. Database Systems A Practical Approach to Design, Implementation and Management, 4th
More informationCS317 File and Database Systems
CS317 File and Database Systems Lecture 4 Intro to SQL (Chapter 6 - DML, Chapter 7 - DDL) September 17, 2018 Sam Siewert Backup to PRClab1.erau.edu If PRClab1.erau.edu is down or slow Use SE Workstation
More informationADVANCED QUERY AND VIEWS
ADVANCED QUERY AND VIEWS EGCO321 DATABASE SYSTEMS KANAT POOLSAWASD DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING MAHIDOL UNIVERSITY TYPE OF SUBQUERIES There are two main types of subqueries - nested and correlated.
More informationLecture 6 Structured Query Language (SQL)
ITM661 Database Systems Lecture 6 Structured Query Language (SQL) (Data Definition) T. Connolly, and C. Begg, Database Systems: A Practical Approach to Design, Implementation, and Management, 5th edition,
More informationDatabase Technologies. Madalina CROITORU IUT Montpellier
Database Technologies Madalina CROITORU croitoru@lirmm.fr IUT Montpellier Part 2 RELATIONAL ALGEBRA Background notions I A database relation is a set. Sets can be refined: One can select a subset of elements
More informationExample 1 - Create Horizontal View. Example 2 - Create Vertical View. Views. Views
Views Views RECALLS: View Dynamic result of one or more relational operations operating on the base relations to produce another relation. o Virtual relation that does not actually exist in the database
More informationLecture 07. Spring 2018 Borough of Manhattan Community College
Lecture 07 Spring 2018 Borough of Manhattan Community College 1 SQL Identifiers SQL identifiers are used to identify objects in the database, such as table names, view names, and columns. The ISO standard
More informationChapter 8: The Relational Algebra and The Relational Calculus
Ramez Elmasri, Shamkant B. Navathe(2017) Fundamentals of Database Systems (7th Edition),pearson, isbn 10: 0-13-397077-9;isbn-13:978-0-13-397077-7. Chapter 8: The Relational Algebra and The Relational Calculus
More informationLecture 5 Data Definition Language (DDL)
ITM-661 ระบบฐานข อม ล (Database system) Walailak - 2013 Lecture 5 Data Definition Language (DDL) Walailak University T. Connolly, and C. Begg, Database Systems: A Practical Approach to Design, Implementation,
More informationLecture 01. Fall 2018 Borough of Manhattan Community College
Lecture 01 Fall 2018 Borough of Manhattan Community College 1 2 Introduction A database (DB) is a collection of related data. A database management system (DBMS) is the software that manages and controls
More informationDATABASE DESIGN II - 1DL400
DATABASE DESIGN II - 1DL400 Fall 2016 A second course in database systems http://www.it.uu.se/research/group/udbl/kurser/dbii_ht16 Kjell Orsborn Uppsala Database Laboratory Department of Information Technology,
More informationLecture 09. Spring 2018 Borough of Manhattan Community College
Lecture 09 Spring 2018 Borough of Manhattan Community College 1 Entity Relationship Modeling The Entity Relationship (ER) is a nontechnical communication model that describes the nature of the data and
More information2.8.1 Practicals Question Bank Algebra Unit-I 1. Show that {1, 2, 3} under multiplication modulo 4 is not a group but that {1, 2, 3, 4} under multiplication modulo 5 is a group. 2. Let G be a group with
More informationLecture 1: Conjunctive Queries
CS 784: Foundations of Data Management Spring 2017 Instructor: Paris Koutris Lecture 1: Conjunctive Queries A database schema R is a set of relations: we will typically use the symbols R, S, T,... to denote
More informationRelational Data Model ( 관계형데이터모델 )
Relational Data Model ( 관계형데이터모델 ) Outline Terminology of Relational Model Mathematical Relations and Database Tables Candidate, Primary, and Foreign Keys Terminology in the Relational Model Relation:
More informationNotes. Notes. Introduction. Notes. Propositional Functions. Slides by Christopher M. Bourke Instructor: Berthe Y. Choueiry.
Slides by Christopher M. Bourke Instructor: Berthe Y. Choueiry Spring 2006 1 / 1 Computer Science & Engineering 235 Introduction to Discrete Mathematics Sections 1.3 1.4 of Rosen cse235@cse.unl.edu Introduction
More information7. Relational Calculus (Part I) 7.1 Introduction
7. Relational Calculus (Part I) 7.1 Introduction We established earlier the fundamental role of relational algebra and calculus in relational databases (see 5.1). More specifically, relational calculus
More informationLogic and its Applications
Logic and its Applications Edmund Burke and Eric Foxley PRENTICE HALL London New York Toronto Sydney Tokyo Singapore Madrid Mexico City Munich Contents Preface xiii Propositional logic 1 1.1 Informal introduction
More informationThe Relational Algebra
The Relational Algebra Relational Algebra Relational algebra is the basic set of operations for the relational model These operations enable a user to specify basic retrieval requests (or queries) 27-Jan-14
More informationCMPS 277 Principles of Database Systems. https://courses.soe.ucsc.edu/courses/cmps277/fall11/01. Lecture #3
CMPS 277 Principles of Database Systems https://courses.soe.ucsc.edu/courses/cmps277/fall11/01 Lecture #3 1 Summary of Lectures #1 and #2 Codd s Relational Model based on the concept of a relation (table)
More informationCMPS 277 Principles of Database Systems. Lecture #4
CMPS 277 Principles of Database Systems http://www.soe.classes.edu/cmps277/winter10 Lecture #4 1 First-Order Logic Question: What is First-Order Logic? Answer: Informally, First-Order Logic = Propositional
More informationChapter 3: Relational Model
Chapter 3: Relational Model Structure of Relational Databases Relational Algebra Tuple Relational Calculus Domain Relational Calculus Extended Relational-Algebra-Operations Modification of the Database
More informationIntroductory logic and sets for Computer scientists
Introductory logic and sets for Computer scientists Nimal Nissanke University of Reading ADDISON WESLEY LONGMAN Harlow, England II Reading, Massachusetts Menlo Park, California New York Don Mills, Ontario
More informationRelational Calculus. Lecture 4B Kathleen Durant Northeastern University
Relational Calculus Lecture 4B Kathleen Durant Northeastern University 1 Relational Calculus Relational Calculus is an alternative way for expressing queries Main feature: specify what you want, not how
More informationComputation Club: Gödel s theorem
Computation Club: Gödel s theorem The big picture mathematicians do a lot of reasoning and write a lot of proofs formal systems try to capture the ideas of reasoning and proof in a purely mechanical set
More information3. Relational Data Model 3.5 The Tuple Relational Calculus
3. Relational Data Model 3.5 The Tuple Relational Calculus forall quantification Syntax: t R(P(t)) semantics: for all tuples t in relation R, P(t) has to be fulfilled example query: Determine all students
More informationTHE RELATIONAL MODEL. University of Waterloo
THE RELATIONAL MODEL 1-1 List of Slides 1 2 The Relational Model 3 Relations and Databases 4 Example 5 Another Example 6 What does it mean? 7 Example Database 8 What can we do with it? 9 Variables and
More informationDatabase Systems. A Practical Approach to Design, Implementation, and Management. Database Systems. Thomas Connolly Carolyn Begg
Database Systems A Practical Approach to Design, Implementation, and Management For these Global Editions, the editorial team at Pearson has collaborated with educators across the world to address a wide
More informationAn Evolution of Mathematical Tools
An Evolution of Mathematical Tools From Conceptualization to Formalization Here's what we do when we build a formal model (or do a computation): 0. Identify a collection of objects/events in the real world.
More informationCheltenham Courseware Microsoft Access 2003 Manual - Advanced Level SAMPLE
Cheltenham Courseware www.cctglobal.com Microsoft Access 2003 Manual - Advanced Level Microsoft Access 2003 - Advanced Level Manual - Page 2 1995-2010 Cheltenham Courseware Pty. Ltd. All trademarks acknowledged.
More informationChapter 6: Formal Relational Query Languages
Chapter 6: Formal Relational Query Languages Database System Concepts, 6 th Ed. See www.db-book.com for conditions on re-use Chapter 6: Formal Relational Query Languages Relational Algebra Tuple Relational
More information4. SQL - the Relational Database Language Standard 4.3 Data Manipulation Language (DML)
Since in the result relation each group is represented by exactly one tuple, in the select clause only aggregate functions can appear, or attributes that are used for grouping, i.e., that are also used
More informationBack to the knights and knaves island
Back to the knights and knaves island During your Thanksgiving trip, you found another island with knights and knaves (you have a feeling that you may encounter many such islands this semester). Knights
More informationDatabase Technologies. Madalina CROITORU IUT Montpellier
Database Technologies Madalina CROITORU croitoru@lirmm.fr IUT Montpellier Course practicalities 2 x 2h per week (14 weeks) Basics of database theory relational model, relational algebra, SQL and database
More informationChapter 6 Formal Relational Query Languages
CMSC 461, Database Management Systems Spring 2018 Chapter 6 Formal Relational Query Languages These slides are based on Database System Concepts book and slides, 6th edition, and the 2009/2012 CMSC 461
More informationbegin [atomic] operation, operation, { commit rollback} end
Set Processing Languages standard, simple data structure RELATION abstracted retrievals RELATIONAL ALGEBRA abstracted updating INSERT, DELETE, UPDATE transaction indivisible set of active operations begin
More informationCSC Discrete Math I, Spring Sets
CSC 125 - Discrete Math I, Spring 2017 Sets Sets A set is well-defined, unordered collection of objects The objects in a set are called the elements, or members, of the set A set is said to contain its
More informationRelational Model. Rab Nawaz Jadoon DCS. Assistant Professor. Department of Computer Science. COMSATS IIT, Abbottabad Pakistan
Relational Model DCS COMSATS Institute of Information Technology Rab Nawaz Jadoon Assistant Professor COMSATS IIT, Abbottabad Pakistan Management Information Systems (MIS) Relational Model Relational Data
More informationTextbook: Chapter 6! CS425 Fall 2013 Boris Glavic! Chapter 3: Formal Relational Query. Relational Algebra! Select Operation Example! Select Operation!
Chapter 3: Formal Relational Query Languages CS425 Fall 2013 Boris Glavic Chapter 3: Formal Relational Query Languages Relational Algebra Tuple Relational Calculus Domain Relational Calculus Textbook:
More informationRelational Calculus. Chapter Comp 521 Files and Databases Fall
Relational Calculus Chapter 4.3-4.5 Comp 521 Files and Databases Fall 2016 1 Relational Calculus Comes in two flavors: Tuple relational calculus (TRC) and Domain relational calculus (DRC). Calculus has
More informationChapter 6 5/2/2008. Chapter Outline. Database State for COMPANY. The Relational Algebra and Calculus
Chapter 6 The Relational Algebra and Calculus Chapter Outline Example Database Application (COMPANY) Relational Algebra Unary Relational Operations Relational Algebra Operations From Set Theory Binary
More informationSWEN-220 Mathematical Models of Software
SWEN-220 Mathematical Models of Software Introduction to Alloy Signatures, Fields, Facts, Predicates, and Assertions 2017 - Thomas Reichlmayr & Michael Lutz 1 Topics What is Alloy? Atoms, Sets, Relations
More informationCS317 File and Database Systems
CS317 File and Database Systems http://dilbert.com/strips/comic/2010-08-24/ Lecture 8 Introduction to Normalization October 17, 2017 Sam Siewert Exam #1 Questions? Reminders Working on Grading Ex #3 -
More informationStandard Query Language. SQL: Data Definition Transparencies
Standard Query Language SQL: Data Definition Transparencies Chapter 6 - Objectives Data types supported by SQL standard. Purpose of integrity enhancement feature of SQL. How to define integrity constraints
More informationCS34800 Information Systems. The Relational Model Prof. Walid Aref 29 August, 2016
CS34800 Information Systems The Relational Model Prof. Walid Aref 29 August, 2016 1 Chapter: The Relational Model Structure of Relational Databases Relational Algebra Tuple Relational Calculus Domain Relational
More informationEfficient Testing of Database Applications
230 IJCSNS International Journal of Computer Science and Network Security, VOL.9.4, April 2009 Efficient Testing of Database Applications Mirza Mahmood Baig and Ansar Ahmad Khan NED University of Engineering
More informationRelational Calculus: 1
CSC 742 Database Management Systems Topic #8: Relational Calculus Spring 2002 CSC 742: DBMS by Dr. Peng Ning 1 Relational Calculus: 1 Can define the information to be retrieved not any specific series
More informationUNIT 2 RELATIONAL MODEL
UNIT 2 RELATIONAL MODEL RELATIONAL MODEL CONCEPTS The relational Model of Data is based on the concept of a Relation. A Relation is a mathematical concept based on the ideas of sets. The strength of the
More informationChapter 5 Relational Algebra. Nguyen Thi Ai Thao
Chapter 5 Nguyen Thi Ai Thao thaonguyen@cse.hcmut.edu.vn Spring- 2016 Contents 1 Unary Relational Operations 2 Operations from Set Theory 3 Binary Relational Operations 4 Additional Relational Operations
More informationlogic with quantifiers (informally)
EDAA40 Discrete Structures in Computer Science 8: Quantificational logic Jörn W. Janneck, Dept. of Computer Science, Lund University logic with quantifiers (informally) Given a logical formula that depends
More informationS emistructured Data & XML
S emistructured Data & XML Database Systems, A Practical Approach to Design, Implementation and Management (Connolly & Begg, Ch. 29) XML Bible (Harold, Ch. 1) S lide:1 14/04/04 1 Overview Semistructured
More informationThe Relational Algebra and Calculus. Copyright 2013 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe
The Relational Algebra and Calculus Copyright 2013 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe Chapter Outline Relational Algebra Unary Relational Operations Relational Algebra Operations From Set Theory Binary
More informationLogic (or Declarative) Programming Foundations: Prolog. Overview [1]
Logic (or Declarative) Programming Foundations: Prolog In Text: Chapter 12 Formal logic Logic programming Prolog Overview [1] N. Meng, S. Arthur 2 1 Logic Programming To express programs in a form of symbolic
More information8. Relational Calculus (Part II)
8. Relational Calculus (Part II) Relational Calculus, as defined in the previous chapter, provides the theoretical foundations for the design of practical data sub-languages (DSL). In this chapter, we
More informationPropositional Calculus
Propositional Calculus Proposition is a statement that is either or. Example 1 Propositions: It rains. Sun is shining and my coat is wet. If Ann plays with me, I give her a candy. x > 10 x = 1 and y
More informationRelational model continued. Understanding how to use the relational model. Summary of board example: with Copies as weak entity
COS 597A: Principles of Database and Information Systems Relational model continued Understanding how to use the relational model 1 with as weak entity folded into folded into branches: (br_, librarian,
More informationRelational Algebra & Calculus. CS 377: Database Systems
Relational Algebra & Calculus CS 377: Database Systems Quiz #1 Question: What is metadata and why is it important? Answer: Metadata is information about the data such as name, type, size. It is important
More informationKnowledge Representation
Knowledge Representation What is knowledge? Is knowledge the same thing as facts? some define knowledge as the fact or condition of knowing something with familiarity gained through experience or association.
More informationSet theory is a branch of mathematics that studies sets. Sets are a collection of objects.
Set Theory Set theory is a branch of mathematics that studies sets. Sets are a collection of objects. Often, all members of a set have similar properties, such as odd numbers less than 10 or students in
More informationChapter 7 Relational Calculus
Chapter 7 Relational Calculus Relational algebra tells us how to construct a table, while relational calculus tells us what to get for that table. For example, consider the query Get supplier numbers and
More informationNormalization. { Ronak Panchal }
Normalization { Ronak Panchal } Chapter Objectives The purpose of normailization Data redundancy and Update Anomalies Functional Dependencies The Process of Normalization First Normal Form (1NF) Second
More informationBasic operators: selection, projection, cross product, union, difference,
CS145 Lecture Notes #6 Relational Algebra Steps in Building and Using a Database 1. Design schema 2. Create schema in DBMS 3. Load initial data 4. Repeat: execute queries and updates on the database Database
More informationQuery formalisms for relational model relational calculus
lecture 7: Query formalisms for relational model relational calculus course: Database Systems (NDBI025) doc. RNDr. Tomáš Skopal, Ph.D. SS2011/12 Department of Software Engineering, Faculty of Mathematics
More informationChapter 19 Query Optimization
Chapter 19 Query Optimization It is an activity conducted by the query optimizer to select the best available strategy for executing the query. 1. Query Trees and Heuristics for Query Optimization - Apply
More informationTh(N, +) is decidable
Theorem 6.12 Th(N, +) is decidable Presented by: Brian Lee Two Domains 1. We can give an algorithm to decide truth 2. A problem is undecidable First Order Logic Also known as First order predicate calculus
More informationDATABASE THEORY. Lecture 18: Dependencies. TU Dresden, 3rd July Markus Krötzsch Knowledge-Based Systems
DATABASE THEORY Lecture 18: Dependencies Markus Krötzsch Knowledge-Based Systems TU Dresden, 3rd July 2018 Review: Databases and their schemas Lines: Line Type 85 bus 3 tram F1 ferry...... Stops: SID Stop
More informationRelational Algebra 1
Relational Algebra 1 Motivation The relational data model provides a means of defining the database structure and constraints NAME SALARY ADDRESS DEPT Smith 50k St. Lucia Printing Dilbert 40k Taringa Printing
More informationSQL Data Querying and Views
Course A7B36DBS: Database Systems Lecture 04: SQL Data Querying and Views Martin Svoboda Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague Outline SQL Data manipulation SELECT queries
More informationRelational Algebra and Calculus
and Calculus Marek Rychly mrychly@strathmore.edu Strathmore University, @ilabafrica & Brno University of Technology, Faculty of Information Technology Advanced Databases and Enterprise Systems 7 September
More informationRelational Calculus. Chapter Comp 521 Files and Databases Fall
Relational Calculus Chapter 4.3-4.5 Comp 521 Files and Databases Fall 2010 1 Relational Calculus Comes in two flavors: Tuple relational calculus (TRC) and Domain relational calculus (DRC). Calculus has
More informationDiscrete Mathematics Lecture 4. Harper Langston New York University
Discrete Mathematics Lecture 4 Harper Langston New York University Sequences Sequence is a set of (usually infinite number of) ordered elements: a 1, a 2,, a n, Each individual element a k is called a
More informationPhysical Database Design
Physical Database Design January 2007 Yunmook Nah Department of Electronics and Computer Engineering Dankook University Physical Database Design Methodology - for Relational Databases - Chapter 17 Connolly
More informationCITS2211 Discrete Structures Logic
CITS2211 Discrete Structures Logic Unit coordinator: Rachel Cardell-Oliver August 6, 2017 Highlights All men are mortal, Socrates is a man, therefore Socrates is mortal. Reading Chapter 3: Logical Formulas
More informationFirst-Order Predicate Logic. CSCI 5582, Fall 2007
First-Order Predicate Logic CSCI 5582, Fall 2007 What Can t We Do in FOPL? We can t take anything back once we ve asserted it. We can t make statements about relations themselves (e.g., Brother is a commutative
More informationCS317 File and Database Systems
CS317 File and Database Systems Lecture 3 Relational Model & Languages Part-1 September 7, 2018 Sam Siewert More Embedded Systems Summer - Analog, Digital, Firmware, Software Reasons to Consider Catch
More informationXQuery. Announcements (March 21) XQuery. CPS 216 Advanced Database Systems
XQuery CPS 216 Advanced Database Systems Announcements (March 21) 2 Midterm has been graded Homework #3 will be assigned next Tuesday Reading assignment due next Wednesday XML processing in Lore (VLDB
More informationRelational Algebra Part I. CS 377: Database Systems
Relational Algebra Part I CS 377: Database Systems Recap of Last Week ER Model: Design good conceptual models to store information Relational Model: Table representation with structures and constraints
More informationOverview. CS389L: Automated Logical Reasoning. Lecture 6: First Order Logic Syntax and Semantics. Constants in First-Order Logic.
Overview CS389L: Automated Logical Reasoning Lecture 6: First Order Logic Syntax and Semantics Işıl Dillig So far: Automated reasoning in propositional logic. Propositional logic is simple and easy to
More information== is a decent equivalence
Table of standard equiences 30/57 372 TABLES FOR PART I Propositional Logic Lecture 2 (Chapter 7) September 9, 2016 Equiences for connectives Commutativity: Associativity: P Q == Q P, (P Q) R == P (Q R),
More informationCS 186, Fall 2002, Lecture 8 R&G, Chapter 4. Ronald Graham Elements of Ramsey Theory
Relational Calculus CS 186, Fall 2002, Lecture 8 R&G, Chapter 4 We will occasionally use this arrow notation unless there is danger of no confusion. Ronald Graham Elements of Ramsey heory Relational Calculus
More informationSolutions to Exercises
TDDC36 (LOGIC): EXAM Solutions to Exercises EXERCISE 1 1. Prove the following propositional formula: [ ( P Q) (P Q) R ] [ Q R ] (a) (2 points) using tableaux (b) (2 points) using Gentzen system (as provided
More informationDATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS. UNIT I Introduction to Database Systems
DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS UNIT I Introduction to Database Systems Terminology Data = known facts that can be recorded Database (DB) = logically coherent collection of related data with some inherent
More information