Scheduling Algorithms in Large Scale Distributed Systems
|
|
- Elmer Miles Potter
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Scheduling Algorithms in Large Scale Distributed Systems Prof.dr.ing. Florin Pop University Politehnica of Bucharest, Faculty of Automatic Control and Computers (ACS-UPB) National Institute for Research and Development in Informatics (ICI), Bucharest s: Scheduling Algorithms in LSDS 1
2 Scheduling Algorithms in LSDS 2
3 Historically, the most common Scheduler is the user Metode şi Algoritmi de Planificare Curs 1 3
4 Introduction to scheduling Scheduling problem definition Classification of scheduling problems Complexity of scheduling problem DAG Scheduling Scheduling Algorithms in LSDS 4
5 General Scheduling Problem (1/3) Resource Constrained Project Scheduling Problem (RCPSP) We have: Tasks j = 1,..., n with processing times p j Resources k = 1,..., r A constant amount of R k units of resource k is available at any time. During processing, task j occupies r jk units of resource k. n and r are finite. Precedence constrains i j between some activities i, j with the meaning that activity j cannot start before i is finished Scheduling Algorithms in LSDS 5
6 General Scheduling Problem (2/3) The objective is to determine starting times Sj for all tasks j in such a way that: at each time t the total demand for resource k is not greater than the availability R k the given precedence constraints are fulfilled, i. e. S i + p i S j if i j some objective function f(c 1,..., C n ) is minimized where C j = S j + p j is the completion time of activity j. The fact that activities j start at time S j and finish at time S j + p j implies that the activities j are not preempted. We may relax this condition by allowing preemption (activity splitting) Scheduling Algorithms in LSDS 6
7 General Scheduling Problem (3/3) If preemption is not allowed the vector S = (S j ) defines a schedule. S is called feasible if all resource and precedence constraints are fulfilled. One has to find a feasible schedule which minimizes the objective function f(c 1,..., C n ). In project planning f(c 1,..., C n ) is often replaced by the makespan C max which is the maximum of all C j values. The constraints S i + p i S j may be replaced by S i + d ij S j, were d ij represents the deadline for task j on resource i Scheduling Algorithms in LSDS 7
8 Scheduling example Let s consider: n = 4, r = 2 (R 1 = 5, R 2 = 7) Precedence constrain 2 3, and: j p j r j r j Scheduling Algorithms in LSDS 8
9 Example of Scheduling Problems Task scheduling for computer machine Production scheduling Robotic cell scheduling Computer processor scheduling Timetabling Personnel scheduling Railway scheduling Air traffic control Scheduling of Big Data workflows Scheduling Algorithms in LSDS 9
10 Machine Scheduling Problems Here we will consider single machine problems, parallel machine problems, and shop scheduling problems Scheduling Algorithms in LSDS 10
11 Single machine problem We have n tasks to be processed on a single machine (r = 1). Additionally precedence constraints between the tasks may be given. This problem can be modeled with r = 1, R 1 = 1, and r j1 = 1 for all tasks j Scheduling Algorithms in LSDS 11
12 Parallel Machine Problem We have tasks j as before and m identical machines M 1,..., M m. The processing time for j is the same on each machine. One has to assign the tasks to the machines and to schedule them on the assigned machines. This problem correspond with r = 1, R 1 = m, and r j1 = 1 for all tasks j Scheduling Algorithms in LSDS 12
13 Parallel Machine Problem For unrelated machines the processing time p jk depends on the machine M k on which j is processed. The machines are called uniform if p jk = p j /r k. In a problem with multi-purpose machines a set of machines m j is associated with each task j indicating that j can be processed on one machine in m j only Scheduling Algorithms in LSDS 13
14 Shop Scheduling Problem In a general shop scheduling problem we have m machines M 1,..., M m and n tasks. Job j consists of n(j) operations O 1j, O 2j,..., O n(j)j where O ij must be processed for p ij time units on a dedicated machine m ij {M 1,..., M m }. Two operations of the same job cannot be processed at the same time. Precedence constraints are given between the operations. To model the general shop scheduling problem r = n + m resources k = 1,..., n + m with R k = 1 for all k. While resources k = 1,..., m correspond to the machines, resources m + j (j = 1,..., n) are needed to model that different operations of the same job cannot be scheduled at the same time. n(1) + n(2) n(n) activities O ij where operation O ij needs one unit of machine resource m ij and one unit of the job resource m + j Scheduling Algorithms in LSDS 14
15 Shop Scheduling Problem A job-shop problem is a general shop scheduling problem with chain precedence constraints of the form: O 1j O 2j... O n(j)j. A flow-shop problem is a special job-shop problem with n(j) = m operations for j = 1,..., n and m ij = M i for i = 1,..., m and j = 1,..., n. In a permutation flow-shop problem the jobs have to be processed in the same order on all machines Scheduling Algorithms in LSDS 15
16 Shop Scheduling Problem An open-shop problem is like a flow-shop problem but without precedence constraints between the operations Scheduling Algorithms in LSDS 16
17 Classification of Scheduling Problems Classes of scheduling problems can be specified in terms of the three-field classification a b g where: a specifies the machine environment b specifies the task characteristics, and g describes the objective function(s) Scheduling Algorithms in LSDS 17
18 a - Machine Environment To describe the machine environment the following symbols are used: 1: single machine P: parallel identical machines Q: uniform machines R: unrelated machines MPM: multipurpose machines J: job-shop F: flow-shop O: open-shop The above symbols are used if the number of machines is part of the input. If the number of machines is fixed to m we write P m, Q m, R m, MPM m, J m, F m, O m Scheduling Algorithms in LSDS 18
19 b - Task Characteristics pmtn: preemption r j : release times d j : deadlines p j = 1 or p j = p or p j {1,2}: restricted processing times Prec: arbitrary precedence constraints intree (outtree): intree (or outtree) precedences chains: chain precedences series-parallel: a series-parallel precedence graph Scheduling Algorithms in LSDS 19
20 g - Objective Functions Two types of objective functions are most common: bottleneck objective functions max {f j (C j ) j=1,..., n} sum objective functions S f j (C j ) = f 1 (C 1 ) + f 2 (C 2 ) f n (C n ). C max and L max symbolize the bottleneck objective functions with f j (C j ) = C j (makespan) and f j (C j ) = C j - d j (maximum lateness), respectively Scheduling Algorithms in LSDS 20
21 g - Objective Functions Common sum objective functions are: SC j (mean flow-time) and Sw j C j (weighted flow-time) SU j (number of late jobs) and Sw j U j (weighted number of late jobs) where U j = 1 if C j >d j and U j = 0 otherwise. ST j (sum of tardiness) and Sw j T j (weighted sum of tardiness) where the tardiness of job j is given by T j = max { 0, C j - d j } Scheduling Algorithms in LSDS 21
22 Scheduling problem - Examples 1 prec; p j = 1 Sw j C j P 2 C max P p j = 1; r j Sw j U j R 2 pmtn; intree C max J 3 C max F p ij = 1; outtree; r j S C j O m p j = 1 S T j The scheduling zoo: A searchable bibliography on scheduling Peter Brucker and Sigrid Knust Scheduling Algorithms in LSDS 22
23 Complexity Theory Polynomial algorithms Classes P and NP NP-complete and NP-hard problems Scheduling Algorithms in LSDS 23
24 Polynomial algorithms A problem is called polynomially solvable if it can be solved by a polynomial algorithm. Example: 1 Sw j C j can be solved by scheduling the jobs in an ordering of non-increasing w j /p j values. Complexity: O(nlogn) If we replace the binary encoding by an unary encoding we get the concept of a pseudo-polynomial algorithm. Example: An algorithm for a scheduling problem with computational effort O(Sp j ) is pseudo-polynomial Scheduling Algorithms in LSDS 24
25 Classes P and NP A problem is called a decision problem if the output range is {yes, no}. We may associate with each scheduling problem a decision problem by defining a threshold k for the objective function f. The decision problem is: Does a feasible schedule S exist satisfying f(s) k? P is the class of decision problems which are polynomially solvable. NP is the class of decision problems with the property that for each yes -answer a certificate exists which can be used to verify the yes -answer in polynomial time. Decision versions of scheduling problems belong to NP (a yes -answer is certified by a feasible schedule S with f(s) k). P NP holds. It is open whether P = NP Scheduling Algorithms in LSDS 25
26 NP- complete and NP- hard problems For two decision problems P and Q, we say that P reduces to Q (denoted by P a Q) if there exists a polynomial-time computable function g that transforms inputs for P into inputs for Q such that x is a yes -input for P if and only if g(x) is a yes -input for Q. Properties of polynomial reductions: Let P, Q be decision problems. If P a Q then Q P implies P P (and, equivalently, P P implies Q P). Let P, Q, R be decision problems. If P a Q and Q a R, then P a R. A decision problem Q is called NP - complete if Q NP and, for all other decision problems P NP, we have P a Q. If any single NP-complete decision problem Q could be solved in polynomial time then we would have P = NP Scheduling Algorithms in LSDS 26
27 NP- complete and NP- hard problems To prove that a decision problem P is NP - complete it is sufficient to prove the following two properties: P NP, and there exist an NP- complete problem Q with Q a P. An optimization problem is NP- hard if its decision version is NP- complete. Cook [1971] has shown that the satisfiability problem from Boolean logic is NP- complete. Using this result he used reduction to prove that other combinatorial problems are NPcomplete as well Scheduling Algorithms in LSDS 27
28 Complexity of machine scheduling problems Elementary reductions Scheduling Algorithms in LSDS 28
29 Polynomially solvable single machine problems Scheduling Algorithms in LSDS 29
30 NP - hard single machine scheduling problems Scheduling Algorithms in LSDS 30
31 Minimal and maximal open problems Scheduling Algorithms in LSDS 31
32 NP- hard parallel machine problems without preemption Scheduling Algorithms in LSDS 32
33 Taxonomy General presentation Distributed systems layer Scheduling Taxonomy for Distributed Systems (Grid) Scheduling models Taxonomy of Systems Taxonomy of Resources Taxonomy of Applications Metode si Algoritmi de Planificare Curs 3 33
34 Scheduling in distributed systems The scheduling problem Allocate a group of different tasks to available resources NP-Complete problem Optimizations of approximate algorithms are required Dynamic (available) resource allocation Tasks With dependences Without dependencies With preemption Without preemption With specific constrains Environment: Computational and data GRID Heterogeneous resources with different processing capacities Shared resources can be used by multiple users Metode si Algoritmi de Planificare Curs 3 34
35 Scheduling in distributed systems Objectives Optimize the application execution Minimize the total execution time of the tasks Efficient use of computing resources Successful completion of tasks Deadline restrictions Resource requirements Optimize the scheduling process R (P, Q, J, F, O) r j ; d j ; p j ; pmtn; prec C max (Sw j C j ) Metode si Algoritmi de Planificare Curs 3 35
36 Scheduling in distributed systems In distributed computing, sites can participate in by offering resources, provided that certain conditions such as security requirements are met. The interaction between distributed resources during the execution of a job requires a scheduling layer that uses a different scheduling paradigm. Scheduling process requires interaction to remote sites and their local scheduling systems => the use of several scheduling layers for the Grid. Different level for scheduling process: lower-level scheduling instances, used for the local scheduling of resources, and higher-level scheduling instances, used for interaction in coordinated scheduling in a distributed system. Solution: Decentralized scheduling Use of monitoring as feedback Metode si Algoritmi de Planificare Curs 3 36
37 Taxonomy Metode si Algoritmi de Planificare Curs 3 37
38 Taxonomy Metode si Algoritmi de Planificare Curs 3 38
39 Taxonomy Metode si Algoritmi de Planificare Curs 3 39
40 Taxonomy Metode si Algoritmi de Planificare Curs 3 40
41 Taxonomy Metode si Algoritmi de Planificare Curs 3 41
42 Scheduling Taxonomy Metode si Algoritmi de Planificare Curs 3 42
43 Scheduling Taxonomy Metode si Algoritmi de Planificare Curs 3 43
44 Push Model Scheduling methods Manager pushes jobs from Q to a resource. Used in Clusters, Grids Pull Model P2P Agent request for a job for processing from jobpool Commonly used in P2P systems such as SETI@Home Hybrid Model (both push and pull) Broker deploys an agent on resources, which pulls jobs from a resource. May use in Grid (e.g., Nimrod-G system). Broker also pulls data from user host or separate data host (distributed datasets) (e.g., Gridbus Broker) Metode si Algoritmi de Planificare Curs 3 44
45 Taxonomy of Systems Computational Grid: distributed supercomputing (parallel application execution on multiple machines) high throughput (stream of jobs) Data Grid: provides the way to solve large scale data management problems Service Grid: systems that provide services that are not provided by any single local machine. on demand: aggregate resources to enable new services Collaborative: connect users and applications via a virtual workspace Multimedia: infrastructure for real-time multimedia applications Metode si Algoritmi de Planificare Curs 3 45
46 Taxonomy of Resources β classification: 1, P, Q, MPM, R, J, F, O Time-shared vs. Non time-shared Dedicated vs. Non-dedicated Preemptive vs. Non-preemptive Metode si Algoritmi de Planificare Curs 3 46
47 Taxonomy of Applications Distributed supercomputing consume CPU cycles and memory. High-Throughput Computing unused processor cycles On-Demand Computing meet short-term requirements for resources that cannot be cost-effectively or conveniently located locally. Data-Intensive Computing: e.g. satellite image processing Collaborative Computing enabling and enhancing human-to-human interactions (e.g.: CAVE5D system supports remote, collaborative exploration of large geophysical data sets and the models that generated them). Big Data Workloads???? Metode si Algoritmi de Planificare Curs 3 47
48 Characteristics of Cluster Scheduling P r j ; d j ; p j ; pmtn; prec C max (Sw j C j ) Q r j ; d j ; p j ; pmtn; prec C max (Sw j C j ) Homogeneity of resource and application Dedicated resource Centralized scheduling architecture High-speed interconnection network Monotonic performance goal Metode si Algoritmi de Planificare Curs 3 48
49 Building a Schedule using a hyper-heuristic Advantages of hyperheuristics for clusters Cheap and fast to implement & Produce solutions of good quality Require limited domain-specific knowledge Robustness: can be effectively applied to a wide range of problems and problem instances Initial solution Objective value Hyper-heuristic algorithm Set of low-level heuristics CPU time Selected lowlevel heuristic Objective value Perturbed solution Objective value Current solution (according to acceptance criterion) Metode si Algoritmi de Planificare Curs 3 49
50 Description of task dependencies A task graph is a directed acyclic graph G(V, E, c, τ) where: V is a set of nodes (tasks); E is a set of directed edge (dependencies); c is a function that associates a weight c(u) to each node; represent the execution time of the task T u, which is represented by the node u in V; τ is a function that associates a weight to a directed edge; if u and v are two nodes in V then τ denotes the inter-tasks communication time between T u and T v. st(u) is start time and ft(u) is finish time Makespan = max{ft(u)} Metode si Algoritmi de Planificare Curs 4 50
51 DAG Directed Acyclic Graph 1: a = 2 1 2: u = a + 2 3: v = a * : x = u + v Scheduling examples: 4 P1 P2 P1 P time time Metode si Algoritmi de Planificare Curs
52 Assigning priority: Example of DAG Task tlevel (top-level) - for a node u is the weight of the longest path from the source node to u. blevel (bottom-level) - for a node u is the weight of the longest path from u to an exit node. Critical path (CP) - the longest path in a graph. ALAP (As Late As Possible): ALAP(u) =CP blevel(u) Metode si Algoritmi de Planificare Curs 4 52
53 Task Dependencies Model and DAG Scheduling ALAP( u) CP - blevel( u) Node b-level ALAP Metode si Algoritmi de Planificare Curs 4 53
54 t-level b-level Metode si Algoritmi de Planificare Curs 4 54
55 Algorithms for DAG Scheduling A taxonomy of the DAG scheduling problem Taxonomy of task dependency scheduling algorithms in Grid environments Metode si Algoritmi de Planificare Curs 4 55
56 The MCP (Modified Critical Path) algorithm Step 1. Compute the ALAP time of each node. Step For each node, create a list which consists of the ALAP times of the node itself and all its children in a descending order. 2.2 Sort these lists in an ascending lexicographical order. 2.3 Create a node list according to this order. Step 3. Repeat 3.1 Schedule the first node in the node list to a processor that allows the earliest execution, using the insertion approach. 3.2 Remove the node from the node list Until the node list is empty Metode si Algoritmi de Planificare Curs 4 56
57 Metrics for DAG Adaptive Scheduling Granularity is a measure of the communication to computation ratio DAG can be: coarse grained (the computation dominates the communication) fine grained (the communication dominates the computation) CCR (Communication to Computation Ratio) CCR < 1 - coarse grained graph CCR = 1 - mixed CCR > 1 - fine grained graph min{ ( p)} g( G) max{ c( p, q)} RCCR (Resources Communication to Computation Ratio) CCR represents the necessary ratio for communication to computation RCCR represents the available ration for communication to computation Metode si Algoritmi de Planificare Curs 4 57
58 DAGs generation Random Leveled with link complexity Balanced DAGs of many real world workflow applications Laplace differential equation solving Stencil linear and non-linear image processing, seismic reconstruction FFT signal and image processing, electro-acoustic music and audio signal processing, medical imaging, image processing, pattern recognition, computational chemistry LU solving linear equations, systems, matrix inversion, FPGA programming Metode si Algoritmi de Planificare Curs 4 58
59 How to Live with NP - hard Scheduling Problems Small sized problems can be solved by Mixed integer linear programming Dynamic programming Branch and bound methods To solve problems of larger size one has to apply Approximation algorithms Heuristics Metode si Algoritmi de Planificare Curs 4 59
60 Other Types of Scheduling Problems Due-date scheduling Batching problems Multiprocessor task scheduling Cyclic scheduling Scheduling with controllable data Shop problems with buffers Inverse scheduling No-idle time scheduling Multi-criteria scheduling Scheduling with no-available constraints Scheduling problems are also discussed in connection with other areas: Scheduling and transportation Scheduling and game theory Scheduling and location problems Scheduling and supply chains Metode si Algoritmi de Planificare Curs 4 60
61 The Human Face of Big Data Full movie: Big Data will impact every part of your life: What Exactly Is Big Data? Introduction to Big Data 61
62 Thank you! for scheduling this seminar! I am interested in the following research problem Finding Pure Nash Equilibrium for the Resource-Constrained Project Scheduling Problem Energy-aware task scheduling Power consumption optimization Scheduling Algorithms in LSDS 62
Metode şi Algoritmi de Planificare (MAP) Curs 3 Taxonomia metodelor si algoritmilor de planificare
Metode şi Algoritmi de Planificare (MAP) 2009-2010 Curs 3 Taxonomia metodelor si algoritmilor de planificare 27.10.2009 Metode si Algoritmi de Planificare Curs 3 1 Outline General presentation Distributed
More informationCourse Introduction. Scheduling: Terminology and Classification
Outline DM87 SCHEDULING, TIMETABLING AND ROUTING Lecture 1 Course Introduction. Scheduling: Terminology and Classification 1. Course Introduction 2. Scheduling Problem Classification Marco Chiarandini
More informationThe Job-Shop Problem: Old and New Challenges
Invited Speakers The Job-Shop Problem: Old and New Challenges Peter Brucker Universität Osnabrück, Albrechtstr. 28a, 49069 Osnabrück, Germany, pbrucker@uni-osnabrueck.de The job-shop problem is one of
More informationScheduling. Job Shop Scheduling. Example JSP. JSP (cont.)
Scheduling Scheduling is the problem of allocating scarce resources to activities over time. [Baker 1974] Typically, planning is deciding what to do, and scheduling is deciding when to do it. Generally,
More informationPreemptive Scheduling of Equal-Length Jobs in Polynomial Time
Preemptive Scheduling of Equal-Length Jobs in Polynomial Time George B. Mertzios and Walter Unger Abstract. We study the preemptive scheduling problem of a set of n jobs with release times and equal processing
More informationJob-shop scheduling with limited capacity buffers
Job-shop scheduling with limited capacity buffers Peter Brucker, Silvia Heitmann University of Osnabrück, Department of Mathematics/Informatics Albrechtstr. 28, D-49069 Osnabrück, Germany {peter,sheitman}@mathematik.uni-osnabrueck.de
More informationResource CoAllocation for Scheduling Tasks with Dependencies, in Grid
Resource CoAllocation for Scheduling Tasks with Dependencies, in Grid Diana Moise 1,2, Izabela Moise 1,2, Florin Pop 1, Valentin Cristea 1 1 University Politehnica of Bucharest, Romania 2 INRIA/IRISA,
More informationResource-Constrained Project Scheduling
DM204 Spring 2011 Scheduling, Timetabling and Routing Lecture 6 Resource-Constrained Project Scheduling Marco Chiarandini Department of Mathematics & Computer Science University of Southern Denmark Outline
More informationResource Constrained Project Scheduling. Reservations and Timetabling
DM87 SCHEDULING, TIMETABLING AND ROUTING Lecture 13 Resource Constrained Project Scheduling. Reservations and Timetabling Marco Chiarandini DM87 Scheduling, Timetabling and Routing 2 Preprocessing: Temporal
More informationScheduling on clusters and grids
Some basics on scheduling theory Grégory Mounié, Yves Robert et Denis Trystram ID-IMAG 6 mars 2006 Some basics on scheduling theory 1 Some basics on scheduling theory Notations and Definitions List scheduling
More informationChapter 5: Distributed Process Scheduling. Ju Wang, 2003 Fall Virginia Commonwealth University
Chapter 5: Distributed Process Scheduling CMSC 602 Advanced Operating Systems Static Process Scheduling Dynamic Load Sharing and Balancing Real-Time Scheduling Section 5.2, 5.3, and 5.5 Additional reading:
More informationIntroduction to Real-Time Systems ECE 397-1
Introduction to Real-Time Systems ECE 97-1 Northwestern University Department of Computer Science Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Teachers: Robert Dick Peter Dinda Office: L477 Tech 8,
More informationGrid Scheduler. Grid Information Service. Local Resource Manager L l Resource Manager. Single CPU (Time Shared Allocation) (Space Shared Allocation)
Scheduling on the Grid 1 2 Grid Scheduling Architecture User Application Grid Scheduler Grid Information Service Local Resource Manager Local Resource Manager Local L l Resource Manager 2100 2100 2100
More informationEECS 571 Principles of Real-Time Embedded Systems. Lecture Note #8: Task Assignment and Scheduling on Multiprocessor Systems
EECS 571 Principles of Real-Time Embedded Systems Lecture Note #8: Task Assignment and Scheduling on Multiprocessor Systems Kang G. Shin EECS Department University of Michigan What Have We Done So Far?
More informationBranch and Bound Method for Scheduling Precedence Constrained Tasks on Parallel Identical Processors
, July 2-4, 2014, London, U.K. Branch and Bound Method for Scheduling Precedence Constrained Tasks on Parallel Identical Processors N.S.Grigoreva Abstract The multiprocessor scheduling problem is one of
More informationUniprocessor Scheduling. Basic Concepts Scheduling Criteria Scheduling Algorithms. Three level scheduling
Uniprocessor Scheduling Basic Concepts Scheduling Criteria Scheduling Algorithms Three level scheduling 2 1 Types of Scheduling 3 Long- and Medium-Term Schedulers Long-term scheduler Determines which programs
More informationCPU Scheduling. CSE 2431: Introduction to Operating Systems Reading: Chapter 6, [OSC] (except Sections )
CPU Scheduling CSE 2431: Introduction to Operating Systems Reading: Chapter 6, [OSC] (except Sections 6.7.2 6.8) 1 Contents Why Scheduling? Basic Concepts of Scheduling Scheduling Criteria A Basic Scheduling
More informationScheduling Multi-Periodic Mixed-Criticality DAGs on Multi-Core Architectures
Scheduling Multi-Periodic Mixed-Criticality DAGs on Multi-Core Architectures Roberto MEDINA Etienne BORDE Laurent PAUTET December 13, 2018 1/28 Outline Research Context Problem Statement Scheduling MC-DAGs
More informationOn Cluster Resource Allocation for Multiple Parallel Task Graphs
On Cluster Resource Allocation for Multiple Parallel Task Graphs Henri Casanova Frédéric Desprez Frédéric Suter University of Hawai i at Manoa INRIA - LIP - ENS Lyon IN2P3 Computing Center, CNRS / IN2P3
More informationn Given: n set of resources/machines M := {M 1 n satisfies constraints n minimizes objective function n Single-Stage:
Scheduling Scheduling is the problem of allocating scarce resources to activities over time. [Baker 1974] Typically, planning is deciding what to do, and scheduling is deciding when to do it. Generally,
More informationHomework index. Processing resource description. Goals for lecture. Communication resource description. Graph extensions. Problem definition
Introduction to Real-Time Systems ECE 97-1 Homework index 1 Reading assignment.............. 4 Northwestern University Department of Computer Science Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Teachers:
More information3 No-Wait Job Shops with Variable Processing Times
3 No-Wait Job Shops with Variable Processing Times In this chapter we assume that, on top of the classical no-wait job shop setting, we are given a set of processing times for each operation. We may select
More informationLecture 9: Load Balancing & Resource Allocation
Lecture 9: Load Balancing & Resource Allocation Introduction Moler s law, Sullivan s theorem give upper bounds on the speed-up that can be achieved using multiple processors. But to get these need to efficiently
More informationLecture Topics. Announcements. Today: Advanced Scheduling (Stallings, chapter ) Next: Deadlock (Stallings, chapter
Lecture Topics Today: Advanced Scheduling (Stallings, chapter 10.1-10.4) Next: Deadlock (Stallings, chapter 6.1-6.6) 1 Announcements Exam #2 returned today Self-Study Exercise #10 Project #8 (due 11/16)
More informationEvent-Driven Scheduling. (closely following Jane Liu s Book)
Event-Driven Scheduling (closely following Jane Liu s Book) Real-Time Systems, 2006 Event-Driven Systems, 1 Principles Assign priorities to Jobs At events, jobs are scheduled according to their priorities
More informationSingle Machine Scheduling with Interfering Job Sets. Arizona State University PO Box Tempe, AZ
Single Machine Scheduling with Interfering Job Sets Ketan Khowala 1,3, John Fowler 1,3, Ahmet Keha 1* and Hari Balasubramanian 2 1 Department of Industrial Engineering Arizona State University PO Box 875906
More informationStart of Lecture: February 10, Chapter 6: Scheduling
Start of Lecture: February 10, 2014 1 Reminders Exercise 2 due this Wednesday before class Any questions or comments? 2 Scheduling so far First-Come-First Serve FIFO scheduling in queue without preempting
More informationA Level-wise Priority Based Task Scheduling for Heterogeneous Systems
International Journal of Information and Education Technology, Vol., No. 5, December A Level-wise Priority Based Task Scheduling for Heterogeneous Systems R. Eswari and S. Nickolas, Member IACSIT Abstract
More informationControlled duplication for scheduling real-time precedence tasks on heterogeneous multiprocessors
Controlled duplication for scheduling real-time precedence tasks on heterogeneous multiprocessors Jagpreet Singh* and Nitin Auluck Department of Computer Science & Engineering Indian Institute of Technology,
More informationCS 580: Algorithm Design and Analysis. Jeremiah Blocki Purdue University Spring 2018
CS 580: Algorithm Design and Analysis Jeremiah Blocki Purdue University Spring 2018 Chapter 11 Approximation Algorithms Slides by Kevin Wayne. Copyright @ 2005 Pearson-Addison Wesley. All rights reserved.
More informationA Survey on Grid Scheduling Systems
Technical Report Report #: SJTU_CS_TR_200309001 A Survey on Grid Scheduling Systems Yanmin Zhu and Lionel M Ni Cite this paper: Yanmin Zhu, Lionel M. Ni, A Survey on Grid Scheduling Systems, Technical
More informationGrid Computing Systems: A Survey and Taxonomy
Grid Computing Systems: A Survey and Taxonomy Material for this lecture from: A Survey and Taxonomy of Resource Management Systems for Grid Computing Systems, K. Krauter, R. Buyya, M. Maheswaran, CS Technical
More informationMultiprocessor and Real-Time Scheduling. Chapter 10
Multiprocessor and Real-Time Scheduling Chapter 10 1 Roadmap Multiprocessor Scheduling Real-Time Scheduling Linux Scheduling Unix SVR4 Scheduling Windows Scheduling Classifications of Multiprocessor Systems
More informationCo-synthesis and Accelerator based Embedded System Design
Co-synthesis and Accelerator based Embedded System Design COE838: Embedded Computer System http://www.ee.ryerson.ca/~courses/coe838/ Dr. Gul N. Khan http://www.ee.ryerson.ca/~gnkhan Electrical and Computer
More informationA Task Scheduling Method for Data Intensive Jobs in Multicore Distributed System
第一工業大学研究報告第 27 号 (2015)pp.13-17 13 A Task Scheduling Method for Data Intensive Jobs in Multicore Distributed System Kazuo Hajikano* 1 Hidehiro Kanemitsu* 2 Moo Wan Kim* 3 *1 Department of Information Technology
More informationEfficient Synthesis of Production Schedules by Optimization of Timed Automata
Efficient Synthesis of Production Schedules by Optimization of Timed Automata Inga Krause Institute of Automatic Control Engineering Technische Universität München inga.krause@mytum.de Joint Advanced Student
More informationL3.4. Data Management Techniques. Frederic Desprez Benjamin Isnard Johan Montagnat
Grid Workflow Efficient Enactment for Data Intensive Applications L3.4 Data Management Techniques Authors : Eddy Caron Frederic Desprez Benjamin Isnard Johan Montagnat Summary : This document presents
More informationMapping pipeline skeletons onto heterogeneous platforms
Mapping pipeline skeletons onto heterogeneous platforms Anne Benoit and Yves Robert GRAAL team, LIP École Normale Supérieure de Lyon January 2007 Yves.Robert@ens-lyon.fr January 2007 Mapping pipeline skeletons
More informationLECTURE 3:CPU SCHEDULING
LECTURE 3:CPU SCHEDULING 1 Outline Basic Concepts Scheduling Criteria Scheduling Algorithms Multiple-Processor Scheduling Real-Time CPU Scheduling Operating Systems Examples Algorithm Evaluation 2 Objectives
More informationChapter 16. Greedy Algorithms
Chapter 16. Greedy Algorithms Algorithms for optimization problems (minimization or maximization problems) typically go through a sequence of steps, with a set of choices at each step. A greedy algorithm
More informationChapter 6: CPU Scheduling. Operating System Concepts 9 th Edition
Chapter 6: CPU Scheduling Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2013 Chapter 6: CPU Scheduling Basic Concepts Scheduling Criteria Scheduling Algorithms Thread Scheduling Multiple-Processor Scheduling Real-Time
More information11. APPROXIMATION ALGORITHMS
11. APPROXIMATION ALGORITHMS load balancing center selection pricing method: vertex cover LP rounding: vertex cover generalized load balancing knapsack problem Lecture slides by Kevin Wayne Copyright 2005
More informationParallel Machine and Flow Shop Models
Outline DM87 SCHEDULING, TIMETABLING AND ROUTING 1. Resume and Extensions on Single Machine Models Lecture 10 Parallel Machine and Flow Shop Models 2. Parallel Machine Models Marco Chiarandini 3. Flow
More informationA Note on Scheduling Parallel Unit Jobs on Hypercubes
A Note on Scheduling Parallel Unit Jobs on Hypercubes Ondřej Zajíček Abstract We study the problem of scheduling independent unit-time parallel jobs on hypercubes. A parallel job has to be scheduled between
More informationApproximation Algorithms
Approximation Algorithms Given an NP-hard problem, what should be done? Theory says you're unlikely to find a poly-time algorithm. Must sacrifice one of three desired features. Solve problem to optimality.
More informationA Tool for Comparing Resource-Constrained Project Scheduling Problem Algorithms
A Tool for Comparing Resource-Constrained Project Scheduling Problem Algorithms Alexandru-Liviu Olteanu Computer Science and Automated Control Faculty of Engineering, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu Str.
More informationConstructing and Verifying Cyber Physical Systems
Constructing and Verifying Cyber Physical Systems Mixed Criticality Scheduling and Real-Time Operating Systems Marcus Völp Overview Introduction Mathematical Foundations (Differential Equations and Laplace
More informationHigh-Level Synthesis
High-Level Synthesis 1 High-Level Synthesis 1. Basic definition 2. A typical HLS process 3. Scheduling techniques 4. Allocation and binding techniques 5. Advanced issues High-Level Synthesis 2 Introduction
More informationCentralized versus distributed schedulers for multiple bag-of-task applications
Centralized versus distributed schedulers for multiple bag-of-task applications O. Beaumont, L. Carter, J. Ferrante, A. Legrand, L. Marchal and Y. Robert Laboratoire LaBRI, CNRS Bordeaux, France Dept.
More informationECE519 Advanced Operating Systems
IT 540 Operating Systems ECE519 Advanced Operating Systems Prof. Dr. Hasan Hüseyin BALIK (10 th Week) (Advanced) Operating Systems 10. Multiprocessor, Multicore and Real-Time Scheduling 10. Outline Multiprocessor
More informationBi-Objective Optimization for Scheduling in Heterogeneous Computing Systems
Bi-Objective Optimization for Scheduling in Heterogeneous Computing Systems Tony Maciejewski, Kyle Tarplee, Ryan Friese, and Howard Jay Siegel Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Colorado
More informationflow shop scheduling with multiple operations and time lags
flow shop scheduling with multiple operations and time lags J. Riezebos and G.J.C. Gaalman Faculty of Management and Organization, University of Groningen J.N.D. Gupta Department of Management, Ball State
More informationCSE 417 Branch & Bound (pt 4) Branch & Bound
CSE 417 Branch & Bound (pt 4) Branch & Bound Reminders > HW8 due today > HW9 will be posted tomorrow start early program will be slow, so debugging will be slow... Review of previous lectures > Complexity
More informationCPU Scheduling. Operating Systems (Fall/Winter 2018) Yajin Zhou ( Zhejiang University
Operating Systems (Fall/Winter 2018) CPU Scheduling Yajin Zhou (http://yajin.org) Zhejiang University Acknowledgement: some pages are based on the slides from Zhi Wang(fsu). Review Motivation to use threads
More informationBOOLEAN FUNCTIONS Theory, Algorithms, and Applications
BOOLEAN FUNCTIONS Theory, Algorithms, and Applications Yves CRAMA and Peter L. HAMMER with contributions by Claude Benzaken, Endre Boros, Nadia Brauner, Martin C. Golumbic, Vladimir Gurvich, Lisa Hellerstein,
More informationScalable Algorithmic Techniques Decompositions & Mapping. Alexandre David
Scalable Algorithmic Techniques Decompositions & Mapping Alexandre David 1.2.05 adavid@cs.aau.dk Introduction Focus on data parallelism, scale with size. Task parallelism limited. Notion of scalability
More informationEfficient Assignment and Scheduling for Heterogeneous DSP Systems Λ
Efficient Assignment and Scheduling for Heterogeneous DSP Systems Λ Zili Shao Qingfeng Zhuge Xue Chun Edwin H.-M. Sha Department of Computer Science University of Texas at Dallas Richardson, Texas 75083,
More informationMultimedia Systems 2011/2012
Multimedia Systems 2011/2012 System Architecture Prof. Dr. Paul Müller University of Kaiserslautern Department of Computer Science Integrated Communication Systems ICSY http://www.icsy.de Sitemap 2 Hardware
More informationSchedulability Analysis of the Linux Push and Pull Scheduler with Arbitrary Processor Affinities
Schedulability Analysis of the Linux Push and Pull Scheduler with Arbitrary Processor Affinities Arpan Gujarati, Felipe Cerqueira, and Björn Brandenburg Multiprocessor real-time scheduling theory Global
More informationQoS support for Intelligent Storage Devices
QoS support for Intelligent Storage Devices Joel Wu Scott Brandt Department of Computer Science University of California Santa Cruz ISW 04 UC Santa Cruz Mixed-Workload Requirement General purpose systems
More informationSize of a problem instance: Bigger instances take
2.1 Integer Programming and Combinatorial Optimization Slide set 2: Computational Complexity Katta G. Murty Lecture slides Aim: To study efficiency of various algo. for solving problems, and to classify
More informationQoS-constrained List Scheduling Heuristics for Parallel Applications on Grids
16th Euromicro Conference on Parallel, Distributed and Network-Based Processing QoS-constrained List Scheduling Heuristics for Parallel Applications on Grids Ranieri Baraglia, Renato Ferrini, Nicola Tonellotto
More informationScheduling with Bus Access Optimization for Distributed Embedded Systems
472 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON VERY LARGE SCALE INTEGRATION (VLSI) SYSTEMS, VOL. 8, NO. 5, OCTOBER 2000 Scheduling with Bus Access Optimization for Distributed Embedded Systems Petru Eles, Member, IEEE, Alex
More informationSimplified design flow for embedded systems
Simplified design flow for embedded systems 2005/12/02-1- Reuse of standard software components Knowledge from previous designs to be made available in the form of intellectual property (IP, for SW & HW).
More informationConstraint Satisfaction Problems
Constraint Satisfaction Problems In which we see how treating states as more than just little black boxes leads to the invention of a range of powerful new search methods and a deeper understanding of
More informationUnit 2: High-Level Synthesis
Course contents Unit 2: High-Level Synthesis Hardware modeling Data flow Scheduling/allocation/assignment Reading Chapter 11 Unit 2 1 High-Level Synthesis (HLS) Hardware-description language (HDL) synthesis
More informationFuture Generation Computer Systems. Computational models and heuristic methods for Grid scheduling problems
Future Generation Computer Systems 26 (2010) 608 621 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Future Generation Computer Systems journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/fgcs Computational models and
More informationINDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY GUWAHATI
INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY GUWAHATI COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING Course: CS341 (Operating System), Model Solution Mid Semester Exam 1. [System Architecture, Structure, Service and Design: 5 Lectures
More informationCS370 Operating Systems
CS370 Operating Systems Colorado State University Yashwant K Malaiya Fall 2017 Lecture 10 Slides based on Text by Silberschatz, Galvin, Gagne Various sources 1 1 Chapter 6: CPU Scheduling Basic Concepts
More informationAlgorithm Design and Analysis
Algorithm Design and Analysis LECTURE 29 Approximation Algorithms Load Balancing Weighted Vertex Cover Reminder: Fill out SRTEs online Don t forget to click submit Sofya Raskhodnikova 12/7/2016 Approximation
More informationComplexity results for throughput and latency optimization of replicated and data-parallel workflows
Complexity results for throughput and latency optimization of replicated and data-parallel workflows Anne Benoit and Yves Robert GRAAL team, LIP École Normale Supérieure de Lyon June 2007 Anne.Benoit@ens-lyon.fr
More informationBranch-and-bound: an example
Branch-and-bound: an example Giovanni Righini Università degli Studi di Milano Operations Research Complements The Linear Ordering Problem The Linear Ordering Problem (LOP) is an N P-hard combinatorial
More informationAperiodic Task Scheduling
Aperiodic Task Scheduling Radek Pelánek Preemptive Scheduling: The Problem 1 processor arbitrary arrival times of tasks preemption performance measure: maximum lateness no resources, no precedence constraints
More informationCommunication Augmented Scheduling for Cloud Computing with Delay Constraint and Task Dependency. Sowndarya Sundar
Communication Augmented Scheduling for Cloud Computing with Delay Constraint and Task Dependency by Sowndarya Sundar A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Master of Applied
More informationComputer Science 4500 Operating Systems
Computer Science 4500 Operating Systems Module 6 Process Scheduling Methods Updated: September 25, 2014 2008 Stanley A. Wileman, Jr. Operating Systems Slide 1 1 In This Module Batch and interactive workloads
More informationReal-Time Architectures 2003/2004. Resource Reservation. Description. Resource reservation. Reinder J. Bril
Real-Time Architectures 2003/2004 Resource reservation Reinder J. Bril 03-05-2004 1 Resource Reservation Description Example Application domains Some issues Concluding remark 2 Description Resource reservation
More informationLevel Based Task Prioritization Scheduling for Small Workflows in Cloud Environment
Indian Journal of Science and Technology, Vol 8(33), DOI: 10.17485/ijst/2015/v8i33/71741, December 2015 ISSN (Print) : 0974-6846 ISSN (Online) : 0974-5645 Level Based Task Prioritization Scheduling for
More informationFebruary 19, Integer programming. Outline. Problem formulation. Branch-andbound
Olga Galinina olga.galinina@tut.fi ELT-53656 Network Analysis and Dimensioning II Department of Electronics and Communications Engineering Tampere University of Technology, Tampere, Finland February 19,
More informationParallel Numerical Algorithms
Parallel Numerical Algorithms http://sudalab.is.s.u-tokyo.ac.jp/~reiji/pna16/ [ 4 ] Scheduling Theory Parallel Numerical Algorithms / IST / UTokyo 1 PNA16 Lecture Plan General Topics 1. Architecture and
More informationA Genetic Algorithm for Multiprocessor Task Scheduling
A Genetic Algorithm for Multiprocessor Task Scheduling Tashniba Kaiser, Olawale Jegede, Ken Ferens, Douglas Buchanan Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB,
More informationExam Review TexPoint fonts used in EMF.
Exam Review Generics Definitions: hard & soft real-time Task/message classification based on criticality and invocation behavior Why special performance measures for RTES? What s deadline and where is
More informationFLEXIBLE ASSEMBLY SYSTEMS
FLEXIBLE ASSEMBLY SYSTEMS Job Shop and Flexible Assembly Job Shop Each job has an unique identity Make to order, low volume environment Possibly complicated route through system Very difficult Flexible
More informationUML CS Algorithms Qualifying Exam Fall, 2004 ALGORITHMS QUALIFYING EXAM
ALGORITHMS QUALIFYING EXAM This exam is open books & notes and closed neighbors & calculators. The upper bound on exam time is 3 hours. Please put all your work on the exam paper. Please write your name
More informationDesign of Parallel Algorithms. Models of Parallel Computation
+ Design of Parallel Algorithms Models of Parallel Computation + Chapter Overview: Algorithms and Concurrency n Introduction to Parallel Algorithms n Tasks and Decomposition n Processes and Mapping n Processes
More informationSolving Multi-Objective Distributed Constraint Optimization Problems. CLEMENT Maxime. Doctor of Philosophy
Solving Multi-Objective Distributed Constraint Optimization Problems CLEMENT Maxime Doctor of Philosophy Department of Informatics School of Multidisciplinary Sciences SOKENDAI (The Graduate University
More informationIntroduction to Grid Computing
Milestone 2 Include the names of the papers You only have a page be selective about what you include Be specific; summarize the authors contributions, not just what the paper is about. You might be able
More informationEffects of flexible timetables in real-time scheduling of rail operations
1 Effects of flexible timetables in real-time scheduling of rail operations Andrea D Ariano Dario Pacciarelli Marco Pranzo Department of Transport and Planning - Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands
More informationChapter 6: CPU Scheduling. Operating System Concepts 9 th Edition
Chapter 6: CPU Scheduling Silberschatz, Galvin and Gagne 2013 Chapter 6: CPU Scheduling Basic Concepts Scheduling Criteria Scheduling Algorithms Thread Scheduling Multiple-Processor Scheduling Real-Time
More informationDESIGN AND OVERHEAD ANALYSIS OF WORKFLOWS IN GRID
I J D M S C L Volume 6, o. 1, January-June 2015 DESIG AD OVERHEAD AALYSIS OF WORKFLOWS I GRID S. JAMUA 1, K. REKHA 2, AD R. KAHAVEL 3 ABSRAC Grid workflow execution is approached as a pure best effort
More informationarxiv: v2 [cs.ds] 22 Jun 2016
Federated Scheduling Admits No Constant Speedup Factors for Constrained-Deadline DAG Task Systems Jian-Jia Chen Department of Informatics, TU Dortmund University, Germany arxiv:1510.07254v2 [cs.ds] 22
More informationEFFICIENT SCHEDULING TECHNIQUES AND SYSTEMS FOR GRID COMPUTING
EFFICIENT SCHEDULING TECHNIQUES AND SYSTEMS FOR GRID COMPUTING By JANG-UK IN A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR
More informationEnergy-aware Scheduling for Frame-based Tasks on Heterogeneous Multiprocessor Platforms
Energy-aware Scheduling for Frame-based Tasks on Heterogeneous Multiprocessor Platforms Dawei Li and Jie Wu Department of Computer and Information Sciences Temple University Philadelphia, USA {dawei.li,
More informationScheduling of Parallel Real-time DAG Tasks on Multiprocessor Systems
Scheduling of Parallel Real-time DAG Tasks on Multiprocessor Systems Laurent George ESIEE Paris Journée du groupe de travail OVSTR - 23 mai 2016 Université Paris-Est, LRT Team at LIGM 1/53 CONTEXT: REAL-TIME
More informationA new inter-island genetic operator for optimization problems with block properties
A new inter-island genetic operator for optimization problems with block properties Wojciech Bożejko 1 and Mieczys law Wodecki 2 1 Institute of Engineering Cybernetics, Wroc law University of Technology
More informationMark Sandstrom ThroughPuter, Inc.
Hardware Implemented Scheduler, Placer, Inter-Task Communications and IO System Functions for Many Processors Dynamically Shared among Multiple Applications Mark Sandstrom ThroughPuter, Inc mark@throughputercom
More informationLecture 2. 1 Introduction. 2 The Set Cover Problem. COMPSCI 632: Approximation Algorithms August 30, 2017
COMPSCI 632: Approximation Algorithms August 30, 2017 Lecturer: Debmalya Panigrahi Lecture 2 Scribe: Nat Kell 1 Introduction In this lecture, we examine a variety of problems for which we give greedy approximation
More informationNew Optimal Load Allocation for Scheduling Divisible Data Grid Applications
New Optimal Load Allocation for Scheduling Divisible Data Grid Applications M. Othman, M. Abdullah, H. Ibrahim, and S. Subramaniam Department of Communication Technology and Network, University Putra Malaysia,
More informationComputational Complexity CSC Professor: Tom Altman. Capacitated Problem
Computational Complexity CSC 5802 Professor: Tom Altman Capacitated Problem Agenda: Definition Example Solution Techniques Implementation Capacitated VRP (CPRV) CVRP is a Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP)
More informationCS418 Operating Systems
CS418 Operating Systems Lecture 9 Processor Management, part 1 Textbook: Operating Systems by William Stallings 1 1. Basic Concepts Processor is also called CPU (Central Processing Unit). Process an executable
More informationCOT 6936: Topics in Algorithms! Giri Narasimhan. ECS 254A / EC 2443; Phone: x3748
COT 6936: Topics in Algorithms! Giri Narasimhan ECS 254A / EC 2443; Phone: x3748 giri@cs.fiu.edu http://www.cs.fiu.edu/~giri/teach/cot6936_s12.html https://moodle.cis.fiu.edu/v2.1/course/view.php?id=174
More information