Harmonized operational observation data production at FMI

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1 Harmonized operational observation data production at FMI Minna Huuskonen and Lasse Latva Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI) Erik Palmenin aukio 1, Helsinki, Finland s: Introduction The Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI) operates an observation network of several types of realtime surface-based observation stations; it includes the whole data process from the stations to the data interfaces that offer access to the data both for products and data users. The network of around 450 observation stations consists of weather stations, aviation weather stations, weather radars, radio-sounding stations, lightning-detection stations, air-quality stations, sea-level stations (mareographs), buoys, radioactivity stations, Earth s magnetic field recorders, all-sky camera stations, ship stations and research stations. At many stations, the same base infrastructure serves different measurements at the site and the data is transferred via a common data link to FMI's harmonized observation database. The database structure has been built not just to enable easy access for internal users to access data and metadata produced by any network of FMI, but also extendibility for new measurements and metadata. Furthermore it provides versatile services for FMI s customers based on the availability of the cross-cutting observation data from the same database. Some external datasets from cooperating partners are also being received in real-time to the same database structure. To operate the versatile observation network and its data in a single system, the whole operational data chain has to be harmonized: from site planning, instrument installations, data acquisition, to handling data in the database. Harmonized production is based on the ISO9001 Quality Management System: well-defined processes for observation production and standardized procedures across the networks. It demands also high-class calibration operations, preventive maintenance of instruments, systematic data collection and logging, thorough handling of metadata and also monitoring of the data availability and continuous improvement of the methods systematically for all networks. FMI plans operational activities in long-term periods but also annually to manage the fluid and qualified data flow for all customers. According to the main idea of the Quality Management Systems and WMO Integrated Global Observing System (WIGOS) the improvements in the data production must be continuous. This work has been on-going over the last 30 years at FMI and we still recognize there is plenty of work to do.

2 This paper will introduce how the Observation Services unit at FMI has developed its data production processes and working methods during recent years. Harmonized data production One concrete step towards harmonized observation data production has been the way FMI has organized itself: the organization structure. The Observation Services unit at FMI is operating all parts of the observation production chain from meteorological and technical network design and planning, instrumentation procurement, calibrations, installations, maintenance, data transmission, database, quality control to data interface where users have access the data. The final target is to provide high qualified observation data with stable and repeatable operational practices and to develop continuously the observation systems and methods to reach data users needs. The picture 1. shows an abstraction model used to describe FMI's production system from measurement & observation to the end users. Each phase (0..8) slightly varies process-by-process (or product-by-product) but the aim is to harmonize the production flow where reasonable. For observations, preprocessing usually means quality control and production data pool is the database for surface observations (but can be file storage for radar data, etc.). In this model, we split our automatic production into two main categories: data producing processes (phases 0...3) and product generation processes (6...8). The data interface services in between (4,5) is typically built on FMI SmartMet Server which is available as Open Source Software under MIT license. In this paper we have focused on to talk about phases 0 4 which are under the responsibility of Observation Services unit at FMI. Picture 1. An abstraction model used to describe FMI's production system from measurement & observation to the end users In operating the observation network of 450 stations, there is a need for efficient cooperation in all areas of responsibilities in the data production chain. First, efficient network thinking the station can be used to serve many application areas if the site has been chosen carefully to meet versatile needs. FMI is using the same basic infrastructure to equip sites and internally defined data interfaces to connect communication devices into data acquisition and data acquisition to the database. Standardization of data formats and interfaces and data acquisition to the centralized common database enable handling of all kinds of observation types and values in the database. Automation has been a key driver during recent years and e.g. re-collection is automated (automated retransmissions on IP links and/or automatic once-per-hour re-polling using circuit-switched modems).

3 Maintenance procedures have been unified across the networks but still takes into account the special needs of every network. Since stations share the same technical platform, preventative maintenance is quite easy to organize and target in that no additional site visits should be needed. A harmonized technical platform also helps to keep spare parts available for all stations in production. While operating the data production at the office, the maintaining and monitoring station activities are crucial in the database. FMI has developed in-house an internal web service to get easy access to the harmonized observation database. There can be managed actions like checking individual observation values, handling error reports of the stations and instruments, checking or updating metadata of the stations, controlling automatic quality control (AQC) test in use, doing manual quality control (HQC) or monitoring performance metrics of the stations, networks or the data process. The web interface serves at the same time as a station register, as an instrumentation register and as a measurement register for the staff of the Observation Services unit. All FMI employees can also use the web service with more limited access to check the metadata of stations and observations, for example how many precipitation stations there are available and where they are situated. One site, regardless of how many different networks it belongs to, has one primary station identifier number. Under the one identifier number is saved information about where the site is situated, what it measures, which are the instruments at the site, what data connection it is using, how many error messages has been reported for the station, where the data is distributed, what is the data availability, etc. To the primary identifier it is possible to link multiple local identifiers, e.g. traditional WMO identifier or external data provider's own station identifier. These lower-level identifiers are linked to the primary identifier which makes all station metadata available in a single structure. The station metadata is connected to all other information in the web interface and enables easy searches and inquiries to find what kind of data and information there is available in the database. Updating the information via web interfaces enables FMI staff (even those without programming skills) to update, change and add metadata in the database. Managing metadata of the stations, instruments and observation values is very important - but also time consuming. The importance of metadata may be forgotten sometimes, but like the data itself, it's crucial for operations. A harmonized environment provides us uniform metadata structure for all networks, but it is still a challenge to keep all metadata up-to-date for all stations and measurements in a large and versatile network. And still, success in data management relies on high-quality up-todate metadata. AQC tests are being done for every observation value to assure the data is qualified enough before giving the data out to users. The same quality-control procedures are used for all types of observations giving a flag for every observation value to share the information about the quality level for data users. If the data is suspicious it goes via HQC to be checked in case of error in an instrument. As a part of quality-control tests there are several automatic tests which are monitoring the data production all the time. The system alerts if there are missing values, no connection to the stations, some products can not be provided in the database, etc, and creates an error message to be handled by the Help Desk service of the Observation Services unit. Some error cases can be observed only by

4 human and therefore anyone at FMI can file an error message if required. The messages will be saved as the metadata of the station in the database. FMI follows the open data policy by European Union (EU) and gives access to the data and the metadata via open XML interface adhering to OGC standards (Open Geospatical Concortium), specifically WFS (Web Feature Service), WMS (Web Map Service) and CSW (Catalog Service for Web). FMI also shares the data via GTS using both Traditional Alphabetical Codes (TAC) and Binary Universal Form for the Representation of meteorological data (BUFR). The observation production consists of a loop of requirements, prioritization, implementations and feedback to understand and to manage the production chain. It needs monitoring of what has been done, what has not been done, how many maintenance visits needed, what have been the error causes at sites, what are the delays for data delivery, what is the level of customers satisfaction, is the budget overspent, and so on. All that is needed for the continuous improvement. It must be known what the issues were so that uniform improvements can be planned. The continuous development of observation practices, systems and methods is essential to guarantee the qualified observation services for data users. The development is done in cooperation with other units internally with FMI (especially research units), customers and other data users to reach versatile solutions for several needs. Measurement devices contribute a major part of the quality of the measured data. Thus it is essential to have instruments that are well-suited for their purpose and that their behavior across their measurement range is well known. Instrument testing provides us with crucial information of current instruments' performance and makes possible the correct investments of new devices. FMI has built a well-equipped instrument-testing facility at FMI's Sodankylä Arctic Research Centre used e.g. for WMO SPICE measurement campaigns and also is renewing the Jokioinen test & measurement field site in southern part of Finland to match current instrument-testing requirements. FMI plans operational activities in long-term periods. The needs for the renewal of operational activities comes via network studies, site visits, understanding the life cycle of instruments and customers needs. Long-term planning is vital to understand the framework for budgetary and resource planning. On-going improvements One recent activity has been station-priority classification (tier 1/2/3) which targets prioritizing our stations across the networks into certain categories to ensure they'll be maintained according to proper service level matching user needs. The highest category contains reference-class stations that have to be maintained well for continuous, high-quality data series. These stations may have redundant data communication and/or power-supply systems (e.g. solar backup / power generator)

5 and their data is quality-controlled as well as possible. The middle category services as a base network and it is required to meet all international standards but with longer service response times. The lowest priority category allows more customized solutions for special needs. A new harmonized database structure is being taken into use for more networks: recently all national air-quality data as previously fed to the national air-quality portal is now processed in the same data production chain, published at FMI's public website (deprecating the old separated portal) and old air quality data is being converted into new structure. Geomagnetic data is being planned to be included next into the same data production chain with all other observations provided by FMI. More heterogeneous database architecture is also being discussed, e.g. if it is possible to manage some data in PostgreSQL or other open source RDBMS (relational database management system) while still having metadata management and certain quality-management-related activities in the current Oracle RDBMS environment. Increasing data capacity needs more flexible solutions in terms of storage and possibly also NoSQL type databases have to be deployed in parallel to traditional relational databases. Among the coherent data flow improvements, we're about to plan and integrate a new generation s technical platform for observation stations enabling us not just to jump into always-on IP (Internet Protocol) communication era, but also harmonize measurements across the networks even more and adding modularity to the stations (e.g. communication subsystem or power supply subsystem can be made redundant more easily and measurements at station can be extended using wired and wireless Ethernet/IP technology practically without limits). Until now, our AWS stations have been reporting their measurements every 10th minute, in future we see servers that serve continuous data streams, but this requires much different power supply / management solutions than today and cyber-security requirements are completely different than in 80s or 90s when current modern serial-port-based logger technology was invented. Technology upgrade will target not just more data and real-time streams, but also easier maintenance (no field calibration if possible) and better manageability targeting long-term cost savings. Closing words Steps in changes and developments are slow, and on the other hand, it is a good thing. The legacy of historical observations and the homogeneity of data series has to be kept in mind. Every new method, new practice or new system must be documented and tested well in parallel with the previous version to know its impact for data series. It is not only for our time and our generation that we are providing observations, so we have to take care of systematic data production with reasonable changes at a time to guarantee the quality and the homogeneity of data series. Our aim is to operate continuous operational data production 24/7/365 and make such small improvements that the overall data quality is managed and known continuously despite changes.

6 Using bleeding-edge technology is not always feasible, but after thorough testing, inter-comparison and preparation for production, new methods, instruments and systems can be deployed. While operating the large and broad network with various observation types, the harmonization is time-, cost- and resource-efficient. It just must be found the balance between stable operation practices, developing something new and taking care of the long term climatological records.

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