Database Segmentation
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1 Database Segmentation Today s CA IDMS databases continue to grow. Among the reasons for this growth may be the addition of new application functionality, business consolidations, or the inability to archive historical data from legacy databases. Regardless of the reason for their growth this expansion creates concerns in two areas; space and time. The concern with space is typically not related to the number of physical devices needed to contain the data but with the number of CA IDMS pages that are available in which a given database can reside. Larger databases also mean that the time required by applications to perform routine processing also increases. This can be especially meaningful when considering batch processes or routine maintenance operations. This article presents an overview of two types of database segmentation generally referred to as vertical and horizontal segmentation. Although each segmentation implementation is unique by database, the general concepts of these two methods of segmentation provide the basis from which all segmentation strategies are derived. Before continuing it is important to define the terms CA IDMS segment and database segment. The use of CA IDMS segment in this article will refer to the CA IDMS entity known as a SEGMENT which is created by the ADD SEGMENT command. Within a CA IDMS segment a user defines the files, areas, page group, and their related pages ranges that define the physical implementation of a portion of a database. A database segment will be considered to be a logical grouping of any number of CA IDMS segments and equates to the database view known by the application. A database segment is typically implemented by grouping the required CA IDMS segments within a DBNAME by using the ADD DBNAME statement when creating a DBTABLE. Vertical Segmentation Vertical segmentation is the practice of dividing a database into separate functional portions and is implemented at the area level. Areas within the same functional portion of the database can then be grouped together into the same CA IDMS segment and if desired, each CA IDMS segment defined to the database can be assigned to a different page group. A standard implementation of CA IDMS limits any one database to a finite range of database pages which is in the area of 16 million pages if a standard dbkey structure is used. To remove this restriction CA IDMS provides a feature know as page groups. Areas defined in different page groups are permitted to have overlapping pages ranges. Through the use of mixed page group support a single database transaction has the ability to access areas defined in different page groups creating an almost inexhaustible number of database pages available for use by a database. For details about implementing mixed page group support refer to the Mixed Page Group Implementation article in Volume 72 of the Connections newsletter, dated March Vertical segmentation may require some structural database changes due to restrictions enforced by multiple page group support which may in turn cause some application changes. However the use of
2 multiple page group support allows the database to appear to the application at run-time as a single entity. The restrictions currently enforced by mixed page group support are as follows: Sets, indexes, and referential constraints may not cross page group boundaries Record names must be unique Unqualified FIND/OBTAIN DML commands should not be issued within mixed page group rununits. To provide a simple illustration of vertical segmentation consider a multi-national corporation that has an Order-Entry database that is approaching the approximate 16 million page range limitation. This database is composed of CA IDMS areas that break down into three functional areas; customer data, order data, and invoice data. All areas are defined in one single CA IDMS segment that uses the default page group value of 0 for the segment. ORDER-ENTRY DATABASE CUSTOMER DATA ORDER DATA INVOICE DATA Segment: ORDER-ENTRY Page Group: 0 The first step to implementing vertical segmentation on the Order-Entry database is to identify the functional group into which each CA IDMS database area belongs. Any cross-area sets between areas identified as being in different functional groups must be replaced with some other construct which will allow the run-time processing using these sets to be retained. Almost always these types of changes will require some level of application changes. This highlights the fact that any form of database segmentation is not just a Database Administrator function but is a task requiring the commitment of a site s entire organization.
3 The following diagram is an example of a set relationship which crosses area boundaries where the areas are in different functional areas or vertical segments. CUSTOMER CUST-NUM CUSTOMER-AREA CUST-ORD SORTED NPO ORDER One option would be to replace the CUST-ORD set with a system-owned index where the new index would reside in an area to be included in the ORDER vertical segment. In this case the name of the index could still be CUST-ORD to minimize the scope of the application changes. CUSTOMER CUST-NUM CUSTOMER-AREA ORDER CUST-ORD I MA ASC CUST-NUM, ORD A second option would be to add a dummy CUSTOMER record into the area. This record would only contain the calckey of the corresponding CUSTOMER from the CUSTOMER-AREA area and would be used to connect all of the ORDER records owned by each customer. CUSTOMER CUST-NUM CUSTOMER-AREA ORDER CUST-ORD SORTED NPO CUST-DUM CUST-NUM
4 The second restriction imposed on vertical segmentation by mixed page group support is that all record names must be unique. Schema requirements for an unsegmented non-sql database would already impose this restriction so it is typically a non-issue when implementing a vertical segmentation strategy. However we will see the effect of this restriction while examining the topic of horizontal segmentation. Finally care should be taken to avoid all unqualified DML commands used by the associated application within mixed page group run-units. These commands would be FIND/OBTAIN DB-KEY commands that do not include a record name. Although it is possible to use these commands they do possess the possibility of returning the wrong record based on run-unit currency at the time they are issued. It is best to insert the name of the desired record type into each of these commands to avoid the potential of improper database accesses. The segment used to define the database to the physical environment should then be broken into three separate CA IDMS segments. Each segment definition will contain only those areas participating in that segment s functional group. Assuming a standard database key structure, each vertical segment will have approximately 16 million database pages available to it for a total of about 48 million pages for the entire database. ORDER-ENTRY DATABASE CUSTOMER DATA ORDER DATA INVOICE DATA Segment: CUSTOMER Segment: ORDER Segment: INVOICE Page Group: 0 Page Group: 1 Page Group: 2 Horizontal Segmentation Vertical segmentation can provide a site with significant relief when approaching the maximum number of database pages available in which that database can reside. However the applications using that database must still view and process it in its entirety. As databases grow or a site s processing needs evolve, the amount of time required to perform standard application processing may become too large for the available window. A horizontal segmentation strategy allows the database to be divided along
5 some site specific criteria creating multiple yet functionally equivalent databases. These smaller databases can be processed independently of each other based on a site s requirements. Horizontal segmentation begins with the selection of the segmentation criteria. The segmentation criteria used is based on the application requirements and may consider divisions along geographic boundaries or company divisions. Sometimes time/date relationships are used such as a separate database segment per business or calendar year, while in other cases some sort of artificial segmentation key is created. For our example we will continue to use the Order-Entry Database with the scenario of a corporation that transacts business in Europe and North America. Initially they created a single database structure to support their business in each geographical location. However the requirement to delay all batch processing until the North America online day is completed has made it very difficult to finish that processing before the next European online day begins. The database structure must be examined to identify any structures that will be common to both the Europe and North America segments. These structures may include records that are used as tables to control processing or may be corporate level records that summarize the high-level business of the organization. These records must be removed from CA IDMS areas in which records that will be unique to a given geographical segment will reside and must be placed into their own areas. These common areas will ultimately be defined to the physical environment through their own CA IDMS segment definitions. In addition, if any set relationships exist between records moved to the common segment and records that will be in a geographical segment they must be replaced with alternate structures as discussed under the topic of Vertical Segmentation. The following diagram is a simple representation of the Order-Entry Database following the initial separation along the geographical lines. ORDER-ENTRY DATABASE Segment: EUROPE CUSTOMER DATA ORDER DATA INVOICE DATA Segment: COMMON Segment: NORAMER COMMON DATA CUSTOMER DATA ORDER DATA INVOICE DATA
6 It should be noted that vertical segmentation can be used in conjunction with horizontal segmentation as space requirements dictate. CA IDMS segments EUROPE, NORAMER, and COMMON could each be defined as being in different page groups. In the same manner the three functional portions of each geographical database segment (EUROPE and NOAMER) could be defined in their own CA IDMS segments which could be assigned to different page groups as long as their separation conforms to the rules of mixed page group support. The desired end result of our horizontal segmentation is that a single version of the application programs will be able to process either the Europe portion of the database or the North America segment using the same schema/subschema specifications. This is accomplished by supplying the appropriate DBNAME to the programs at run-time. Each DBNAME indicates which segments are to be referenced during processing. The following is a simplified example of the definition of the DBNAMEs. ADD DBNAME EURDB INCLUDE SEGMENT EUROPE INCLUDE SEGMENT COMMON; ADD DBNAME NAMDB INCLUDE SEGMENT NORAMER INCLUDE SEGMENT COMMON; With the above segmentation of the Order-Entry Database and the defined DBNAMEs the organization will now be able to start batch processing for Europe as soon as the European online window closes and while the North American online window is still open. In the same manner the North America batch processing will not have to be completed before the next morning s European online window opens. However there are a few items that must be taken into consideration to make the horizontal segmentation successful. It is extremely important that no application process update the database areas assigned to the COMMON segment while performing update operations against either the EUROPE or NORAMER segments. To do so would compromise the independence between the databases segments that the horizontal segmentation strategy hoped to provide. As an example let s say that for a given day the batch processing for Europe had been completed and North America s batch processing was nearing completion. However both of these processing threads update records in the COMMON segment while updating their respective segmented areas. Someone then realizes that the Europe batch processing was run with incorrect input parameters requiring that processing to be rolled back and Europe s batch jobs to be rerun. Since updates were made to the COMMON segment it is necessary to include that segment as part of the ROLLBACK operation. Rolling back the COMMON segment will also roll out any updates that the North America processes made, forcing the NORAMER segment to also be included in the ROLLBACK operation. You are now in or near the start of both online windows with no batch processing completed.
7 All updating of the COMMON segment should be isolated from update processing of the other geographical segments and scheduled at a time when they will not affect the independence of the other database segments. When the need to update the COMMON segment concurrently with another database segment is discovered it may be necessary to remove those affected records from the COMMON segment and replicate them in each geographical segment. Sometimes there is truly a singular entity that must reflect some result of both batch cycles. In this case you could retain that information in an intermediate file and update the COMMON area when all other required processing is completed. If either of these methods were used our scenario would have resulted in the Europe batch processing to be rerun and their online window being delayed but there would have been no impact on the North America environment. Another concern is the CA IDMS restriction that a transaction cannot have multiple areas with duplicate names or records with non-unique names within a non-sql database. This is similar to the restrictions mentioned earlier when using mixed page group support. As a result it is not allowed to access the areas defined to the EUROPE and NORAMER segments in the same database transaction. If there is a requirement to report on all occurrences of a particular record type from both of the separated database segments it will be necessary to extract the data using multiple database transactions. This could be done with a single program that issues two BIND RUN-UNIT commands differentiated by the unique DBNAMEs or could be done by two program executions extracting data to intermediate files which are then merged to produce the desired report. Finally vertical and horizontal segmentation can reduce the amount of time required to do standard maintenance operations. UNLOAD/RELOADs, BACKUPs, and index tuning or rebuilds can run in shorter periods of time due to reduced volumes of data. For example, if the business in Europe grows unexpectedly the expansion of areas associated with the EUROPE segment can be done without having to include the data associated with North America. Summary Very large CA IDMS databases can certainly pose a number of problems but these problems typically fall into the areas of space and processing time. CA IDMS provides the facilities to implement vertical and horizontal segmentation to eliminate these problems. The general concepts of how to accomplish these strategies are not in themselves complex. However each database and application present unique conditions that often require some creative implementations of the basic concept. Unfortunately these implementations will often go beyond changes involving just a site s Database Administrator and will include the application staff and will sometimes result in visible changes to the organization s users. As a result it is important to have the entire organization committed to these projects for them to enjoy their greatest level of success. Although not always simple these modifications provide sites with the ability for almost unlimited growth over the foreseeable future.
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