Database Systems. Normalization Lecture# 7
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2 Database Systems Normalization Lecture# 7
3 Lecture 7: Normalization Normalization (Brief Overview) Functional Dependencies and Keys 1 st Normal Form 2 nd Normal Form 3 rd Normal Form Class Activity 3
4 Normalization (Brief Overview) 4
5 Normalization (Brief Overview) The main goal of Database Normalization is to restructure the logical data model of a database to: 1. Eliminate Redundancy. 2. Organize Data Efficiently. 3. Reduce the possibility of Data Anomalies/Irregularities. 5
6 Continued Data anomalies are inconsistencies in the data stored in a database as a result of an operation such as update, insertion, and deletion. Such inconsistencies may arise when have a particular record stored in multiple locations and not all of the copies are updated. We can prevent such anomalies by implementing 7 different level of normalization called Normal Forms (NF) We ll only look at the first Three. 6
7 Continued Database Normalization was first proposed by Edgar F. Codd. Codd defined the first three Normal Forms, which we ll look into, of the 7 known Normal Forms. In order to do normalization we must know what the requirements are for each of the three Normal Forms that we ll go over. One of the key requirements to remember is that Normal Forms are progressive. That is, in order to achieve 3 rd NF we must have 2 nd NF and in order to have 2 nd NF we must have 1 st NF. 7
8 Levels of Normalization Levels of normalization based on the amount of redundancy in the database. Various levels of normalization are: First Normal Form (1NF) Second Normal Form (2NF) Third Normal Form (3NF) Boyce-Codd Normal Form (BCNF) or 3.5 NF Fourth Normal Form (4NF) Fifth Normal Form (Project-Join Normal Form-PJNF) Domain Key Normal Form (DKNF) Sixth Normal Form (6NF) Number of Tables Increases Redundancy Decreases 8
9
10 Data Anomalies 1. Insertion Anomaly: Cannot make a record of Jone s address because he is not taking any classes. 10
11 11 Continued 2. Update Anomaly: Clearly, Name and Address are redundant (larger relation and we have to update 3 rows to update the Address)
12 Continued 3. Delete Anomaly: Cannot delete Jones enrolment without loosing his address as well 12
13 Functional Dependencies and Keys 13
14 Functional Dependencies and Keys. Example is shown on next slide 14
15 15
16 16
17 Prime and Non-Prime Attributes In Normalization Terminology, Any attribute that is completely or at least part is a member of a Primary Key is known as a Prime Attribute instead of the more common term Key Attribute. So, a Non-Prime attribute or Non-Key attribute, is not part of any Candidate Key. 17
18 Closure Set of Attributes Trivial means D and E contains only its own value 18
19 Finding Candidate Keys using Closure Set of Attributes There are 15 possible Keys; We have to find Candidate key from these possible keys So: 19
20 Continued.. There are 15 possible Keys; We have to find Candidate key from these possible keys 20
21 Continued.. 21
22 Finding Candidate Keys using Closure Set of Attributes 22
23 Continued.. 23
24 1 st Normal Form 24
25 1 st Normal Form The requirements to satisfy the 1 st NF are: 1) Each table has a Primary Key: minimal set of attributes which can uniquely identify a record 2) The values in each column of a table are Atomic (No multivalue attributes allowed eg. stdcellno; std address) 3) There are no repeating groups: two columns do not store similar information in the same table. 25
26
27
28 2 nd Normal Form 28
29 2 nd Normal Form The requirements to satisfy the 2 nd NF: All requirements for 1 st NF must be met Any partial functional dependencies have been removed (i.e., non-keys are identified by the Whole Primary Key). bookisbn --> booktitle, bookfirstauthorname, bookpublisher. In the given above example; The title of a book, the name of the first author, and the publisher are functionally dependent on the book's International Standard Book Number (ISBN). In other words all listed attributes are identified uniquely by the whole Primary Key which is bookisbn and this relation/file/table/entity is in 2 nd Normal Form. 29
30 30
31 31
32
33 33
34 34
35 3 rd Normal Form 35
36
37
38
39 Continued We have seen how Database Normalization can decrease redundancy, increase efficiency and reduce anomalies by implementing three of seven different levels of normalization called Normal Forms. The first Three Normal Forms (3-NF) are usually sufficient for small to medium size applications. 39
40 Why we Required Decomposition of a Relation Redundancy can be reduced Data Independence can be maintained Anomalies can be reduced
41 Class Activity 41
42 Class Activity 1: Answer the following Questions. 42
43 Class Activity 2: Answer the following Questions? a) Indicate the Level of Normal Form for the given below Relation. b) If the Relation is not in 3-NF, Decompose it into 3-NF Relations. c) Design an ERD of 3-NF Relations in Information Engineering Standard. 43
44 Recommended Readings Chapter 5 from: Modern Database Management-8 th Edition by Jeffrey A. Hoffer, Mary B. Presscott & Fred R. McFadden (Page No ) Chapter 6 from: Database Systems - Design, Implementation and Management by Carlos Coronel, Steven Morris and Peter Rob, 9th Edition(Page No )
45 Recommended Readings Chapter 14 from: Database Systems-A Practical Approach to Design, Implementation and Management by Thomas Connolly and Carolyn Begg, 4th Edition (Page No )
46 Summary of Lecture Lecture 7 Normalization (Overview) Functional Dependencies and Keys 1 st Normal Form 2 nd Normal Form 3 rd Normal Form Class Activity 46
47 END OF LECTURE 7 47
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