COSC6340: Database Systems Mini-DBMS Project evaluating SQL queries
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1 COSC6340: Database Systems Mini-DBMS Project evaluating SQL queries Instructor: Carlos Ordonez 1 Introduction You will develop a small DBMS in C++ supporting SQL with nested SPJ queries. The small DBMS will require you to use binary files for efficient processing. You will have to submit this program in two phases. You are expected to fix the bugs or missing functionaly from the previous phase. If you have doubts about how an SQL statement should work try it on a commercial DBMS. If you want to implement extra SQL functionality, especially related to complex query optimization feel free to send . 2 Program requirements Your program should be coded in GNU C++ (other compilers are discouraged due to automated grading). You can use any IDE or editor. The program needs to efficiently manage large tables. Therefore, your application cannot use regular text files. Instead, you are required to use binary files (with efficient random access). Here is an overview: Phase 1: DDL (CREATE TABLE including PK), DML INSERT, simple SQL queries (WHERE, JOIN). Queries can be nested multiple levels (SQL subqueries). Phase 2: required: any join, push selection, group-by, order-by. optional: merge/hash join, binary search, B-trees. Phase 1 requires managing two modes for entering SQL statements: (1) an SQL console (required to solve complaints) (2) a script file (required for automated testing). The SQL console should start if the user decides to give as, an argument, an SQL query, and once it has finished executing, allow the user to input more SQL queries by displaying a prompt ( SQL > ). The system will stop when the user types the quit; command: temporary tables can be dropped, but not permanent tables (created with CREATE TABLE). The system requires a catalog table that contains all the schema information for all the tables. This catalog table is going to be maintained and managed in main memory, and updated every time a table is created. Notice only the catalog (table schemas) can be maintained in RAM: all tables must be stored and persisted on disk and must be available for a future script or interactive session. The schema information of a table includes the table names, the column names (and their types), primary keys, size of the record, table and number of records. All temporary tables should be included in the memory catalog table, but not in the text catalog. The script file option allows the execution of a long SQL script combining DDL and DML statements; this feature will be essential for testing. This is a guideline of minimum functionality. SHOW TABLE, which returns the DDL information of the specified table. CREATE TABLE, which creates a table in the DBMS, including its primary key. Nested SELECTs in FROM clause (up to 3 levels). INSERT INTO/VALUES should insert one row into the target table. The SELECT/FROM statement should return the specified columns and result rows without 1
2 duplicates (i.e. behave as SELECT DISTINCT). The SELECT/FROM/WHERE query will be similar to the SELECT/FROM operation but also considers a comparison given in the WHERE clause (=). Support JOIN queries (up to 1 join with 2 tables, for instance T 1 and T 2 ). You can use the straightforward algorithm with two nested for loops to match every row from T 1 against every row of T 2. For the JOIN operation, you are required to join two tables with a single column as the join condition. Your program must support aggregation with sum(columnn ame). For aggregation GROUP BY is required; pushing GROUP BY is optional. By default GROUP BY should return rows ordered (i.e. working with ORDER BY). If you have repeated column names in the SELECT, they should include the alias table name (e.g. T1.A, T2.A) to avoid ambiguity. INSERT INTO would insert all the data of a SELECT operation in the specified table (if you are trying to insert data into a table that does not exist the program must return an error). Your program must return results sorted with the ORDER BY clause (you can use any sort algorithm as long as it is external, not loading entire table in RAM). This is more advanced funcionality that is considered optional. Ability to handle WHERE, GROUP BY and 3-way joins in nested queries. Support join queries (up to 1 join). Query optimization by pushing σ selection over join, at the deepest level possible. For JOIN you can use a more efficient join algorithm (e.g. sort-merge join O(nlogn) or hash join). For aggregation GROUP BY is required; pushing GROUP BY is optional. Implement GROUP BY and ORDER BY using an efficient external sort algorithm: merge sort. Adapt an existing C++ library or program in C++ B-tree insertion/search. 2.1 Program Specification You are required to call your main program dbms (Unix executable, not a shell script), from which you can submit an SQL query or a script file containing a set of SQL statements. The program should be able to store and query data in an efficient manner. Therefore, you are required to store each table in a separate binary file. Each binary file will have the name of the table and a.tbl extension. The data types that you should manage include: integers (4 bytes, 32 bit), doubles (8 bytes), date,time (4 bytes in POSIX format) and char(n) (strings, 1 byte per char, plus 1 byte for length or null terminator). Every time you complete a statement, you are expected to display sucess of such operation like a DBMS (e.g. Created TABLE T Successfully). When a result table has 0 rows you can display 0 rows. To parse nested SELECTs you can build your own parser with a stack or you can use a compiler tool (lex/yacc). You are not required to parse and evaluate arithmetic expressions or boolean expressions with negation. That is, you can asssume terms in a SELECT are column names or simple values. To evaluate WHERE clause with equality you can use sequential search by default, or binary search when the file is sorted. To evaluate joins you can use a nested-loop or sort-merge join algorithm. You should include style comments and DROP TABLE to enable easier testing. In order to efficiently manage the database, you are required to have a file containing all the information of your database schema (table metadata). Hence, the metadata of each table should be maintained up to date in a text file (catalog.txt, do not change the name!) with one table header (description) per line. The table metadata includes: tablename, columns, primary key, record size in bytes, total number of bytes of the table, and the total number of records in the table. The columns should be separated by, and the type of the column should be divided by a :. At the beginning of your program, you should load the whole catalog in memory, and write it back to disk every time a table is defined. Once your program finishes executing, you can drop temporary tables (discarding the information regarding temporary tables). Due to the fact that you are expected to keep your temporary tables during execution of the program in the catalog, you also have to keep the related binary files and allow the user the capability of also querying (SELECT) these temporary tables. For example, consider the following catalog file: 2
3 Table 1: SQL Queries: Requirements and examples. Operator Phase Input Example CREATE TABLE 1 Table Name, Columns and Types CREATE TABLE T ( C1 INT, C2 CHAR(5), C3 INT, PRIMARY KEY(C1)); /* there is always PK */ basic data types 1 data types INT,CHAR(m) required advanced data types 1 data types DOUBLE, DATE, TIME not required INSERT INTO/VALUES 1 Data INSERT INTO T VALUES(1, string,5); 1 values 1,3.2, ABC, depending on column data type SELECT columns FROM 1 Columns SELECT C3 FROM T; /* works like standard SELECT */ SELECT * FROM 1 project all columns SELECT *FROM T; /* only in outer query */ WHERE filter one column 1 Column = value SELECT A,B FROM T WHERE A=1; SELECT/FROM/JOIN 1 2 Table Names SELECT A,B,T1.K FROM T1 JOIN T2 ON T1.K = T2.K; SELECT/FROM/JOIN/WHERE 1 2 Table Names, conditions SELECT A,B,T1.K FROM T1 JOIN T2 ON T1.K = T2.K WHERE B=1; nested SELECTs 1 one query which parses as a deep tree SELECT A FROM (SELECT B FROM T1 JOIN T2 ON T1.K=T2.K)T3; INSERT INTO/SELECT 1 Table and Select Query INSERT INTO T SELECT B FROM T1; SHOW TABLE/SHOW TABLES 1 name/none SHOW TABLE T; SHOW TABLES; DROP TABLE 1 table name DROP TABLE T1; /* comments */ 1 C++ style comments QUIT 1 nothing QUIT; /* tables created with CREATE TABLE are persistent */ nested SELECTs 1 WHERE, GROUP BY only in outer query only JOIN clause in nested queries nested queries with JOIN 2 same as flat query SELECT * FROM (SELECT A,T1.K,B FROM T1 JOIN T2 ON T1.K=T2.K)S1 SELECT/FROM/ORDER BY 2 Columns, Table, Columns SELECT A, B FROM T ORDER BY A; INSERT INTO/SELECT 2 Table, SELECT/ORDER BY INSERT INTO T3 SELECT T A FROM T1; SELECT/FROM/GROUP BY 2 Columns, Table, Columns,sum(column) SELECT K,SUM(A) FROM T GROUP BY K; /* sum(a) required, dups eliminated */ sum() without GROUP BY 2 Not required WHERE/GROUP BY in the nested queries 2 Not required JOIN with 3 tables 2 not required WHERE using AND OR NOT 2 not required File: catalog.txt tablename=t columns=c1:int,c2:char(5),c3:int primary key=c1 recordsize=13 totalsize=65 records=5 tablename=t1 columns=b1:int,b2:char(255) primary key=b1 recordsize=259 totalsize=2590 records=10 Advanced features For query optimization you should push a GROUP BY before a JOIN when possible. Optional: sorting feature is the foundation for important functionality: GROUP BY, BINARY SEARCH and ORDER BY. Sorting should be performed using an external sort approach (a large table will not fit in memory). Therefore, you will have to merge binary files if you decide to include the merge sort algorithm. You can assume that there will be at most one column in the sorting function. Once you have coded your ORDER BY operation, you will have to perform a GROUP BY on a previously sorted table. This GROUP BY operation may imply that you have to create temporary tables in order to present the final aggregation. Only consider the SUM aggregation in numerical attributes, and a single attribute in the GROUP BY statement. A summary of the SQL statements (including the submission phase) that you are required to program are described in Table 1. 1 In a sorted table, you are required to perform a binary search. 3
4 Some important considerations and limits include: Up to 3 levels of nested SELECTs. Phase 1: Nested select query can ionclude JOIN, but not WHERE. No NULLs: do not consider NULLs. Consider ambiguous column names for join operations (qualification). Only one comparison in the WHERE statement (=). Return an error message for every invalid operation (e.g. non-matching data type in an insertion; invalid join/where condition; load data into a non-existent table). Only tables crteated with CREATE TABLE persists across multiple runs; all temporary tables can be deleted. 3 Program call and Output Here is a specification of SQL syntax and input/output. The SQL statements are 95% ANSI standard syntax. When running from the command prompt the query should be run interactively when semicolon found (;); Otherwise, when running a script the SQL output should be left in a text file. The output file output.txt file should contain all the results and messages of the SQL queries in the script file. Keep in mind your program will be automaticaly tested. Important specification for output: 5 spaces for interger Numbers must be right-aligned do not include a separator line (e.g. dashes) 1 white space as separator between columns m spaces given by CHAR(m), or name of column if it is bigger. No other information in output file, output.txt. That ism, the file should be 100% clean. Send progress, error messages to stdout. This is a sample output.txt file with the result of SELECT A,B,C FROM T ORDER BY A, where T is defined as CREATE TABLE T(A INT,B INT, C CHAR(4), PRIMARY KEY(A)). Notice the output does not contain any other separators, strange or extra symbols (no extra commas, no tabs, no dashes). Notice that in this example the bar and the first line with numbers are NOT part of the output; the bar is shown to illustrate white spaces A B C 1 10 XYZ 3 0 YES Lot 20 1 ZYX Important specification for the source code: Your README file should give a 5-line description of the main modules and data structures you use. Assume there can be several SQL scripts. There may be comments in the SQL scripts. Your source code is individual (per team or per person, depending on instuctor instructions or phase) 4
5 Your program will be automatically checked for originality. Changing for into while loops, adding superfluous if() statements, changing variable/function names of a copied program can be easily detected. The TA will manually check source code of pointer manipulation and binary I/O. You must disclose Internet or textbook for significant portion of source code. Any overlap among teams or people will be treated as cheating if discovered by the TA. YOur source code must be divided into modules or classes and explain in 2-3 lines the main ideas. No need to include useless comments in every line. Avoid putting all the source code in a single cpp or h file. dbms script=f ilename.sql Example of calls: 1) Example 1: SQL > CREATE TABLE T ( C1 INT, C2 CHAR(5), C3 INT,PRIMARY KEY(C1)); TABLE T created successfully SQL > SELECT C1 FROM T; SQL > quit; 2) Example of testing: dbms script=create.sql dbms script=q01.sql /* Output stored on output.txt */ dbms script=q02.sql 5
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