Web-based BIM. Seppo Törmä Aalto University, School of Science

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Ilene McKenzie
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1 Web-based BIM Seppo Törmä Aalto University, School of Science

2 DRUM Project ( ) Distributed Transactional Building Information Management (Tekla, Solibri, Skanska, CGI, M.A.D., Progman, Aalto) Goals 1. Develop a framework and methods for decentralized BIM 2. Develop methods for change management in building projects Results 1. Web-based approach to decentralized BIM 2. Use case analyzes - Linking of three minimal design models (architectural, structural, and MEP) - Exchanging status information across different parties in a building project 3. Software - Tool to convert building models Web-domain from IFC domain (IFC->RDF) - Methods and tools for computing diffs between successive model versions - A system for status information exchange based on distributed publish/subscribe - Exploration of link generation methods based on clash checking

Multiple models of a same building Owner Architect Structural engineer MEP

model Architectural model Structural model MEP model Project plan Parties Tools

different objects Require different expertize Created with different tools Same

from other models needs to be used Complicating factors - Fragmentation to many

3 Multiple models of a same building Owner Architect Structural engineer MEP designer Contractor drofus ArchiCAD Tekla Structures MagiCAD Procore Requirement model Architectural model Structural model MEP model Project plan Parties Tools Partial models Partial models Different aspects or parts of the building Contain different objects Require different expertize Created with different tools Same building Models must be compatible When a model is created/modified, information from other models needs to be used Complicating factors - Fragmentation to many companies and models - Friction in collaboration caused by contracts - Changes are ubiquitous

4 Needs for building information exchange External information Building codes, rules, regulations Infrastructure Building components and materials Sensor information People, companies, resources 2. Between the models and the environment 3. From project phase to operations Building specific information Structure Requirements Architecture MEP Project plan Facility management Indoor maps project start 1. Inside a project (between models) project end time

Aspects of BIM interoperability Type-level interoperability

detection - Model checking - Model databases Architectural

Workflows Instance-level interoperability - Cross-model

5 Aspects of BIM interoperability Type-level interoperability Common tools - Multi-model visualization - Collision detection - Model checking - Model databases Architectural model (IFC) Structural model (IFC) MEP model (IFC) (IFC) Workflows Instance-level interoperability - Cross-model information access and propagation - Aggregation for analyses - Change management

6 Approaches to manage instance-level connections 1. Comparison Visually or with tools A? B + Dynamic and flexible + No infrastructure required - Requires effort (full models) - What is intentional/accidental? 2. Fusion Centralized model server A A B B + Controlled - Rigid and limited (1-to-1) - Central-as-master - Roundtrip problem 3. Linking Maintain linksets between models A B + Flexible and expressive + Native-as-master - Requires infrastructure

7 How to implement cross-model linking? Goals Smooth workflows Better quality Support change management Easy adoption Conform to fragmentation Clear data ownership Native as master Utilize external data sources Familiarity to developers Requirements Explicit linking Loose coupling Low adoption threshold Distributed data mgmt Easy linking to external data Commonly used tools Vector graphics Web Distributed interlinked documents Maps Geolocation Mobility & sensors

8 Evolution towards Web of Data more usable data (structured, identified, and well-specified) Web of Data (Linked Data) Web of Documents (hypertext) Data on the Web (open data, ) Documents on the Net (ftp, Gopher, ) time Bauer, Kaltenböck: Linked Open Data: The Essentials, 2013

9 Evolution towards Web of Data Publication and access Documents FTP, Gopher Interlinking, ecosystem Web of Documents Data Open data, portals Web of Data Separate Integrated Contextualized Enriched

10 Structural data on the Web Google Knowledge Graph Linked Data (W3C) Schema.org FreeBase W3C vocabularies

11 Example - Clean Energy Linked Open Data Cloud

Web of Data technology stack Enable decentralized publication, management, and access of data Query language

inter-relation and classification of shared conceptual models created by different parties Graph-based data

files) Serialization formats enable easy information exchange across systems to support tool chain

12 Web of Data technology stack Enable decentralized publication, management, and access of data Query language enables the easy access to and manipulation of the graph-based data Ontology languages allow the inter-relation and classification of shared conceptual models created by different parties Graph-based data representation allows the merging and linking of data originating from different sources (databases or files) Serialization formats enable easy information exchange across systems to support tool chain interoperability and to avoid vendor lock-in Identifiers are globally unique and include the location of an object and a way to access it

13 Converting IFC models to Linked Data Enable instance-level interoperability with cross-model linking implemented with Linked Data technologies IFC Linked Data Query - SPARQL Access - HTTP Ontology/schema EXPRESS OWL / RDFS Data representation IFC data RDF graph Serialization format Step File, IFCXML RDF/XML, N3, Turtle, JSON-LD Identifiers GUID URI 1. Keep the most valuable part of IFC: the conceptual schema 2. Empower IFC with modern, widely-used technologies

14 Other Web of Data technologies RDF stores with SPARQL endpoints Can serve RDF data over the Web SPARQL queries using a REST protocol Currently can serve up to 1 trillion triples (10 12 ) Only standardized family of NoSQL databases Shared vocabularies (ontologies) available for different domains Schema.org, LinkedOpenVocabularies.org, Relational databases / spreadsheets published as RDF R2RML: adapters that convert relational data to RDF on the fly CSV on the Web: spreadsheet data with RDF metadata (in progress) Reasoning tools for RDF data SPIN: SPARQL Inference Notation Rule languages (RIF, SWRL, ) Streaming RDF (in progress) For heterogeneous sensor/event data

IFC models converted to RDF #5= IFCOWNERHISTORY(#3,#4,$,.NOCHANGE.,$,$,$,1359188831); #11= IFCGEOMETRICREPRESENTATIONCONTEXT($,'Model',3,1.

..)); #24= IFCPROJECT('2p6H1rpE9F_f0fdZfUP4w2',#5,'Tekla',$,$,$,$,(#11),#23); #227= IFCRELAGGREGATES('2T9qMsMgvBPBD82uJSkb3s',#5,$,$,#24,(#26));

(si:guid09d2745b65aae4b64b3480b84dcba5) ; ifc:name "Tekla"^^xsd:string ; ifc:ownerhistory _:b3 ; ifc:representationcontexts _:b35 ; ifc:unitsincontext [ a

15 IFC models converted to RDF #5= IFCOWNERHISTORY(#3,#4,$,.NOCHANGE.,$,$,$, ); #11= IFCGEOMETRICREPRESENTATIONCONTEXT($,'Model',3,1.E-005,#10,$); #14= IFCSIUNIT(*,.LENGTHUNIT.,.MILLI.,.METRE.); #16= IFCSIUNIT(*,.VOLUMEUNIT.,$,.CUBIC_METRE.); #23= IFCUNITASSIGNMENT((#14,#16,...)); #24= IFCPROJECT('2p6H1rpE9F_f0fdZfUP4w2',#5,'Tekla',$,$,$,$,(#11),#23); #227= IFCRELAGGREGATES('2T9qMsMgvBPBD82uJSkb3s',#5,$,$,#24,(#26)); si:guid0b cce24ffa90299e3a5e644 a ifc:ifcproject ; ifc:globalid "2p6H1rpE9F_f0fdZfUP4w2"^^xsd:string ; ifc:isdecomposedby (si:guid09d2745b65aae4b64b3480b84dcba5) ; ifc:name "Tekla"^^xsd:string ; ifc:ownerhistory _:b3 ; ifc:representationcontexts _:b35 ; ifc:unitsincontext [ a ifc:ifcunitassignment ; ifc:units [ a ifc:ifcsiunit ; ifc:name "_CUBIC_METRE_"^^xsd:string ; ifc:unittype "_VOLUMEUNIT_"^^xsd:string ] ; ifc:units [ a ifc:ifcsiunit ; ifc:name "_METRE_"^^xsd:string ; ifc:prefix "_MILLI_"^^xsd:string ; ifc:unittype "_LENGTHUNIT_"^^xsd:string ] ;... ] ;

si:guid0b3191075cce24ffa90299e3a5e644 a ifc:ifcproject ; ifc:globalid "2p6H1rpE9F_f0fdZfUP4w2"^^xsd:string ; ifc:isdecomposedby (si:guid09d2745b65aae4b64b3480b84dcba5) ; ifc:name "Tekla"^^xsd:string

16 si:guid0b cce24ffa90299e3a5e644 a ifc:ifcproject ; ifc:globalid "2p6H1rpE9F_f0fdZfUP4w2"^^xsd:string ; ifc:isdecomposedby (si:guid09d2745b65aae4b64b3480b84dcba5) ; ifc:name "Tekla"^^xsd:string ; ifc:ownerhistory _:b3 ; ifc:representationcontexts _:b35 ; ifc:unitsincontext [ a ifc:ifcunitassignment ; ifc:units [ a ifc:ifcsiunit ; ifc:name "_CUBIC_METRE_"^^xsd:string ; ifc:unittype "_VOLUMEUNIT_"^^xsd:string ] ; ifc:units [ a ifc:ifcsiunit ; ifc:name "_METRE_"^^xsd:string ; ifc:prefix "_MILLI_"^^xsd:string ; ifc:unittype "_LENGTHUNIT_"^^xsd:string ] ;... ] ;

Linked data, open data, and RDF Application development with Web technologies Decentralized management of partial models Linked data Utilization of external data sources in design

17 Linked data, open data, and RDF Application development with Web technologies Decentralized management of partial models Linked data Utilization of external data sources in design and construction phases Open data RDF Improving workflows in design and construction phases Use of advanced reasoning tools Publication of relevant building data for operational use

18 Why Web of Data? Linking at different levels RDF 1 RDF 2 Links between URIs + location + access + structure IFC 1 IFC 2 Links between IFC GUIDs - location - access + structure Native 1 Native 2 Links between native ids - location - access - structure

19 What new functionalities are needed? 1. Conversion DRUM: Converter Schema from EXPRESS to OWL Data from Step files to RDF 2. Versioning Access to different versions of the models 3. Change management Diffs between versions how model has changed? Change analysis what is the semantics of a diff? Change notifications 4. Link generation During design work based on a reference model Based on clash detection or model checking Manual editing of links 5. Dataset description Describing the properties of a model and its relations to other models (model-level links) (configurable w.r.t. OWL profiles, lists, datatypes) DRUM: Blank naming DRUM: ongoing DRUM: Publish/subscribe DRUM: future research area DRUM: exploration

20 Analysis of a minimal use case Architectural model A (ArchiCAD) Structural model S (Tekla Structures) share space MEP model M (MagiCAD)

21 Linking architectural and structural models

22 Change in the structural model Structural engineer needs to make the walls thicker

23 Architectural linkset as linkset ms MEP Structural IfcWallStandardCase(0O0B1e7BnuJ9KiD5kzRAal) IfcRelAssociatesMaterial..r IfcRelDefinesByType..r IfcRelDefinesByProperties..r IfcRelDefinesByProperties..r IfcRelVoidsElement. relatingbuildingelement.r IfcRelContainedInSpatialStructure. relatedelements.r IfcLocalPlacement. objectplacement hasassociations hasopenings isdefinedby IfcProductDefinitionShape. representation containedinstructure IfcMaterialLayerSetUsage. relatingmaterial IfcWallType. relatingtype placesobject.r IfcPropertySet. relatingpropertydefinition IfcPropertySet. relatingpropertydefinition IfcOpeningElement. relatedopeningelement relatingbuildingelement shapeofproduct.r IfcBuildingStorey. relatingstructure IfcDoor. relatedelements relatedelements objectplacement.r IfcLocalPlacement. placementrelto.r referencedbyplacements placesobject IfcAxis2Placement3D. relativeplacement IfcLocalPlacement. placementrelto hasassociations.r hasopenings.r isdefinedby.r representation.r representations shapeofproduct containedinstructure.r IfcWallStandardCase(1GjRTj001tRJ4pDJGmE3Ov) IfcRelDefinesByProperties..r IfcRelDefinesByProperties..r IfcRelDefinesByProperties..r IfcRelVoidsElement. relatingbuildingelement.r IfcRelDefinesByProperties..r IfcRelDefinesByType..r IfcRelAssociatesMaterial..r IfcRelContainedInSpatialStructure. relatedelements.r hasopenings hasassociations isdefinedby IfcLocalPlacement. objectplacement IfcProductDefinitionShape. representation containedinstructure IfcPropertySet. relatingpropertydefinition IfcPropertySet. relatingpropertydefinition IfcPropertySet. relatingpropertydefinition IfcOpeningElement. relatedopeningelement relatingbuildingelement placesobject.r shapeofproduct.r IfcPropertySet. relatingpropertydefinition IfcWallStandardCase. IfcWallType. relatingtype IfcMaterialLayerSetUsage. relatingmaterial IfcBuildingStorey. relatingstructure relatedelements relatedelements hasopenings.r hasassociations.r isdefinedby.r objectplacement.r placesobject IfcAxis2Placement3D. relativeplacement IfcLocalPlacement. placementrelto representation.r representations shapeofproduct containedinstructure.r IfcOpeningElement(1GjRTj001tQZ4pDJGmE3Ou) IfcRelVoidsElement. relatedopeningelement.r IfcProductDefinitionShape. representation IfcLocalPlacement. objectplacement voidselements placesobject.r shapeofproduct.r relatedopeningelement relatingbuildingelement representation.r representations shapeofproduct objectplacement.r placesobject IfcAxis2Placement3D. relativeplacement IfcLocalPlacement. placementrelto voidselements.r IfcBuildingElementProxy(0L2PbSu8j0$OzLYyQy3eF7) IfcRelContainedInSpatialStructure. relatedelements.r containedinstructure IfcProductDefinitionShape. representation IfcLocalPlacement. objectplacement relatedelements IfcBuildingElementProxy. relatedelements IfcBuildingStorey. relatingstructure shapeofproduct.r placesobject.r containedinstructure.r representation.r representations shapeofproduct objectplacement.r placesobject IfcAxis2Placement3D. relativeplacement IfcLocalPlacement. placementrelto IfcFlowSegment(22dQPNQdXBHvYF_tXgdd_f) IfcRelAssignsToGroup..r IfcRelContainedInSpatialStructure. relatedelements.r IfcRelDefinesByType..r IfcRelDefinesByProperties..r hasassignments containedinstructure isdefinedby IfcLocalPlacement. objectplacement IfcProductDefinitionShape. representation shapeofproduct.r IfcFlowSegment. IfcSystem. relatinggroup IfcBuildingStorey. relatingstructure IfcFlowSegment. relatedelements relatedelements relatedelements IfcPipeSegmentType. relatingtype IfcPropertySet. relatingpropertydefinition placesobject.r hasassignments.r containedinstructure.r isdefinedby.r objectplacement.r placesobject IfcAxis2Placement3D. relativeplacement IfcLocalPlacement. placementrelto representation.r representations shapeofproduct Datasets and linksets as RDF graphs Change detection based on identities generated from the graph neighborhood

24 Summary Instance-level interoperability enables workflow activities Proposed approach: Explicit cross-model linksets Implementation: Web of Data / Linked Data technologies Web of Data / Linked Data Flexible and agile method for interoperation Connects BIM to the of the world: information sources, developers, Web-based BIM Keep the most valuable part of IFC: the conceptual model Empower IFC with more modern, widely-used technologies: Web of Data What next? Pilot implementations: - Link generation from BIM tools (e.g., Tekla Structures) - Applications to change management problems

Practical Semantic Applications Master Title for Oil and Gas Asset Reporting. Information Integration David Price, TopQuadrant

Practical Semantic Applications Master Title for Oil and Gas Asset Reporting Life Click Cycle to Data edit Master Management subtitle and style Information Integration David Price, TopQuadrant Key Presentation