Semi-structured Data. 8 - XPath
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1 Semi-structured Data 8 - XPath Andreas Pieris and Wolfgang Fischl, Summer Term 2016
2 Outline XPath Terminology XPath at First Glance Location Paths (Axis, Node Test, Predicate) Abbreviated Syntax
3 What is XPath? A language for extracting parts of an XML document A basic query language for XML - plays the same role as the SQL SELECT statement plays for relational databases An important component of other XML-related technologies (such as XSD, XQuery and XSLT) As expected, XPath is a W3C standard
4 XPath Terminology XML documents are treated as trees of nodes - slightly different than DOM trees There are seven kinds of nodes: o Document nodes o Element nodes o Attribute nodes o Text nodes o Namespace nodes o Processing-instruction nodes o Comment nodes
5 XPath Terminology - Nodes <?xml version="1.0"?> <!-- DBAI --> <?xml-stylesheet href="course_style.css" type="text/css"?> <courses> <course semester="summer"> <title> Semi-structured Data (SSD) </title> <day> Thursday </day> <time> 09:15 </time> <location> HS8 </location> </course> </courses>
6 XPath Terminology - Nodes ROOT (/) Comment: DBAI Processing instruction: xml-stylesheet <courses> Attribute: semester="summer" <course> <title> <day> <time> <location> Semi-structured Data (SSD) Thursday 09:15 HS8
7 Relationships Among Nodes The terms parent, child, sibling, ancestor and descendant are describing the relationships among nodes In an XML tree: o The top node is the root o Every node has exactly one parent (except the root) o A node can have an unbounded number of children o A leaf node has no children o Siblings have the same parent
8 Relationships Among Nodes <courses> child parent <course> <title> <day> <time> <location>
9 Relationships Among Nodes <courses> <course> <title> <day> <time> <location> child nodes to <course> sibling nodes to each other
10 Relationships Among Nodes <courses> <course> <title> <day> <time> <location> descendant nodes to <courses>
11 Relationships Among Nodes <courses> <course> <title> <day> <time> <location> ancestor nodes to <title>, <day>, <time> and <location>
12 XPath at First Glance ROOT (/) Comment: DBAI Processing instruction: xml-stylesheet <courses> Attribute: semester="summer" <course> <title> <day> <time> <location> Semi-structured Data (SSD) Thursday 09:15 HS8
13 XPath at First Glance ROOT (/) Comment: DBAI Processing instruction: xml-stylesheet <courses> Attribute: semester="summer" <course> <title> <day> <time> <location> Semi-structured Data (SSD) Thursday 09:15 HS8 /child::courses
14 XPath at First Glance ROOT (/) Comment: DBAI Processing instruction: xml-stylesheet <courses> Attribute: semester="summer" <course> <title> <day> <time> <location> Semi-structured Data (SSD) Thursday 09:15 HS8 /child::courses/child::course
15 XPath at First Glance ROOT (/) Comment: DBAI Processing instruction: xml-stylesheet <courses> Attribute: semester="summer" <course> <title> <day> <time> <location> Semi-structured Data (SSD) Thursday 09:15 HS8 /child::courses/child::course/child::title
16 XPath at First Glance ROOT (/) Comment: DBAI Processing instruction: xml-stylesheet <courses> Attribute: semester="summer" <course> <title> <day> <time> <location> Semi-structured Data (SSD) Thursday 09:15 HS8 /descendant::course/child::title
17 XPath at First Glance ROOT (/) Comment: DBAI Processing instruction: xml-stylesheet <courses> Attribute: semester="summer" <course> <title> <day> <time> <location> Semi-structured Data (SSD) Thursday 09:15 HS8 /descendant::course/child::*
18 XPath at First Glance ROOT (/) Comment: DBAI Processing instruction: xml-stylesheet <courses> Attribute: semester="summer" <course> <title> <day> <time> <location> Semi-structured Data (SSD) Thursday 09:15 HS8 /descendant::course/descendant::node()
19 XPath at First Glance ROOT (/) Comment: DBAI Processing instruction: xml-stylesheet <courses> Attribute: semester="summer" <course> <title> <day> <time> <location> Semi-structured Data (SSD) Thursday 09:15 HS8 /descendant::course/descendant::text()
20 XPath at First Glance ROOT (/) Comment: DBAI Processing instruction: xml-stylesheet <courses> Attribute: semester="summer" <course> <title> <day> <time> <location> Semi-structured Data (SSD) Thursday 09:15 HS8 /child::courses/child::course/attribute::semester
21 XPath at First Glance ROOT (/) Comment: DBAI Processing instruction: xml-stylesheet <courses> Attribute: semester="summer" <course> <title> <day> <time> <location> Semi-structured Data (SSD) Thursday 09:15 HS8 /descendant::course/attribute::semester
22 Up to Now XPath Terminology XPath at First Glance Location Paths (Axis, Node Test, Predicate) Abbreviated Syntax Further Examples
23 Location Paths XPath uses location paths to select nodes in a tree A location path is a series of location steps separated by the symbol / Each location step has the form axis::node-test[expression-1][expression-2] defines the relationship to be followed defines what kind of nodes must be selected zero or more predicates, which filter the selected nodes according to arbitrary selection criteria
24 The Anatomy of a Location Path child::courses/child::course[position() = 1] axis node-test axis node-test predicate location step location step location path ATTENTION: The first location step does not have a predicate
25 Axes XPath defines 13 axes: o ancestor o ancestor-or-self o attribute o child o descendant o descendant-or-self o following o following-sibling o namespace o parent o preceding o preceding-sibling o self
26 Axes XPath defines 13 axes: o ancestor o ancestor-or-self o attribute o child o descendant o descendant-or-self o following o following-sibling o namespace o parent o preceding o preceding-sibling o self 1 Selects all the nodes that are ancestors of the origin node The first node on the axis is the parent of the origin, the second is its grandparent, and so on 2 The last node on the axis is the root of the tree
27 Axes XPath defines 13 axes: o ancestor o ancestor-or-self o attribute o child o descendant o descendant-or-self o following o following-sibling o namespace o parent o preceding o preceding-sibling o self 2 1 Selects the same nodes as the ancestor axis but starting with the origin node (instead of the parent of the origin node) 3
28 Axes XPath defines 13 axes: o ancestor o ancestor-or-self o attribute o child o descendant o descendant-or-self o following o following-sibling o namespace o parent o preceding o preceding-sibling o self attribute nodes are not shown in the diagram If the origin is an element node, then this axis selects all its attribute nodes; otherwise, it selects nothing (empty sequence) The attributes will not necessarily be in the order in which they appear in the document Namespace nodes are not selected
29 Axes XPath defines 13 axes: o ancestor o ancestor-or-self o attribute o child o descendant o descendant-or-self o following o following-sibling o namespace o parent o preceding o preceding-sibling o self 1 2 Selects all the children of the origin in document order If the origin is other than a document or element node, then this axis selects nothing The children of an element node do not include attribute or namespaces
30 Axes XPath defines 13 axes: o ancestor o ancestor-or-self o attribute o child o descendant o descendant-or-self o following o following-sibling o namespace o parent o preceding o preceding-sibling o self Selects all the children of the origin, and their children, and so on recursively in document order
31 Axes XPath defines 13 axes: o ancestor o ancestor-or-self o attribute o child o descendant o descendant-or-self o following o following-sibling o namespace o parent o preceding o preceding-sibling o self Selects all the children of the origin, and their children, and so on recursively in document order
32 Axes XPath defines 13 axes: o ancestor o ancestor-or-self o attribute o child o descendant o descendant-or-self o following o following-sibling o namespace o parent o preceding o preceding-sibling o self Selects the same nodes as the descendant axis, except that the first node selected is the origin
33 Axes XPath defines 13 axes: o ancestor o ancestor-or-self o attribute o child o descendant o descendant-or-self o following o following-sibling o namespace o parent o preceding o preceding-sibling o self Selects all the nodes that appear after the origin in document order, excluding the descendants of the origin The following axis will never contain attributes or namespaces
34 Axes XPath defines 13 axes: o ancestor o ancestor-or-self o attribute o child o descendant o descendant-or-self o following o following-sibling o namespace o parent o preceding o preceding-sibling o self 1 2 Selects all the nodes that follow the origin in document order, and that are children of the same parent For document, attribute and namespaces, this axis is empty
35 Axes XPath defines 13 axes: o ancestor o ancestor-or-self o attribute o child o descendant o descendant-or-self o following o following-sibling o namespace o parent o preceding o preceding-sibling o self namespace nodes are not shown in the diagram If the origin is an element node, then this axis selects all the namespace nodes that are in the scope of that element; otherwise, it is empty The namespaces will not necessarily be in the order in which they appear in the document
36 Axes XPath defines 13 axes: o ancestor o ancestor-or-self o attribute o child o descendant o descendant-or-self o following o following-sibling o namespace o parent o preceding o preceding-sibling o self 1 Selects the parent of the origin node (i.e., a single node) If the origin node does not have a parent, then the parent axis is empty
37 Axes XPath defines 13 axes: o ancestor o ancestor-or-self o attribute o child o descendant o descendant-or-self o following o following-sibling o namespace o parent o preceding o preceding-sibling o self Selects all the nodes that appear before the origin, excluding the ancestors of the origin node The preceding axis will never contain attributes or namespaces
38 Axes XPath defines 13 axes: o ancestor o ancestor-or-self o attribute o child o descendant o descendant-or-self o following o following-sibling o namespace o parent o preceding o preceding-sibling o self 1 Selects all the nodes that precede the origin, and that are children of the same parent For document, attribute and namespace nodes, this axis is empty
39 Axes XPath defines 13 axes: o ancestor o ancestor-or-self o attribute o child o descendant o descendant-or-self o following o following-sibling o namespace o parent o preceding o preceding-sibling o self Selects the origin node This axis is always non-empty 1 Usually, this axis is used in a node-test in order to test whether the current node pass that node-test
40 Location Paths XPath uses location paths to select nodes in a tree A location path is a series of location steps separated by the symbol / Each location step has the form axis::node-test[expression-1][expression-2] defines the relationship to be followed defines what kind of nodes must be selected zero or more predicates, which filter the selected nodes according to arbitrary selection criteria
41 Node Test node() text() selects all nodes selects only text nodes selects only elements nodes with tag name (child::name) name but, if it is used with the attribute axis (attribute::name), then it selects the name attribute nodes and if it is used with the namespace axis (namespace::name), then is selects the namespace nodes with prefix name selects all element nodes (child::*) * but, if it is used with the attribute axis (attribute::*), then it selects all the attribute nodes and if it is used with the namespace axis (namespace::*), then it selects all the namespace nodes
42 Location Paths XPath uses location paths to select nodes in a tree A location path is a series of location steps separated by the symbol / Each location step has the form axis::node-test[expression-1][expression-2] defines the relationship to be followed defines what kind of nodes must be selected zero or more predicates, which filter the selected nodes according to arbitrary selection criteria
43 Predicates A qualifying expression used to select a subset of the nodes in a sequence May be any XPath expression written in square brackets Each node of a sequence is kept only if the evaluation of the qualifier for this node returns true
44 Predicates: Examples ROOT (/) Comment: DBAI Processing instruction: xml-stylesheet <courses> Attribute: semester="summer" <course> <title> <day> <time> <location> Semi-structured Data (SSD) Thursday 09:15 HS8 /child::courses/child::course[position() = 1]
45 Predicates: Examples ROOT (/) Comment: DBAI Processing instruction: xml-stylesheet <courses> Attribute: semester="summer" <course> <title> <day> <time> <location> Semi-structured Data (SSD) Thursday 09:15 HS8 /child::courses/child::course[position() = last()]
46 Predicates: Examples ROOT (/) Comment: DBAI Processing instruction: xml-stylesheet <courses> Attribute: semester="summer" <course> <title> <day> <time> <location> Semi-structured Data (SSD) Thursday 09:15 /child::courses/child::course[position() = last()-1] HS8 empty!!!
47 Predicates: Examples ROOT (/) Comment: DBAI Processing instruction: xml-stylesheet <courses> Attribute: semester="summer" <course> <title> <day> <time> <location> Semi-structured Data (SSD) Thursday 09:15 HS8 /child::courses/child::course[position() < 3]
48 Predicates: Examples ROOT (/) Comment: DBAI Processing instruction: xml-stylesheet <courses> Attribute: semester="summer" <course> <title> <day> <time> <location> Semi-structured Data (SSD) Thursday 09:15 HS8 /child::courses/child::course[attribute::semester]
49 Predicates: Examples ROOT (/) Comment: DBAI Processing instruction: xml-stylesheet <courses> Attribute: semester="summer" <course> <title> <day> <time> <location> Semi-structured Data (SSD) Thursday 09:15 HS8 /child::courses/child::course[attribute::semester = "Summer"]
50 Predicates: Examples ROOT (/) Comment: DBAI Processing instruction: xml-stylesheet <courses> Attribute: semester="summer" <course> <title> <day> <time> <location> Semi-structured Data (SSD) Thursday 09:15 HS8 empty!!! /child::courses/child::course[attribute::semester = Winter"]
51 Predicates: Examples ROOT (/) Comment: DBAI Processing instruction: xml-stylesheet <courses> Attribute: semester="summer" <course> <title> <day> <time> <location> Semi-structured Data (SSD) Thursday 09:15 HS8 /child::courses/child::course[position() = 1][attribute::semester = "Summer"]
52 Predicates: Examples ROOT (/) Comment: DBAI Processing instruction: xml-stylesheet <courses> Attribute: semester="summer" <course> <title> <day> <time> <location> Semi-structured Data (SSD) Thursday 09:15 HS8 /child::courses/child::course[attribute::*]
53 Predicates: Examples ROOT (/) Comment: DBAI Processing instruction: xml-stylesheet <courses> Attribute: semester="summer" <course> <title> <day> <time> <location> Semi-structured Data (SSD) Thursday 09:15 HS8 /child::courses/child::course[child::day = "Thursday"]
54 Predicates: Examples ROOT (/) Comment: DBAI Processing instruction: xml-stylesheet <courses> Attribute: semester="summer" <course> <title> <day> <time> <location> Semi-structured Data (SSD) Thursday 09:15 HS8 /child::courses/child::course[child::day = Monday or child::day = "Thursday"]
55 XPath Operators Operator Description Example Computes two node-sets /child::a /child::b + Addition Subtraction 6-4 * Multiplication 6 * 4 div Division 8 div 4 mod Modulus (division remainder) 5 mod 2 = Equal A = 9.80!= Not equal A!= 9.80 < Less than A < 9.80 <= Less than or equal to A <= 9.80 > Greater than A > 9.80 >= Greater than or equal to A >= 9.80 or Logical OR A = 9.80 or A = 9.70 and Logical AND A > 9.00 and A < 9.90
56 Location Paths XPath uses location paths to select nodes in a tree A location path is a series of location steps separated by the symbol / Each location step has the form axis::node-test[expression-1][expression-2] defines the relationship to be followed defines what kind of nodes must be selected zero or more predicates, which filter the selected nodes according to arbitrary selection criteria
57 Up to Now XPath Terminology XPath at First Glance Location Paths (Axis, Node Test, Predicate) Abbreviated Syntax Further Examples
58 Abbreviated Syntax The most commonly used location steps can be in an abbreviated syntax Simplify XPath expressions /descendant-or-self::node()/ // self::node(). parent::node().. child:: attribute:: position() = n
59 Abbreviated Syntax: Examples /child::courses/child::course[position() = 1] /courses/child::course[position() = 1] /courses/course[position() = 1] /courses/course[1]
60 Abbreviated Syntax: Examples /child::courses/child::course[attribute::semester] /courses/child::course[attribute::semester] /courses/course[attribute::semester]
61 Abbreviated Syntax: Examples /child::courses/child::course[position() = 1][attribute::semester = "Summer"] /courses/child::course[position() = 1][attribute::semester = "Summer"] /courses/course[position() = 1][attribute::semester = "Summer"] /courses/course[1][attribute::semester = "Summer"] /courses/course[1][@semester = "Summer"]
62 Abbreviated Syntax: Examples /descendant-or-self::node()/child::course[position() = 1] [attribute::semester = "Summer"] //child::course[position() = 1][attribute::semester = "Summer"] //course[position() = 1][attribute::semester = "Summer"] //course[1][attribute::semester = "Summer"] //course[1][@semester = "Summer"]
63 Sum Up XPath Terminology XPath at First Glance Location Paths (Axis, Node Test, Predicate) Abbreviated Syntax
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