MySQL Performance Tuning

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1 MySQL Performance Tuning Student Guide D61820GC30 Edition 3.0 January 2017 D89524 Learn more from Oracle University at education.oracle.com

2 Authors Mark Lewin Jeremy Smyth Technical Contributors and Reviewers Jesper Wisborg Krogh Ligaya Turmelle Mark Leith Sveta Smirnova Mayank Prasad Vasil Dimova KimSeong Loh Editors Anwesha Ray Smita Kommini Graphic Designers Divya Thallap Seema Bopaiah Copyright 2014, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Disclaimer This document contains proprietary information and is protected by copyright and other intellectual property laws. You may copy and print this document solely for your own use in an Oracle training course. The document may not be modified or altered in any way. Except where your use constitutes "fair use" under copyright law, you may not use, share, download, upload, copy, print, display, perform, reproduce, publish, license, post, transmit, or distribute this document in whole or in part without the express authorization of Oracle. The information contained in this document is subject to change without notice. If you find any problems in the document, please report them in writing to: Oracle University, 500 Oracle Parkway, Redwood Shores, California USA. This document is not warranted to be error-free. Restricted Rights Notice If this documentation is delivered to the United States Government or anyone using the documentation on behalf of the United States Government, the following notice is applicable: U.S. GOVERNMENT RIGHTS The U.S. Government s rights to use, modify, reproduce, release, perform, display, or disclose these training materials are restricted by the terms of the applicable Oracle license agreement and/or the applicable U.S. Government contract. Trademark Notice Oracle and Java are registered trademarks of Oracle and/or its affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective owners. Publishers Sumesh Koshy Veena Narasimhan

3 Contents 1 Introduction Objectives 1-2 Course Goals 1-3 Course Lesson Map 1-4 Introductions 1-6 Classroom Environment 1-7 A Modern Database for the Digital Age 1-8 High Scalability 1-9 MySQL Enterprise Edition 1-10 Oracle Premier Support for MySQL 1-11 Why MySQL Enterprise Edition? 1-12 MySQL and Oracle Integration 1-13 MySQL Cloud Service 1-14 MySQL Cloud Service: Product Overview 1-15 Use Cases 1-17 Tuning MySQL Cloud Service Instances 1-18 MySQL Websites 1-19 Community Resources 1-20 MySQL Certification 1-21 MySQL-Supported Operating Systems 1-22 Summary 1-23 Practices Performance Tuning Concepts Objectives 2-2 Improving Performance 2-3 Areas to Tune 2-4 Performance Tuning Terminology 2-5 Response Time 2-6 Measuring Response Times 2-7 Throughput 2-8 Scalability 2-9 Queuing Theory 2-10 Quiz 2-11 Benchmarking 2-12 iii

4 Benchmarking Best Practices 2-13 More Benchmarking Best Practices 2-14 Benchmarking Bad Practices 2-15 More Benchmarking Bad Practices 2-16 Quiz 2-17 Tuning Steps 2-18 General Tuning Session 2-19 Deploying MySQL 2-20 RAM Requirements 2-21 Maintaining MySQL 2-22 Summary 2-23 Practice Performance Tuning Tools Objectives 3-2 MySQL Monitoring Tools 3-3 SHOW [SESSION GLOBAL] STATUS 3-4 Filtering SHOW STATUS Output 3-5 SHOW STATUS Example 3-7 SHOW ENGINE INNODB STATUS 3-9 SHOW PROCESSLIST 3-10 Quiz 3-11 mysqladmin 3-12 Information Schema 3-13 MySQL Enterprise Monitor: Overview 3-14 MySQL Enterprise Monitor: Architecture 3-15 MySQL Enterprise Monitor: Query Analyzer 3-16 MySQL Enterprise Monitor: Dashboard 3-17 MySQL Enterprise Monitor: InnoDB Performance 3-18 MySQL Utilities 3-19 Quiz 3-20 Community Monitoring Tools 3-21 Linux Tools 3-23 iostat 3-24 vmstat 3-25 sar 3-27 top 3-28 Benchmarking Tools 3-29 The MySQL BENCHMARK() Function 3-30 Stress Tools 3-31 The mysqlslap Stress Tool 3-32 iv

5 SysBench 3-33 Using SysBench 3-34 Sample SysBench Output Sample SysBench Output Summary 3-37 Practices Performance Schema Objectives 4-2 Performance Schema 4-3 The performance_schema Database 4-4 Configuring Performance Schema 4-5 The setup_actors Table 4-6 The setup_instruments Table 4-7 The setup_consumers Table 4-8 The setup_timers Table 4-9 Configuring Instrumentation 4-10 The Connection Tables 4-11 The Instance Tables 4-12 The Event Tables 4-13 Example: Examining Raw Event Data 4-14 Example: Retrieving Statement Summary Information 4-16 Event Nesting 4-17 Quiz 4-19 Using MySQL Workbench for Performance Monitoring 4-20 Configuring Performance Schema in MySQL Workbench 4-21 The MySQL sys Schema 4-22 Using sys Views to Analyze Statements 4-23 Using sys Views for Schema Statistics 4-24 The sys Utility Functions 4-25 The sys Stored Procedures 4-26 The sys Stored Procedures Example: Tracing Threads 4-27 Summary 4-28 Practices Memory, Connections, and Threads Objectives 5-2 Major Components of the MySQL Server 5-3 Quiz 5-4 Tuning the MySQL Server 5-5 MySQL Memory Usage 5-6 v

6 CPU and I/O Saturation 5-7 Global Buffers 5-8 MySQL Thread Handling 5-9 Per-Thread Buffers 5-10 Calculating Maximum MySQL Memory Usage 5-14 Scenario: Total MySQL Memory Usage 5-15 Quiz 5-16 Simultaneous Connections in MySQL 5-17 Connection Status Variables 5-18 Monitoring Idle Connections 5-19 Scenario: Users Unable to Connect 5-20 Diagnosing Network Problems 5-21 Reusing Threads 5-22 Quiz 5-24 Other Thread Status Variables 5-25 Scenario: Calculating Thread Cache Effectiveness 5-26 Scenario: Setting thread_cache_size 5-27 The MySQL Enterprise Thread Pool 5-28 Summary 5-30 Practices Tables, Files, and Logs Objectives 6-2 Reusing Tables 6-3 How MySQL Caches Tables 6-4 Setting table_open_cache 6-5 Setting table_definition_cache 6-6 Setting table_open_cache: Scenario Setting table_open_cache: Scenario Setting table_open_cache: Scenario Quiz 6-10 Tables and Files 6-11 Managing Files 6-12 Setting File Descriptors in the OS 6-13 Quiz 6-14 Binary Logs 6-15 Transactions 6-16 Transactions and the Binary Log 6-17 Sizing the Binary Log Caches 6-18 Monitoring Binary Logs 6-19 Binary Log Group Commit Settings 6-20 vi

7 Improving Binary Log Performance 6-21 Scenario: Binary Log File Cache Effectiveness 6-22 Quiz 6-23 Summary 6-24 Practices Statement Monitoring, Sort Buffer, and Query Cache Objectives 7-2 General Statement Status Variables 7-3 SELECT Statement Status Variables 7-5 Quiz 7-7 Sizing the Sort Buffer 7-8 Sort Status Variables 7-9 Order of Sort Operations 7-10 Quiz 7-11 The MySQL Query Cache 7-12 MySQL Query Cache Settings 7-13 When Not to Use the MySQL Query Cache 7-15 When to Use the MySQL Query Cache 7-16 Quiz 7-17 MySQL Query Cache Status Variables 7-18 Determining Query Cache Effectiveness 7-21 Improving Query Cache Results 7-22 Quiz 7-23 Summary 7-24 Practices InnoDB Storage Engine Objectives 8-2 InnoDB Storage Engine 8-3 Operating System Buffers 8-4 InnoDB Buffers and Logs: Reading Data 8-5 InnoDB Buffers and Logs: Writing Data 8-6 Sizing the InnoDB Buffer Pool 8-7 Dumping and Restoring the Buffer Pool 8-8 Sizing the InnoDB Transaction Log Files 8-9 Other InnoDB Transaction Log Settings 8-11 InnoDB Tablespace Settings 8-12 Thread Concurrency 8-14 InnoDB Buffer and Log File Flushing 8-15 Adaptive Flushing 8-17 vii

8 Purge Behavior 8-18 Undo Logs 8-20 Recommended InnoDB Settings for OLTP and Benchmarking 8-21 Recommended InnoDB Settings for Replication 8-23 Linux Filesystem Recommendations 8-24 InnoDB Support in INFORMATION_SCHEMA 8-25 Information Schema InnoDB Metrics 8-27 InnoDB Support in performance_schema 8-29 SHOW ENGINE INNODB STATUS 8-30 SHOW ENGINE INNODB STATUS: Semaphores and Transactions 8-31 SHOW ENGINE INNODB STATUS: File I/O 8-33 SHOW ENGINE INNODB STATUS: Insert Buffer and Adaptive Hash Index 8-34 SHOW ENGINE INNODB STATUS: Log 8-35 SHOW ENGINE INNODB STATUS: Buffer Pool and Memory 8-36 SHOW ENGINE INNODB STATUS: Row Operations 8-37 SHOW ENGINE INNODB STATUS: Latest Foreign Key Error 8-38 SHOW ENGINE INNODB STATUS: Latest Detected Deadlock 8-39 InnoDB Monitors 8-40 Enabling InnoDB Monitors for Periodic Output 8-41 Quiz 8-42 Summary 8-43 Practices Schema Design and Performance Objectives 9-2 Schema Design Considerations 9-3 Schema Design Tasks 9-4 Normalization and Performance 9-5 Denormalizing Specific Data for Performance 9-6 Quiz 9-8 Data Types 9-9 Indexes 9-10 Indexing 9-12 Optimizing Indexes 9-13 Index Types 9-14 B+TREE Index 9-15 Quiz 9-17 InnoDB Table Compression 9-18 Tuning Compression for InnoDB Tables 9-19 Partitioning 9-20 Partitioning Types 9-21 viii

9 RANGE Partitioning: Example 9-22 LIST Partitioning: Example 9-23 HASH Partitioning: Example 9-24 KEY Partitioning: Example 9-25 Partitioning and Performance 9-26 Partitioning Limitations 9-27 Retrieving Partition Information 9-28 Quiz 9-29 Summary 9-30 Practices Query Optimization Objectives 10-2 MySQL Query Processing 10-3 Optimizer Main Stages 10-4 Logical Transformations 10-5 Logical Transformation: Examples 10-6 Cost-Based Optimization 10-7 Cost Model Inputs 10-8 Access Method 10-9 Join Order Subquery Optimizations Plan Refinement Index Condition Pushdown Quiz Understanding the Query Plan Using EXPLAIN EXPLAIN Output EXPLAIN select_type EXPLAIN type EXPLAIN key EXPLAIN Extra EXPLAIN Extra: Join Buffer and Multi-Range Read EXPLAIN EXTENDED EXPLAIN EXTENDED Query Text EXPLAIN PARTITIONS SELECT Structured EXPLAIN Sample Structured EXPLAIN Output Visual EXPLAIN Quiz Optimizer Trace ix

10 Improving Query Performance Data Retrieval: Best Practices Filtering Data with WHERE Indexing for Query Performance Query Using WHERE Clause Query Using Covering Index Query Using Index Condition Pushdown Costs of Indexing Indexing: Best Practices Leftmost Prefixes Improving the Performance of SELECT Statements Optimizing Table Joins Optimizing DML Statements Creating Summary Tables MySQL Enterprise Monitor Query Analyzer Quiz Summary Practices Troubleshooting Performance Issues Objectives 11-2 Key Steps in Troubleshooting 11-3 Before You Start: Establish a Performance Baseline 11-4 Establishing the Nature of the Problem 11-5 Starting to Troubleshoot 11-6 Identifying Performance Issues 11-7 Application Profiling 11-8 Localizing Database Problems 11-9 Troubleshooting Locks Explicit Locks Implicit Locks Avoiding Locks with Multiversion Concurrency Control InnoDB Lock Modes Lock Type Compatibility Matrix Quiz Troubleshooting Locks with SHOW PROCESSLIST Troubleshooting Locks with SHOW ENGINE INNODB STATUS Troubleshooting Locks with Information Schema INNODB_TRX View INNODB_LOCKS View INNODB_LOCK_WAITS View x

11 Linking Blocked Statements to Locks Troubleshooting Locks with Information Schema: Example Query Quiz Identifying Slow Queries Identifying Frequent Queries General Query Log Slow Query Log mysqldumpslow Finding Slow Queries with Performance Schema Finding Slow Queries with the sys Database Finding Slow Queries with MySQL Enterprise Monitor Quiz Troubleshooting Specific Queries EXPLAIN: Possible Indicators of Slow Queries Profiling Queries Finding the Query Identifiers Displaying the Query Profile Improving Query Performance Quiz Summary Practices Optimizing MySQL for your Application Environment Objectives 12-2 Improving Connector Performance 12-3 Buffered and Unbuffered Result Sets 12-4 Creating Unbuffered Result Sets 12-5 Connection Pools 12-6 Configuring Connection Pools 12-7 Improving Connector Performance in Your Application 12-8 Prepared Statements 12-9 Encryption Overhead Compressing Connector Protocol Traffic Viewing Connection Attributes with Performance Schema Connector/J Connection String: useconfigs=maxperformance Connector/ODBC Tracing Application-Specific Optimizations Improving InnoDB Performance with the Memcached NoSQL API Advantages and Disadvantages of Using the Memcached API Memcached API Performance Considerations Reducing Transactional Overhead xi

12 Benchmarking with memslap Quiz Backup Speed Backup Types Backups: Performance Trade-offs Improving the Performance of Logical Backup and Restore Operations Improving Backup Performance with Replication Improving Database Performance with Replication Improving Replication Performance Improving Application Performance with MySQL Cluster Accessing Data in MySQL Cluster Evaluating MySQL Cluster Summary Hardware Optimization Objectives 13-2 Hardware Limitations in MySQL 13-3 Avoiding CPU Saturation 13-4 Avoiding I/O Saturation 13-5 Redundancy 13-6 Solid State Devices (SSDs) 13-7 Choosing Between HDDs and SSDs 13-8 Configuring MySQL for SSDs 13-9 Storage Area Networks (SAN) and Network Attached Storage (NAS) MySQL and Virtualization Database-Driven Website Reference Architectures Web Reference Architecture Sizes Quiz Summary Conclusion Course Goals 14-2 MySQL Curriculum Footprint 14-3 MySQL Community Support 14-4 MySQL Websites 14-5 We Need Your Evaluation 14-6 Thank You 14-7 Questions and Answers 14-8 xii

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