GEO 425: SPRING 2012 LAB 9: Introduction to Postgresql and SQL
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1 GEO 425: SPRING 2012 LAB 9: Introduction to Postgresql and SQL Objectives: This lab is designed to introduce you to Postgresql, a powerful database management system. This exercise covers: 1. Starting and using the basic operations of the Postgresql interpreter. 2. Importing tables from dump (SQL) files. 3. Basic and intermediate queries using SQL. Task Overview Create a new directory under your labs folder called lab09. Next, save the data files from the course web page to that directory. Start and stop the Postgresql interpreter. Import the tables from the data files. Use SQL to query the tables in increasingly interesting ways. Complete the ten questions comprising the report and provide them to your TA. Remember to log out! About Postgresql Postgresql is a relational database management system (RDBMS). It is mature and widely used for all kinds of large and small database applications, including those using spatial data. Postgresql is free software; you can install and use it on your own computer for free. The main website is: Postgresql data are stored in relations, or tables. Like other major database packages, postgresql uses standard query language (SQL) to interact with your data. Postgresql is a more powerful database program, but you ll recognize the SQL syntax from queries you ve done in other programs like ArcGIS. As it is for many of the heacy hitting programs out there, the basic interface for postgresql is from the command line. This lab will introduce you to postgresql and help you get more adept at using SQL generally. At a fundamental level, you will work with data stored in one or more tables (relations), all of which are stored in a particular database. To work with that data, you have to connect to the database server with a catch-all command: psql. You can create tables, fill them with data, and do analysis. Note that you do not work directly with table files - the DBMS takes care of that, and in fact you don't see them in your directories or have the ability to modify them with UNIX commands, as opposed to psql commands. About the Data Two datasets about Michigan are available for this lab. Both are spatial datasets; the unit of analysis is the county. One contains a variety of census data aggregated for each Michigan county. The other contains voting data by county for the 2008 Presidential election. These datasets are stored in two files: census.sql and election.sql. They will need to be 'restored' as tables within postgresql before they can be abused with SQL queries. Page 1
2 Instructions Step 1: Import the data 1. Open a terminal window on your desktop. 2. If you haven't already, create a directory called labs in your home folder. You can do this with the file manager application, or from the command line with: mkdir ~/labs 3. Create a directory called lab09 under labs, perhaps with: mkdir ~/labs/lab09 4. Use a web browser to download census.sql and election.sql from the lab web page to the lab09 directory. (Hint: A right-click, then Save As may work best here or otherwise the browser may simply display the contents of the file) 5. In the terminal window, change your location to this directory: cd ~/labs/lab09 Type ls -l (lower case L). Do you see the files you downloaded? 6. Type more census.sql. This lists the contents of the census.sql file to the screen. Since this is a text file, you can read it. Hit space to scroll down. This file actually contains the commands to construct a table and populate it with data; all the commands are postgresql and basic SQL instructions. Note lines like CREATE TABLE and ALTER TABLE and COPY: those are SQL. Hit q to exit back to the UNIX prompt. 7. To build those tables, you are going to execute the workhorse postgresql command psql and pipe the contents of each of the downloaded file to it. Here's the command to do the census table, assuming your location is the same directory as that with the census.sql file (but don't type it yet!): psql [database name] < census.sql But you need to figure out what the database is and insert that in place of the brackets. To list all existing databases available to you, type the following in the terminal window (those are lower-case 'L' s here): psql -l You will be asked for your password; use the original password you got for your Geo 425 class account. There should only be one database that you own printed in this list. Write down the name of the database that you own: Now write down the command syntax to use psql to load the census table to your existing database (look 3 paragraphs up): Execute it. Type your password. You will get an error about the ownership of the table, but you can ignore it. Then try loading the election table as well. Note: Do not run the psql [database name] < census.sql command twice - it will load the data twice into the table, so you will have duplicate records (e.g. two Ingham County records). Page 2
3 Step 2: Using the SQL interpreter 1. Start the command line interpreter with: psql [database name] where [database name] is the database where you stored those tables. Type your password when prompted. Some info appears and you should have a new prompt: => Note: This is NOT the normal command line prompt! Linux commands won't work here! 2. Aside from SQL commands, postgresql instructions from this prompt are 'slash' commands. A number are listed at the end of this lab. The most important is \q. Type this now. You're back at the UNIX prompt, having exited the interpreter. Go ahead and start the interpreter again. 3. Another slash command lists tables: \d How many tables are there? Who owns them? 4. You can also describe all the fields in a table. Type: \d census Use the up and down arrows to look at the fields in that table, if it doesn't all fit on the screen. How many fields are there? Use Q or q to quit back to the interpreter, if the list is longer than your terminal window. 5. The interpreter tracks previous commands you typed. At the interpreter prompt, hit the up arrow. Hit it again. Do this to go back and rerun old commands, or to fix the syntax on a command you mistyped. Step 3: Basic queries 1. The classic query selects all records in a table. Try this: SELECT * FROM census; The * is the wildcard for every row. You have to put the semicolon on, or the interpreter will assume you want to type more. The output is a scrollable 'text table'. You may need to push the space bar to get all of it printed to your window. After the table is all there (the darkened More-- text goes away), then you can use the window arrows to scroll up and down through the records. Expand your terminal window if all of the fields are not shown. What is the last county in Michigan, alphabetically? 2. Write down the SQL command to select all records in the election table: Run it and examine the output. Did you notice any duplicate records? Everything look ok? 3. If you saw duplicates, you will need to delete that table and then reload it. To delete a table, type: DROP TABLE [table name]; After dropping the table, quit the interpreter and run the psql command to import the table again. Then restart the interpreter and continue. 4. Multiline commands are definitely allowed and can be easier to read. To type a command on more than one line, simply hit enter, like this: SELECT * FROM census; Note that I am capitalizing the SQL-specific commands and not capitalizing table (and field) names. That's pretty standard style, but is it necessary? Try typing: select * from CENSUS; Did that work? 5. Instead of the wildcard that gets you all fields, let's select a single field - how about name? Type: Page 3
4 SELECT name FROM census; Interesting, but not very informative. How about a couple of fields? SELECT name, pop FROM census; 6. You can also select subsets of records. Try this: SELECT name, pop FROM census WHERE name = 'Ingham'; What does this next one do? SELECT name, pop FROM census WHERE pop > ; What is the biggest county by population in the state? 7. It would be nice to be able to sort your query results so that the largest (or smallest) are on top. Well, that is possible! Try this: SELECT name, pop, land_area_mi FROM census WHERE pop > ORDER BY pop; As your SQL statements get longer it becomes more useful to write them on multiple lines. Note that in the last example the order was ascending. To order the other way, with the largest first, try this: SELECT name, pop, land_area_mi FROM census WHERE pop > ORDER BY pop DESC; Remember, you don t have to retype all of these. You can use the up arrow to get previous commands you entered and then you can edit them. 8. Queries can employ conditions that use more than one field. You might want to see which counties had more McCain votes than Obama votes; that is, where the mccain field is larger than the value in the obama field. No problem: WHERE mccain > obama; That's nice, but what about ordering it in terms of the margin of victory? You will use ORDER, but how? Read and then execute this command: WHERE mccain > obama ORDER BY mccain-obama DESC; mccain - obama is an operation; it subtracts the obama vote for each county from the mccain vote. Larger numbers mean relatively more McCain votes. Suppose you want to know which county had the largest margin of victory, regardless of which candidate won. You already did one like this: you need something like mcain-obama. However, if Obama won big, this number will be negative. What you want is the absolute value of this difference. Recall that the absolute value of -3 is 3; the absolute value of -99 is 99, and so on. This is easy to calculate in SQL: ORDER BY ABS(mccain-obama) DESC; Note that we didn't use a WHERE statement in this one. 9. Queries can involve multiple variables. For example, suppose you want to find all of the counties in which the Page 4
5 Obama vote was above 40,000 and the McCain vote was below 30,000: SELECT county, obama, mccain from election WHERE obama > AND mccain < ORDER BY obama DESC; AND means that both conditions must be met. OR means one or both can be met. Report For each of the following questions, write down the postgresql command you used as well as the answer. Do this in a text editor. your TA with the answers. 1. How many fields are in the election table? 2. What is the population of Oscoda County? 3. What is the name of the county with exactly people? 4. Which counties had more than 100,000 votes for Obama? 5. Which counties had more than 100,000 votes for McCain? 6. What county is farthest north, according to the census data? 7. What is the largest Michigan county, in terms of land area? How many square miles is it? 8. How many counties had a margin of less than 100 votes between Obama and McCain? (hint: use ABS so you can include counties that went for either candidate). 9. How many counties south of latitude 45N have a population less than 50,000 and a land area of more than 550 square miles? 10. Which counties had at least 5% as many votes for 'other' as for McCain? Hints When you experience an error message, spend a moment trying to figure it out. Problems mostly involve typing mistakes or being situated in the wrong location. IMPORTANT: Make sure you log out every time you finish in the lab!!! Some helpful Postgresql commands: psql -l (from unix prompt) Lists databases psql [dbname] (from unix prompt) Starts interactive interpreter in [dbname] \q Quits interpreter \d List tables in database \d [tablename] Describe fields in [tablename] Some helpful SQL commands: SELECT [field/s] FROM [table]; Generic query statement. * Wildcard all fields, e.g. SELECT * from [table]; WHERE [condition] Modify query AND [condition] Logical AND an additional query modifier OR [condition] Logical OR an additional query modifier ORDER BY [field] Modify order of query output DESC In descending order of magnitude ABS(expression) Numerical operator: absolute value of the value (could be a field) DROP TABLE [name]; Delete a table Page 5
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