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1 Outline Introduction What is a distributed DBMS Problems Current state-of-affairs Background Distributed DBMS Architecture Distributed Database Design Semantic Data Control Distributed Query Processing Distributed Transaction Management Parallel Database Systems Distributed Object DBMS Database Interoperability Current Issues Distributed DBMS 1998 M. Tamer Özsu & Patrick Valduriez Page 1.1 File Systems program 1 data description 1 program 2 data description 2 program 3 data description 3 File 1 File 2 File 3 Distributed DBMS 1998 M. Tamer Özsu & Patrick Valduriez Page 1.2 Page 1
2 Database Management Application program 1 (with data semantics) Application program 2 (with data semantics) DBMS description manipulation control database Application program 3 (with data semantics) Distributed DBMS 1998 M. Tamer Özsu & Patrick Valduriez Page 1.3 Motivation Database Technology integration Computer Networks distribution Distributed Database Systems integration integration centralization Distributed DBMS 1998 M. Tamer Özsu & Patrick Valduriez Page 1.4 Page 2
3 Distributed Computing A concept in search of a definition and a name. A number of autonomous processing elements (not necessarily homogeneous) that are interconnected by a computer network and that cooperate in performing their assigned tasks. Distributed DBMS 1998 M. Tamer Özsu & Patrick Valduriez Page 1.5 Distributed Computing Synonymous terms distributed function distributed data processing multiprocessors/multicomputers satellite processing backend processing dedicated/special purpose computers timeshared systems functionally modular systems Distributed DBMS 1998 M. Tamer Özsu & Patrick Valduriez Page 1.6 Page 3
4 What is distributed Processing logic Functions Data Control Distributed DBMS 1998 M. Tamer Özsu & Patrick Valduriez Page 1.7 What is a Distributed Database System? A distributed database (DDB) is a collection of multiple, logically interrelated databases distributed over a computer network. A distributed database management system (D DBMS) is the software that manages the DDB and provides an access mechanism that makes this distribution transparent to the users. Distributed database system (DDBS) = DDB + D DBMS Distributed DBMS 1998 M. Tamer Özsu & Patrick Valduriez Page 1.8 Page 4
5 What is not a DDBS? A timesharing computer system A loosely or tightly coupled multiprocessor system A database system which resides at one of the nodes of a network of computers - this is a centralized database on a network node Distributed DBMS 1998 M. Tamer Özsu & Patrick Valduriez Page 1.9 Centralized DBMS on a Network Site 1 Site 2 Site 5 Communication Network Site 4 Site 3 Distributed DBMS 1998 M. Tamer Özsu & Patrick Valduriez Page 1.10 Page 5
6 Distributed DBMS Environment Site 5 Site 1 Communication Network Site 2 Site 4 Site 3 Distributed DBMS 1998 M. Tamer Özsu & Patrick Valduriez Page 1.11 Implicit Assumptions Data stored at a number of sites each site logically consists of a single processor. Processors at different sites are interconnected by a computer network no multiprocessors parallel database systems Distributed database is a database, not a collection of files data logically related as exhibited in the users access patterns relational data model D-DBMS is a full-fledged DBMS not remote file system, not a TP system Distributed DBMS 1998 M. Tamer Özsu & Patrick Valduriez Page 1.12 Page 6
7 Shared-Memory Architecture P 1 P n M D Examples : symmetric multiprocessors (Sequent, Encore) and some mainframes (IBM3090, Bull's DPS8) Distributed DBMS 1998 M. Tamer Özsu & Patrick Valduriez Page 1.13 Shared-Disk Architecture P 1 P n D M 1 M n Examples : DEC's VAXcluster, IBM's IMS/VS Data Sharing Distributed DBMS 1998 M. Tamer Özsu & Patrick Valduriez Page 1.14 Page 7
8 Shared-Nothing Architecture P 1 M 1 D 1 P n M n D n Examples : Teradata's DBC, Tandem, Intel's Paragon, NCR's 3600 and 3700 Distributed DBMS 1998 M. Tamer Özsu & Patrick Valduriez Page 1.15 Applications Manufacturing - especially multi-plant manufacturing Military command and control EFT Corporate MIS Airlines Hotel chains Any organization which has a decentralized organization structure Distributed DBMS 1998 M. Tamer Özsu & Patrick Valduriez Page 1.16 Page 8
9 Distributed DBMS Promises ❶ Transparent management of distributed, fragmented, and replicated data ❷ Improved reliability/availability through distributed transactions ❸ Improved performance ❹ Easier and more economical system expansion Distributed DBMS 1998 M. Tamer Özsu & Patrick Valduriez Page 1.17 Transparency Transparency is the separation of the higher level semantics of a system from the lower level implementation issues. Fundamental issue is to provide data independence in the distributed environment Network (distribution) transparency Replication transparency Fragmentation transparency horizontal fragmentation: selection vertical fragmentation: projection hybrid Distributed DBMS 1998 M. Tamer Özsu & Patrick Valduriez Page 1.18 Page 9
10 Example EMP ENO ENAME TITLE E1 J. Doe Elect. Eng. E2 M. Smith Syst. Anal. E3 A. Lee Mech. Eng. E4 J. Miller Programmer E5 B. Casey Syst. Anal. E6 L. Chu Elect. Eng. E7 R. Davis Mech. Eng. E8 J. Jones Syst. Anal. ASG ENO PNO RESP DUR E1 P1 Manager 12 E2 P1 Analyst 24 E2 P2 Analyst 6 E3 P3 Consultant 10 E3 P4 Engineer 48 E4 P2 Programmer 18 E5 P2 Manager 24 E6 P4 Manager 48 E7 P3 Engineer 36 E7 P5 Engineer 23 E8 P3 Manager 40 PROJ PNO PNAME BUDGET LOC P1 Instrumentation Montreal P2 Database Develop New York P3 CAD/CAM New York P4 Maintenance Paris P5 CAD/CAM Boston PAY TITLE SAL Elect. Eng Syst. Anal Mech. Eng Programmer Distributed DBMS 1998 M. Tamer Özsu & Patrick Valduriez Page 1.19 Transparent Access SELECT ENAME,SAL FROM EMP,ASS,PAY Tokyo WHERE DUR > 12 AND EMP.ENO = ASS.ENO Boston Paris AND EMP.TITLE = PAY.TITLE Paris projects Paris employees Communication Paris assignments Network Boston employees Boston projects Boston employees Boston assignments New York Boston projects New York employees New York projects New York assignments Montreal Montreal projects Paris projects New York projects with budget > Montreal employees Montreal assignments Distributed DBMS 1998 M. Tamer Özsu & Patrick Valduriez Page 1.20 Page 10
11 Distributed Database - User View Distributed Database Distributed DBMS 1998 M. Tamer Özsu & Patrick Valduriez Page 1.21 Distributed DBMS - Reality DBMS Software User Query User Application DBMS Software DBMS Software Communication Subsystem DBMS Software User Query DBMS Software User Application User Query Distributed DBMS 1998 M. Tamer Özsu & Patrick Valduriez Page 1.22 Page 11
12 Potentially Improved Performance Proximity of data to its points of use Requires some support for fragmentation and replication Parallelism in execution Inter-query parallelism Intra-query parallelism Distributed DBMS 1998 M. Tamer Özsu & Patrick Valduriez Page 1.23 Parallelism Requirements Have as much of the data required by each application at the site where the application executes Full replication How about updates? Updates to replicated data requires implementation of distributed concurrency control and commit protocols Distributed DBMS 1998 M. Tamer Özsu & Patrick Valduriez Page 1.24 Page 12
13 System Expansion Issue is database scaling Emergence of microprocessor and workstation technologies Demise of Grosh's law Client-server model of computing Data communication cost vs telecommunication cost Distributed DBMS 1998 M. Tamer Özsu & Patrick Valduriez Page 1.25 Distributed DBMS Issues Distributed Database Design how to distribute the database replicated & non-replicated database distribution a related problem in directory management Query Processing convert user transactions to data manipulation instructions optimization problem min{cost = data transmission + local processing} general formulation is NP-hard Distributed DBMS 1998 M. Tamer Özsu & Patrick Valduriez Page 1.26 Page 13
14 Distributed DBMS Issues Concurrency Control synchronization of concurrent accesses consistency and isolation of transactions' effects deadlock management Reliability how to make the system resilient to failures atomicity and durability Distributed DBMS 1998 M. Tamer Özsu & Patrick Valduriez Page 1.27 Relationship Between Issues Directory Management Query Processing Distribution Design Reliability Concurrency Control Deadlock Management Distributed DBMS 1998 M. Tamer Özsu & Patrick Valduriez Page 1.28 Page 14
15 Related Issues Operating System Support operating system with proper support for database operations dichotomy between general purpose processing requirements and database processing requirements Open Systems and Interoperability Distributed Multidatabase Systems More probable scenario Parallel issues Distributed DBMS 1998 M. Tamer Özsu & Patrick Valduriez Page 1.29 Page 15
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