4/9/2018 Week 13-A Sangmi Lee Pallickara. CS435 Introduction to Big Data Spring 2018 Colorado State University. FAQs. Architecture of GFS

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1 W13.A.0.0 CS435 Introduction to Big Data W13.A.1 FAQs Programming Assignment 3 has been posted PART 2. LARGE SCALE DATA STORAGE SYSTEMS DISTRIBUTED FILE SYSTEMS Recitations Apache Spark tutorial 1 and 2 3/30, and 4/6 : video clips are available PA3 help session 4/13 Computer Science, Colorado State University W13.A.2 W13.A.3 Today s topics Distributed s Google Part 1. Large scale data analysis using MapReduce Distributed Google (): Master Operations W13.A.4 Architecture of W13.A.5 Master operations... Master Chunk Server Single master Manage system metadata Leasing of chunks Garbage collection of orphaned chunks Chunk migrations 1

2 W13.A.6 Why have a single Master? Vastly simplifies design Easy to use global knowledge to reason about Chunk placements Replication decisions W13.A.7 ALL system metadata is managed by the Master and stored in Main Memory File and chunk namespaces Mapping from files to chunks Location of chunks Logs mutations into a permanent log Disadvantage Single-point-of-error W13.A.8 W13.A.9 Prefix compression use used useful usefully usefulness useless uselessly uselessness 58 characters Data = array( 0 => use, 1 => 0d, 2 => 0ful, 3 => 0fully, 4 => 0fullness, 5 => 0less, 6 => 0lessly, 7 => 0lessness, ); 36 characters 30 characters Data = array( 0 => use, 1 => 0d, 2 => 0ful, 3 => 2ly, 4 => 2ness, 5 => 0less, 6 => 5ly, 7 => 5ness, ); Why keep the entire metadata in memory? Speed Master can scan its state in the background Implement chunk garbage collection Re-replicate if there are failures Chunk migration to balance load and space Add extra memory to increase file system size W13.A.10 Size of the file system with 1 TB of RAM: Assume file sizes are exact multiples of chunk sizes The master maintains less than 64 bytes of metadata for each 64MB chunk Number of entries = 2 40 /2 6 MAXIMUM SIZE of the file system = Number of entries x Chunk size = 2 40 x (2 6 x 2 20 ) 2 6 = 2 60 = 1 EB W13.A.11 Tracking the chunk servers Master does not keep a persistent copy of the location of chunk servers List maintained via heart-beats Allows list to be in sync with reality despite failures Chunk server has final word on chunks it holds 2

3 W13.A.12 W13.A.13 Simple read example Chunk data (chunk handle, byte range) (file name, chunk index within a file) (chunk handle, chunk location) Master Chunk Server Control messages Data message Simple read example in HDFS close() Chunk data read() DFSInputStream (chunk handle, byte range) open() in FileSystem object (file name, chunk index within a file) (sorted chunk handle, chunk location) Master Chunk Server Control messages Data message W13.A.14 Network topology and HDFS [1/2] What does it mean for two nodes in a local network to be close to each other? Bandwidth between nodes? Hadoop s approach The network is represented as a tree The distance between two nodes is the sum of their distances to their closest common ancestor W13.A.15 Network topology and HDFS [2/2] Processes on the same node Different nodes on the same rack Nodes on different racks in the same data center Nodes in different data centers DC1 Rack1 Rack2 Rack3 Node 1Node Proc Proc 1Proc DC2 DC3 distance (/d1/r1/n1, /d1/r1/n1) = 0 (processes on the same node) distance (/d1/r1/n1, /d1/r1/n2) = 2 (processes on the same rack) distance (/d1/r1/n1, /d1/r2/n3) = 4 (processes on the different rack but in the same data center) W13.A.16 W13.A.17 Caching at the client/chunk servers s do not cache file data At client the working set may be too large Simplify client; eliminate cache-coherence problems Chunk servers do not cache file data either Chunks are stored as local files s buffer cache already keeps frequently accessed data in memory Part 1. Large scale data analysis using MapReduce Distributed Google (): Consistency in 3

4 W13.A.18 What is consistency? (1/4) (1) Strong consistency Avoiding all inconsistences W13.A.19 What is consistency? (2/4) (3) Read consistency Update consistency does NOT guarantee that readers of that data store will always get consistent responses (2) Update consistency Write-write conflict Two people updating the same data at the same time Without conflict handling Server will serialize them Decide to apply one then another W13.A.20 What is consistency? (3/4) (4) Replication Consistency Pramod In London Martin In Tokyo In NYC Eventually consistent At any time nodes may have replication inconsistencies -- If there are no more updates, eventually all nodes will be updated to the same value W13.A.21 What is consistency? (4/4) (5) Session Consistency Within a user s session there is read-your-writes consistency Sticky session A session that s tied to one node (session affinity) Version stamps Ensure every interaction with the data store includes the latest version stamp seen by a session Server node must ensure that it has the updates that include that version stamp before responding to the request W13.A.22 Consistency in the ACID properties Relational databases allow user to manipulate any combination of rows from any table in a single transaction ACID transaction is Atomic Consistent Isolated Durable W13.A.23 Relaxed consistency The CAP theorem Eric Brewer, 2000 Seth Gilbert and Nancy Lynch, 2002 Formal proof Given the three properties of Consistency, Availability, and Partition tolerance, you can only get two Consistency Every read receives the most recent write or an error Availability Every request receives a (non-error) response without guarantee that it contains the most recent write Partition tolerance The system continues to operate despite an arbitrary number of messages being dropped (or delayed) by the network between nodes 4

5 W13.A.24 Two breaks in the communication lines W13.A.25 Eventually consistent Boston London Rome At any time nodes may have replication inconsistencies If there are no more updates (or updates can be ordered), eventually all nodes will be updated to the same value Chicago LA Paris Miami A single machine can t partition So it does not have to worry about partition tolerance There is only one node. If it s up, it s available Sydney W13.A.26 Mutations in Mutation changes the content or metadata of a chunk Write Writes data at an application-specific file offset Append Appends atomically at least once even in the presence of concurrent mutation W13.A.27 In the state of file region after mutation depends on Type of the mutation Success/Failure of the mutation Whether there were concurrent mutations Each mutation is performed at all chunk replicas Append is done based on record (1/4 of a chunk) Offset is specified by W13.A.28 has a relaxed consistency model Consistent: See the same data On all replicas Defined: If it is consistent AND s see mutation writes in its entirety W13.A.29 Inconsistent and undefined Operation A Operation B 5

6 W13.A.30 Consistent but undefined Operation A W13.A.31 Defined Operation A Operation B Operation B W13.A.32 Data mutation W13.A.33 File state region after a mutation Write Data to be written at an application-specified file offset Record appends (in ) Data ( record ) to be appended atomically at least once even in the presence of concurrent mutations chooses the offset No need for a distributed lock manger Serial success Concurrent success Failure Write defined Consistent but undefined Inconsistent Record Append defined interspersed with inconsistent W13.A.34 For the sequence of successful mutations, guarantees the mutated file to be defined and to contain the data written by the last mutation Applying mutations to a chunk in the same order on all its replicas Using chunk version numbers to detect any replica that has become stale If the chunkserver was down W13.A.35 But, clients cache chunk locations What if the chunk location points to a stale replica before that information is refreshed? Cache entry s timeout Next open to the file will purge all chunk information for that file from the cache Most of files are append-only Stale replica usually returns a premature end of chunk rather than outdated data 6

7 W13.A.36 W13.A.37 Implications for applications Rely on appends instead of overwrites Checkpoint Write records that are Self-validating Self-identifying What if many writers concurrently append? Append-at-least-once semantics preserves each writer s output Each record contains extra information like checksums so that its validity can be verified Reader can identify and discard extra padding W13.A.38 W13.A.39 uses leases to maintain consistent mutation order across replicas Part 1. Large scale data analysis using MapReduce Distributed Google (): Handling writes and recordappends to a file Master grants lease to one of the replicas PRIMARY Primary picks serial-order For all mutations to the chunk Other replicas follow this order When applying mutations W13.A.40 Lease mechanism designed to minimize communications with the master W13.A.41 Revocation and transfer of leases Master may revoke a lease before it expires Lease has initial timeout of 60 seconds As long as chunk is being mutated Primary can request and receive extensions Extension requests/grants piggybacked over heart-beat messages If communications lost with primary Master can safely give lease to another replica ONLY AFTER the lease period for old primary elapses 7

8 W13.A.42 How a write is actually performed 1. Chunkserver holding the current lease for the chunk and the location of the other replica 4. Write request MASTER 3*. 2. Identity of the primary and the locations of the other replicas Secondary Replica A W13.A.43 pushes data to all the replicas [1/2] While the data is written, each chunk server stores data in an LRU buffer until Data is used Aged out 7. Final Reply Primary Replica 5. Write request/ 6. Acknowledgement Secondary Replica B 3. pushes the data to all the replicas W13.A.44 pushes data to all the replicas [2/2] When chunk servers acknowledge receipt of data sends a write request to primary Primary assigns consecutive serial numbers to mutations Forwards to replicas W13.A.45 Data flow is decoupled from the control flow to utilize network efficiently Utilize each machine s network bandwidth Avoid network bottlenecks Avoid high-latency links Leverage network topology Estimate distances from IP addresses (in Google s data center) Pipeline the data transfer Once a chunkserver receives some data, it starts forwarding immediately. For transferring B bytes to R replicas ideal elapsed time will be B/T+RL Where, T is the network throughput L is latency to transfer bytes between two machines W13.A.46 Part 1. Large scale data analysis using MapReduce Distributed Google (): Record Append and Inconsistency W13.A.47 The control flow for record appends is similar to that of writes Google s record appends Atomic record appends pushes data to replicas of the last chunk of file Primary replica checks if the record fits in this chunk (64MB) 8

9 W13.A.48 Primary replica checks if the record append will breach the size (64MB) threshold If chunk size would be breached Pad the chunk to maximum size Tell client, that operation should be retried on next chunk If the record fits, the primary Appends data to its replica Notifies secondaries to write at the exact offset W13.A.49 Record sizes and fragmentation Size is restricted to ¼ the chunk size (16MB) Minimizes worst-case fragmentation Internal fragmentation in each chunk W13.A.50 What if the secondary replicas could not finish the write operation? request is considered failed W13.A.51 Inconsistent Regions Data 1 Data 1 Data 1 Data 2 Data 2 Data 2 Modified region is inconsistent No attempt to delete this from the chunk must handle this inconsistency retries the failed mutation Data 3 Data 3 User will re-try to store Data 3 Data 1 Data 1 Data 2 Data 2 Data 1 Data 2 Failed Empty Data 3 Data 3 Data 3 Data 3 Data 3 Data 3 W13.A.52 What if record append fails at one of the replicas must retry the operation Replicas of same chunk may contain Different data Duplicates of the same record In whole or in part Replicas of chunks are not bit-wise identical! In most systems, replicas are identical W13.A.53 only guarantees that the data will be written at least once as an atomic unit For an operation to return success Data must be written at the same offset on all the replicas After the write, all replicas are as long as the end of the record Any future record will be assigned a higher offset or a different chunk 9

10 W13.A.54 client code implements the file system API Communications with master and chunk servers done transparently On behalf of apps that read or write data Interact with master for metadata Data-bearing communications directly to chunk servers W13.A.55 Handling failed write in Hadoop HDFS [1/2] Different from 1. Pipeline is closed Any packets in the ack queue are added to the front of the data queue Datanodes that are downstream from the failed node will not miss any packets 2. The current block on the good datanodes is given a new identity Reports to the namenode To detect and delete partial block on the failed datanode later on W13.A.56 Handling failed write in Hadoop HDFS [2/2] 3. Remainder of the block s data is written to the two good datanodes in the pipeline 4. Namenode notices the block is under-replicated It arranges for a further replica to be created on another node Write quorum dfs.replication.min (default to 1) 10

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